Hydraulics Training

VÖGELE Specialist Training – Hydraulics
1.0. Basics of VÖGELE Hydraulics 4.6. Lowering brake valve

1.1. Basic parameters
5.0. Circuit diagrams
2.0. Pumps and motors 5.1. Structure and description
2.1. Pump overview 5.2. Text field
2.2. Motor overview 5.3. Components
2.3. Gear pump 5.4. Valve position
2.4. Axial piston pump 5.5. Device codes
2.5. Gear ring motor 5.6. Pipes and pipe names
2.6. Radial piston motor
6.0. Open circuit
3.0. Hydraulic rams 6.1. Basics
3.1. Overview 6.2. Overload protection
6.3. Directional valve
4.0. Valves 6.4. Reversing direction of rotation
4.1. Overview 6.5. Flow control valve
4.2. Directional valves 6.6. Variable pump
4.3. Stop valves 6.7. Free wheel circuit
4.4. Pressure valves 6.8. Accessories
4.5. Flow control valves
Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

7.0. Closed circuit

7.1. Basics
7.2. Direction of rotation change
7.3. Overload protection
7.4. Leaks
7.5. Supply
7.6. Accessories

1.0. Basics of VÖGELE Hydraulics
1.1. Basic parameters
The basic hydraulics parameters are pressure and volumetric

flow. The volumetric flow indicates the amount of hydraulic fluid
which is fed through a cross-section (hydraulic hose) per minute.
The volumetric flow is indicated in litres per minute (l/min).

The pressure exerts a force on each surface, which is proportional
to the size of the surface – the larger the area, the greater the
force. The pressure is indicated in bar.
At a constant volumetric flow, the pressure in the system

increases in order to increase the weight. The greater the weight,
the greater the required pressure.
Pressure
Volumetric flow

2.0. Pumps and motors
2.1. Pump overview
By displacing the liquid, hydraulic pumps generate a volumetric flow which depends on the
volume delivered by the pump and on the pump speed. This converts mechanical energy
into hydraulic energy. Mainly gear and piston pumps are used at VÖGELE.
Gear pump Piston pump

2.2. Motor overview
Hydraulic motors, also called hydro motors, are responsible for converting hydraulic output
(pressure and volumetric flow) into mechanical output. For this purpose, there are a variety of
types which can be roughly divided by their way of working into constant and variable
displacement motors. They are often identical in construction to hydraulic pumps.
The field of application is crucial for the dimension and output of a hydraulic motor. The size of
a motor (pump) is indicated by its nominal size. The torque that is generated by the hydro
motor does not depend on the speed. While the torque is determined by load pressure and
displacement, the speed of supplied volumetric flow depends on the displacement of the motor.
Gear motor Gear ring motor Piston motor

2.3. Gear pump
Externally toothed gear pump
The liquid is forced through the rotating motion of

the gears into the tooth gaps along the housing wall.
The volume delivered depends on the pump speed.
This type of pump is, for example, used to supply Suction side
Pressure side
hydraulic ram functions or as a pump for feeding the
hydraulic traction drive.
Circuit symbol
one flow direction

2.4. Axial piston pump
Axial piston pump swash plate
The pistons rotate parallel to the drive shaft. Because Pressure side
of the inclination of the swash plate, the pistons make
a stroke movement with each rotation. The slide
elements are kept on the sliding surface of the swash
plate. The oil is taken in on the suction side and
displaced again on the pressure side through the
stroke movement.
The generated volumetric flow depends on the

volume delivered, the angle of the swash plate and
the speed of the pump. There are pumps with one
flow direction (tamper, front-wheel drive), and others
with two flow directions (traction drive).
Circuit symbol
Suction side
Slide element
Pistons
two flow directions one flow direction

2.5. Gear ring motor
Gear ring motor (orbital motor)
The principle of the motor is based on an internal

gear, which consists of a fixed gear ring with
internal teeth and an engaging gear, by way of
which the output torque and the output speed
are transferred. The gear runs eccentrically in the
internal teeth. Tank side
Pressure side
The speed depends on the supplied volume
(constant motor).
This type of motor is used to drive the conveyor

and the auger.
Circuit symbol
two directions of rotation

2.6. Radial piston motor
Pressure side
Radial piston engine Roller
Pressure fluid is supplied from the motor inlet in the

rear housing, over the manifold, through channels
and to the cylinder block. The radially arranged
pistons are pressurised in the ram bores and exert,
by way of the rollers, a lifting movement against the
stroke ring.
The speed depends on the supplied volume

