Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Naloxone - Understanding Its Role and Expanding Access in Community Pharmacies
Naloxone - Understanding Its Role and Expanding Access in Community Pharmacies
and Expanding Access in
Community Pharmacies
Anita N. Jacobson, PharmD
Clinical Associate Professor
University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy
Disclosures
Dr. Jacobson declares no conflicts of interest, real or apparent,
and no financial interests in any company, product, or service
mentioned in this program, including grants, employment, gifts,
stock holdings, and honoraria.
Training and scenarios related to Motivational Interviewing are
based on and adapted from the works of Bruce A. Berger, PhD and
William A. Villaume, PhD
1
ACPE Information
The American Pharmacist Association is accredited by the
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) as a provider
of continuing pharmacy education (CPE). This knowledge‐based
activity is approved for 1 contact hour of CPE credit (0.1 CEU). The ACPE
Universal Activity Number (UAN) assigned to this activity is 0202‐0000‐18‐
161‐L04‐P . The target audience is pharmacists. For complete ACPE
information, please visit pharmacist.com
Learning Objectives
At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to:
• Describe validated tools and practice‐based methods to assess the risk
for opioid‐induced respiratory depression.
• Identify models for overdose education and naloxone distribution that
are applicable to various practice settings
• Describe strategies to overcome some of the barriers to implementing
overdose education and naloxone distribution.
• Summarize and demonstrate essential patient/caregiver overdose
education elements for community health care settings.
• Explain evolving state laws regarding options for pharmacists to
prescribe and/or dispense naloxone under collaborative practice
agreements, protocols and standing orders.
Self‐Assessment
Which of the following is TRUE regarding Good Samaritan Laws in the United
States?
A. Calling 9‐1‐1 is estimated to occur less than half of the time that an
overdose is witnessed
B. All 50 states have Good Samaritan laws in effect to limit immunity when
calling 9‐1‐1 in response to an overdose
C. Good Samaritan laws provide immunity from prosecution for any and all
criminal activity
D. The majority of states provide immunity protection beyond controlled
substances and paraphernalia possession
2
Self‐Assessment
Which of the following is an important counseling point to include when
counseling a person on how to administer naloxone and care for a person
experiencing an opioid overdose?
A. Slap or try to forcefully stimulate the person who you suspect may be
overdosing if they are unresponsive.
B. Put the person in the “recovery position”, on their side, if he or she is breathing
independently.
C. Try to induce vomiting if an overdose with oral opioids is suspected.
D. Put the person into a cold bath or shower to reduce the risk of going into shock.
Introduction and Overview
Opioid Overdose Deaths
• Drug overdose is the leading
cause of death for persons
under the age of 50
• Prescription opioids
responsible for 46 deaths
per day (40%)
• Heroin‐related overdose
deaths increased fivefold
from 2010 to 2016
https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html
3
Understanding Opioid Use Disorder
• How do people move from
use of prescription opioids
to heroin?
• What percent of people are
at risk for developing an
OUD with exposure to
opioids?
• What is the driving factor for
continued opioid misuse?
Recognizing an Opioid Overdose
• Symptoms of opioid
overdose
• Overdose triad
• Intoxication versus overdose
• Important to act right away!
• Don’t just let someone
“sleep it off”
https://www.flickr.com/photos/hackny/5605024451
4
Describe validated tools and practice‐
based methods to assess the risk for
opioid‐induced respiratory depression.
Overdose Risk and Patient History
• Review medications
• Take a substance use history
• Check the prescription monitoring program
• Take an overdose history – Ask your patient whether they have:
• Overdosed or had a bad reaction to taking opioid
medications?
• Witnessed an overdose?
• Received training to prevent, recognize, or respond to an
overdose or medication‐related over‐sedation?
Identifying Patients at Risk for Opioid
Overdose
• Screening tools
• Prescription Drug
Monitoring Program
• Patient‐related factors
• Medication‐related factors
• Condition‐related factors
http://paindr.com/wp‐content/uploads/2015/09/RIOSORD‐tool.pdf
5
Case Study: Calculate the RIOSORD Score
• A 45‐year‐old patient presents to the pharmacy with a prescription for
oxycodone ER 80 mg every 12 hours with 10 mg oxycodone IR every 6
hours for breakthrough pain for chronic hip disorder (200 morphine
milligram equivalents/day – has been on this dose for past 8 months)
• 40‐pack‐year history of smoking
• MEDS: paroxetine 10 mg at bedtime, alprazolam 1 mg twice daily as
needed for anxiety, and tiotropium 18 mcg handihaler once daily
• PMH: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression,
anxiety
• 3 Emergency Department visits in past year for hip pain, kidney stones,
and pneumonia
Zedler B,
Xie L,
Wang L, et
al. Pain
Med. 2015
Aug;16(8):
1566‐79.
Evaluate the Score
6
Identify models for overdose education and
naloxone distribution that are applicable to
various practice settings.
Non‐Patient Specific Models of Naloxone
Prescribing
• Standing orders. Written by prescribers, these orders authorize
pharmacies to dispense naloxone to patients without a prescription
from a provider.
• Protocol orders. These are similar to a standing order except the
authorization to dispense naloxone comes from a state board of
health or pharmacy licensing board instead of a licensed prescriber.
• Collaborative practice agreements. These are another type of formal
agreement between prescribers and specific pharmacies or
pharmacy chains within a state.
• Pharmacist prescriptive authority. This approach allows pharmacists
to prescribe naloxone without an order or agreement from a
physician, pharmaceutical board, or board of health.
https://www.samhsa.gov/capt/sites/default/files/resources/naloxone‐access‐laws‐tool.pdf
OR = PO, PPA
ID = PPA
NE = no data
KS = PO
OK = DA
WV = PO
SC = PO
PO = protocol order
PPA = pharmacist
prescriptive authority
DA = direct authority
http://pdaps.org/datasets/laws‐regulating‐administration‐of‐naloxone‐1501695139
7
Describe strategies to overcome some
of the barriers to implementing
overdose education and naloxone
distribution
Myths Surrounding Opioid Use Disorder
https://pixabay.com/en/desperate‐sad‐depressed‐cry‐2100307/
8
Response to Myths
• Chemical and physical
changes in the brain occur
with use in susceptible
individuals.
• People seek treatment for a
variety of reasons, including
self‐motivation and a desire
to protect family and career. https://pixabay.com/en/dna‐string‐biology‐3d‐1811955/
• Genetic and environmental
components account for
more than half of a person’s
inherent risk of substance
use disorder.
Response to Myths
• The majority of people who quit
using drugs successfully received
assistance through treatment
programs.
• Myths may prevent individuals
from seeking or staying in
treatment with methadone or
buprenorphine long‐term http://maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Career‐Ladder‐Upgrade‐Head‐Career‐Challenge‐
2930441
• Substance use disorder is a
chronic condition and successful
cessation of use frequently
requires multiple attempts.
Change the Language to Reduce Stigma
9
Identifying Barriers and Finding Solutions
Barriers Solutions
• Out of pocket cost of naloxone • Federal and state grants, patient assistance
program
• Stigma
• Social media campaigns, education of prescribers
• Liability concern and law enforcement; contact‐based education
• Work flow and logistical issues • Good Samaritan protection and education about
provisions
• Invested team members develop protocols that
integrate in work flow and staff and personnel are
trained
• Integration in electronic medical record
• Site champions
Summarize and demonstrate
essential patient/caregiver overdose
education elements for community
health care settings
Using Naloxone to Reverse Opioid
Overdose
• Formulations • Steps
• IN versus IM • Call for help (Call/Text 9‐1‐1)
formulations • Identify opioid overdose
• Concentration • Administer naloxone
• Comparative efficacy • Rescue breaths/CPR
• First responder data • Monitor response
• Transportation to
hospital
Seth Jacobson Photography
10
Call or Text 9‐1‐1
• People are often scared to call or text 9‐1‐1
• Police notified of a 9‐1‐1 call involving an overdose often come to
the scene
• People may be hesitant to call if they are on parole or have
outstanding arrest warrants
• Some Good Samaritan laws only provide immunity for minor
crimes
• Bystanders may use home remedies instead of calling 9‐1‐1 or
using naloxone
• Calling 9‐1‐1 is estimated to occur only 10‐56% of the time
• Key part of education to ensure definitive medical care and
access to treatment and recovery services
Naloxone Basics
Takes effect in 2-3 minutes Shelf-life is 12-24 months
People can go back into overdose if long acting opioids were taken (fentanyl patch,
methadone, extended release morphine, extended release oxycodone)
People should avoid taking more opioids after naloxone administration so they do not
go back into overdose after naloxone wears off
People may want to take more opioids during this time because they may feel
withdrawal symptoms
32
Counseling on Naloxone: Teach the Do’s
and Don'ts
• DO support the person’s • DON'T slap or try to forcefully
breathing by administering stimulate the person
oxygen or performing rescue • DON'T put the person into a
breathing. cold bath or shower.