(constant motor).
This type of motor is used for the front-wheel drive.
Circuit symbol
Stroke ring
Tank side
Pistons
two directions of rotation

3.0. Hydraulic rams
3.1. Overview
Telescopic ram (single-acting ram)

Single-acting rams only have one piston side onto which hydraulic
pressure is applied. In this way, work can only be carried out in one
direction. The return movement is carried out by the own mass.
The telescopic ram consists of several rams inserted one into the
other.
Differential ram (double-acting ram)
With double-acting rams, there are two opposing piston surfaces

onto which hydraulic pressure is applied. The ram thus has two active
directions of movement. A differential ram only has a piston rod
on one side of the piston surface. It thus has two differently sized
active surfaces: Firstly, there is the area on the piston side which
acts fully, and, secondly, there is the rod-side area in which only
the annular surface acts.
Synchronising ram (double-acting ram)

A synchronising ram (also called synchronous ram) has a piston rod
on both sides of the piston area. The volume of the inflowing and
outflowing hydraulic oil is, therefore, always the same; it thus also
extends and retracts at the same speed. With wheeled machines,
the synchronising ram is used as a 'steering ram'.

4.0. Valves
4.1. Overview
The direction of the volumetric flow is started, stopped or changed

Directional valves using directional valves.
Stop valves are responsible for allowing the volumetric flow in one
Stop valves direction only.
Valves Pressure valves Pressure valves affect the pressure in the hydraulic system.
They limit the maximum system pressure or reduce the inlet pressure.
Flow control Flow control valves regulate the volumetric flow to the consumer.
valves The speed is influenced by the cross-section in this way.
Lowering brake The lowering brake valve is a combination of a pressure and flow
control valve. It keeps the volumetric flow constant until the set
valve maximum pressure is reached.

4.0. Valves
4.2.1. Directional valve: Indication
In hydraulics, directional valves are used for clearing

or blocking the way for the working fluid, or for changing
the direction of flow.
4/2
4/3
Directional valves are indicated according to the number of

connections and switching positions. First there is the number
of connections and then the number of switching positions.

4.0. Valves
4.2.2. Directional valves: Connections
2 0 1 2 0 1
Directional valves are represented by single rectangles. The position of the lines indicates the connections.
The number of fields is the same as the number of switching Small dashes at the connections represent barriers.
positions, which are marked with the numbers (0 / 1 / 2).
A B A B
2 0 1 2 0 1
P T P T
Connections are denoted with upper case letters. If a valve is switched proportionally, this is marked
by lines above and below the switching positions.
A,B,C = Service lines T = Return line, Tank line
P = Supply line (pressure line) X,Y,Z = Control lines

4.0. Valves
4.2.3. Directional valves: Switching positions
Flow position, forward

Circulation position
Flow position, backward

Floating position
Lock position

4.0. Valves
4.2.4. Directional valves: Types of operation
Spring Spring, adjustable latching
electromagnetic + Electromagnetic,
electromagnetic
mechanical proportional
hydraulic mechanical Hand lever

4.0. Valves
4.2.5. Directional valves: Function
Housing (cast iron)

Hirschmann connector Hirschmann connector
Actuating magnet
Actuating magnet
Manual operation
Manual operation
Return springs Control pistons

4.0. Valves
4.3.1. Stop valves: Non-return valve
The non-return valve is used for leak-free closure in one direction and enables free flow in the opposite P
direction. From P to A free, from A to P blocked. The seat design ensures a leak-free closure. The seat is
directly incorporated into the valve body and the ball is pressed against the valve seat by the spring.
The opening pressure depends on the selected spring, its pre-load and the pressurised ball surface.
Ball Valve seat

A
Spring

4.0. Valves
4.3.2. Stop valves: Unlockable non-return valve
Leakage-free shut-off of pressurised service circuits during machine stops (directional valve in centre
1
position or completely disconnected system), prevention of creep in hydraulically clamped ram.
Due to the tapered structure, the valve remains leak-free provided the pressure applied to connection (1)
is equal to or greater than the pressure on connection (2) and no or insufficient control pressure is
applied to connection (3). The valve opens from (2) to (1) as soon as the pressure at connection (2)
exceeds the pressure applied at connection (1) plus the spring pressure. If oil is to flow through the valve
from (1) to (2), control pressure must be applied to connection (3). Once this has reached the required
value, the control piston moves against the spring and pushes the poppet from its seat.
Control pistons
2 3
Spring