• DO administer naloxone. • DON'T inject the person with
• DO put the person in the any substance (salt water,
“recovery position” on their milk, “speed,” heroin, etc.).
side, if he or she is breathing • DON'T try to make the person
https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/Opioid_Toolkit_FirstResponders.pdf
independently. vomit drugs that he or she
• DO stay with the person and may have swallowed.
keep him/ her warm.
11
San Francisco Department of Public Health. Opioid Stewardship and Chronic Pain: A Guide for Primary Care Providers. San Francisco, CA.
October 2017.
Naloxone Conversation‐ Example 1
Opioids Conversation 1
Discussion: What did you think went
well? Could have been better?
12
Naloxone Conversation – Example 2
Opioids Conversation 2
Discussion: What did you think went well? Could
have been better?
Navigating Difficult Naloxone
Conversations: Key Points
• Explain in enough detail for people to
really understand their condition/risk
• “Your ______ (medications/alcohol
use/conditions/other factors)
significantly increase your risk of a
breathing emergency”
• Use analogies that are visceral and
understandable
• “Naloxone as a ‘fire extinguisher’, it Seth Jacobson Photography
does not cause you to start a fire,
but is there if the fire starts
accidentally”
Explain evolving state laws regarding options
for pharmacists to prescribe or dispense
naloxone under collaborative practice
agreements, protocols or standing orders.
13
Evolving State Laws Regarding Naloxone
Distribution
http://pdaps.org
PDAPS Prevention Laws
http://pdaps.org/datasets/laws‐regulating‐administration‐of‐naloxone‐1501695139
Self‐Assessment
Which of the following is TRUE regarding Good Samaritan Laws in the United
States?
A. Calling 9‐1‐1 is estimated to occur less than half of the time that an
overdose is witnessed
B. All 50 states have Good Samaritan laws in effect to limit immunity when
calling 9‐1‐1 in response to an overdose
C. Good Samaritan laws provide immunity from prosecution for any and all
criminal activity
D. The majority of states provide immunity protection beyond controlled
substances and paraphernalia possession
14
Self‐Assessment
Which of the following is an important counseling point to include when
counseling a person on how to administer naloxone and care for a person
experiencing an opioid overdose?
A. Slap or try to forcefully stimulate the person who you suspect may be
overdosing if they are unresponsive.
B. Put the person in the “recovery position”, on their side, if he or she is breathing
independently.
C. Try to induce vomiting if an overdose with oral opioids is suspected.
D. Put the person into a cold bath or shower to reduce the risk of going into shock.
References
• SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Toolkit: Five Essential Steps for First
Responders
https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/Opioid_Toolkit_FirstRespon
ders.pdf
• SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit. HHS Publication
No. (SMA) 13‐4742. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration, 2013.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/index.html
References
• Kim D, Irwin KS, Khoshnood K. Expanded Access to Naloxone: Options
for Critical Response to the Epidemic of Opioid Overdose Mortality.
Am J Public Health. 2009 March; 99(3): 402–407.
• AHRQ. Management of Suspected Opioid Overdose with Naloxone by
Emergency Medical Services Personnel
https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/emt‐naloxon/systematic‐
review
• Kim D, Irwin KS, Khoshnood K. Expanded Access to Naloxone: Options
for Critical Response to the Epidemic of Opioid Overdose Mortality.
Am J Public Health. 2009 March; 99(3): 402–407.
15
References
• Willman MW, Liss DB, Schwarz ES, Mullins ME. Do heroin
overdose patients require observation after receiving naloxone?
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017 Feb;55(2):81‐87. doi:
10.1080/15563650.2016.1253846. Epub 2016 Nov 16.
• Fisher R, O'Donnell D, Ray B, Rusyniak D. Police Officers Can Safely
and Effectively Administer Intranasal Naloxone. Prehosp Emerg
Care. 2016 Nov‐Dec;20(6):675‐680. Epub 2016 May 24.
16