4.0. Valves
4.3.3. Stop valves: Shuttle valve
The 3-way shuttle valve consists of a housing, a seat and a ball. It connects the connections B or A to X
A
depending on the size of the control signal in these channels (B, A).
Ball

4.0. Valves
4.4.1. Pressure valves: Pressure relief valve
P
The direct operated pressure relief valve consists of a valve sleeve, a poppet with damping pistons and
a spring. The pressure is set manually using an adjustment screw. The spring presses the poppet against
the valve seat and keeps the valve closed. If the pressure in channel P exceeds the value set on the
spring, the poppet opens and the pressure fluid flows from channel P to channel T.
Valve seat Poppet Spring

T
Valve sleeve Adjustment screw

4.0. Valves
4.4.2. Pressure valves: Pilot-operated pressure relief valve
Z
A
The pilot-operated pressure relief valve consists of a main stage and a preliminary stage. Both stages
have a slide piston with springs. The pressure of the main stage is set manually using an adjustment
screw. The pressure setting of the preliminary stage is fixed.
If the Z channel is relieved against the tank, the oil from channel A can flow through the upstream nozzle.
In this way, only the spring of the preliminary stage is operated and the oil can flow to channel B (tank)
almost without any pressure.
Once the Z channel is closed, no oil can flow through the upstream nozzle. If the pressure in channel A
exceeds the value set on the main stage spring, the pressure fluid flows from channel A to channel B.
B
Spring Slide piston Spring
Slide piston
Main stage Preliminary stage

4.0. Valves
4.4.3. Pressure valves: Pilot-operated pressure reduction valve
The pilot-operated pressure reduction valve consists of a valve sleeve, a control piston, a control spring A
and an adjustment element.
The liquid from the primary circuit flows to the first control edge where the inlet pressure is reduced.
The amount of reduced pressure matches the spring pre-load of the ball pilot valve. The reduced
pressure is continuously monitored and compared with the set pressure. If there is a difference, a
corresponding readjustment is made and the reduced pressure is reset to the desired value. If the
pressure in the valve output increased due to overloading the consumer, the control piston moves
further against the spring, the reducing control edge is closed and the second control edge is opened.
The excess oil volume flows out to the tank via the "third channel". The control flow of the pilot stage
(from the spring chamber) is also routed through channel T.
Control spring Ball pilot valve

P T
Control pistons
Spring second control edge
Adjustment element

4.0. Valves
4.5.1. Flow control valves: Orifice plate
The orifice plate is a local flow resistor which abruptly narrows the pipe cross-section. The orifice plate
is a drilled disk (fixed in place).
The ratio of length and diameter is relatively small in the orifice plate: the image below shows a simplified
drawing. Since the oil is accumulated in front of the orifice plate, pressure P1 before the plate is greater
than pressure P2 after the plate. The volumetric flow is mainly determined by the resulting difference in
pressure.
p2 p1

4.0. Valves
4.5.2. Flow control valves: Flow-rate controller
A1
The flow-rate controllers keep a volumetric flow largely independent from pressure and temperature. The 2-way
flow-rate controller mainly consists of a housing, a throttle piston, a spring, a pressure compensator and a knob
with the corresponding adjusting mechanism. The volumetric flow from channel A1 to A2 is restricted at the throttle
position. The throttle cross-section is adjusted by rotating the knob. To keep the volumetric flow in channel A
constant, regardless of the pressure, there is a downstream pressure compensator of the throttle point. The spring
pushes the throttle piston and the pressure compensator outward (to the stopper) and keeps the pressure regulator
in the open position when the valve has not been flown through. If the valve has been flown through, the pressure
in channel A1 exerts force on the pressure compensator through the borehole. The pressure compensator moves
in the closing direction and decreases the pressure difference on the throttle point until the forces have reached an
equilibrium again. The pressure compensator continuously compares the pressure difference at the throttle point
with the value provided by the spring pre-load. A constant volumetric flow is achieved by constant readjustment.
A2
Throttle point Throttle piston
Spring Pressure compensator borehole
Knob
Pressure compensator

4.0. Valves
4.5.3. Flow control valves: 3-way flow-rate controller
The 3-way flow-rate controller comprises a housing, a bushing, a throttle piston, an adjusting screw with
a locking nut and a spring.
The operating fluid flows to the front end of the valve, it flows through the screen in the piston, and then
through the radial boreholes to the consumer. The regulator piston keeps the pressure drop constant by
discharging a portion of the fluid through the radial boreholes. This guarantees a constant rate of
1 3
volumetric flow. The amount of the volumetric flow can be set by using the adjusting screw. The pressure
regulator is not functional with flow in the opposite direction.
Throttle piston Screen Adjustment screw

4.0. Valves
4.5.4. Flow control valves: Flow divider
Flow dividers or volume dividers split the volumetric flow into two partial streams which are influenced by
pressure and load variations.
The valve consists of two interlocking hooking control pistons with a fixed orifice plate and three centring springs.
The volumetric flow streams from connection (1) over the orifice plates to connections (2) and (3). Through the 2
pressure drop, the control pistons are hereby pushed against the external centring springs and hook into each
other. As long as the load on connections (2) and (3) is identical, the control pistons are kept in the central
position. 1
At varying loads, the piston is moved to the side of the lower load pressure caused by the increased pressure
drop until the underlying spring is moved and the equilibrium of forces is re-established at the two control pistons
by the altered volumetric flow cross-sections. This control procedure ensures that the splitting ratio is maintained
3
even at varying load, and also that load pressure fluctuations are compensated. If no more volumetric flow can
flow on (2) or (3), the back pressure building up at connection (1) causes the control unit to shift to the opposite
side, thereby blocking both partial flow connections.
Control piston Control piston
Centring spring Centring spring

4.0. Valves
4.6.1. Lowering brake valve
Controlled movement of loads while preventing advancing of the load in front of the feed flow, as well as secure retention of the load in any position during
system shutdown (directional valve in centre position or fully disconnected system) or until the required control pressure is reached, where the maximum
pressure limit is assured at all times. In this way, the idle consumer is fully protected against overload and pressure peaks caused by external force or thermal
expansion of the hydraulic fluid.
The valve consists of an auxiliary-controlled pressure-relief seat valve in a differential piston design and a bypass non-return valve for the opposite direction of
volumetric flow. The flow from (2) to (1) goes through the non-return valve with low loss. In the opposite direction, the non-return valve piston, which has the
seat of the differential piston at its back, is pushed against the spring-loaded differential piston by its spring and the imminent load pressure. The valve is hereby
closed virtually free of leaked oil. If the load pressure exceeds the set spring force due to an external force at the consumer or thermal expansion of the hydraulic
fluid, the piston is pushed out of his seat and the excess pressure on the tank is reduced. If the load is to now be moved again in the opposite direction, this
can already be done using the so-called auxiliary control of the now pressurised second load pipe to the connection (3) when a certain control pressure is
reached. If the required value has been reached, the differential piston is pushed out of its seat and the path from (1) to (2) is cleared. If the load now tries to
advance ahead of the supply flow, the inlet pressure, and thus the control pressure, drops. The spring force tries to close the valve again, thereby reducing the
load volumetric flow, and the inlet pressure increases again. Thus, a constant working pressure is achieved in the feed line, by means of which the load can be
moved in a controlled manner.
Spring: Non-return valve Excess spring pressure

1
3 2
Differential pistons Auxiliary control

5.1. Structure and description
Each page of a function diagram

is divided into sections 1 to 8.
This makes it easier to track the
path of an individual function.
To track the flow path (oil flow) in the

circuit diagram, there are so-called
cross-references. This information
contains the name of the pipe and the
page number with the section where
the pipe can be followed up.
Pressure pipe P4 of valve block HA1
P4-HA1
/18.4
DN10
Hose size DN10
Page 18, Section 4

5.2. Text field
Main function on the circuit diagram page

Type of circuit diagram
HFP = Hydraulic Function Diagram
Type description Circuit diagram page

10.83 = SUPER 1803-3(i) and total page number
Material number and order number Validity of the circuit diagram

from serial number 0001 to XXXX

5.3. Components
The dot-dash line
shows a complete component.
Its commonly used abbreviation is

given either in or on the component.
With the corresponding replacement
part number.

5.4. Valve position
The position of the valves in the circuit diagram

exactly matches their position on the machine.
Note!
The switching positions of the valves could differ.

5.5. Device codes
Device code Meaning Device code Meaning
HA Valve block HP Pressure gauge
HB Flow meter HQ Brake valve

Flow monitor Ball valve
Steering unit
Pressure switch hydraulic Directional valve
HC Accumulator HR Throttle valve
Throttle non-return valve
Pressure reduction valve
Load retainer valve
Non-return valve
HE Cooler HT Gear
HF Pressure relief valve HV Hydraulic filter
HG Hydraulic pump HX Cover plates
Quick coupling
HK Flow divider Ma
Priority valve Valve: Solenoid coil a
Flow control valve
HM Hydraulic motor Mb
Hydraulic ram Valve: Solenoid coil b

5.6. Types and names of pipes
Type of line Meaning Name of pipe
Solid line Standard, P Pressure pipe

Pressure pipe,
Tank pipe
T Tank pipe, return pipe
Dash-dot line Component border S Suction pipe
L Leak oil pipe
Dashed line Control pipe X Control pipe
LS Load sensing pipe

6.0. Open circuit
6.1. Basics
The hydraulic pump draws hydraulic fluid from an unpressurised vessel (the hydraulic tank) and delivers the hydraulic fluid to a hydraulic system.
The pressurised hydraulic fluid can then be passed via pipes, hoses and valves to "actuators" (hydraulic rams, hydraulic motors), where it can carry
out its work.
The used hydraulic fluid is routed back to the tank through the oil cooler and filter. The advantage is that the cycle always uses fresh, cooled and
filtered oil. To change direction, however, a directional control valve must be installed.
Only self-priming pumps can be used in an open circuit.
Volumetric flow constant
Pump Motor
Suction pipe Return
Tank

6.0. Open circuit
The pressure relief valve (PRV)

protects the system from overload.
Volumetric flow constant
PRV
Pump, Motor
constant
Suction pipe Return
Tank

6.0. Open circuit
6.3. Directional valve
In addition, a directional valve (DV) can be installed

to then change the motor's direction of rotation.
Volumetric flow constant DV
PRV
Pump, Motor
constant
Suction pipe
Tank

6.0. Open circuit
6.4. Reversing direction of rotation
With the directional valve, it is possible to reverse

the direction of rotation or movement at the consumer.
Volumetric flow constant DV
PRV
Pump, Motor
constant
Suction pipe
Tank

6.0. Open circuit
6.5. Flow control valve
When a flow control valve (FCV) is installed,

the speed of the motor becomes variable.
FCV
PRV
Pump, Motor
constant
Suction pipe
Tank

6.0. Open circuit
6.6. Variable pump
A variable displacement pump substitutes

the fixed displacement pump and flow control valve.
Volumetric flow variable
PRV
Pump, Motor
variable
Tank

6.0. Open circuit
6.7. Free wheel circuit
By using additional directional valve functions,

a free wheel circuit of the consumer is obtained, for example.
PRV
Pump, Motor
variable
Tank

6.0. Open circuit
6.8. Accessories
Accessories such as filters, coolers, etc.

supplement the circuit.
PRV
Pump, Motor
Filter
variable
HOC
Tank

7.0. Closed circuit
7.1. Basics
The hydraulic pump is directly supplied with returning hydraulic fluid from the actuator (hydraulic motor). The hydraulic fluid is under a low pressure
of about 10 - 30 bar and brought – by the hydraulic pump – to a higher pressure level, which is fed back to the actuator.
The benefits are higher speeds and filtering at a low pressure of only 10 - 20% of the amount of the main pump. There is a high and low pressure
side; it changes with the loading direction. The high pressure side is protected through pressure relief valves which relieve the low pressure side.
The liquid remains in the circuit. Only the leakage from the hydraulic pump and motor (as a function of operating data) must be replaced. This is done
by a (usually) directly flanged auxiliary pump (feed pump), which continuously delivers an adequate volume of liquid (feed volume) from a tank and
through a non-return valve to the low pressure side of the closed circuit.
The volumetric flow of the feed pump working in the open circuit is fed back to the tank via a feed-pressure relief valve.
Basic structure of the variable

pump and variable motor.
Pump,
variable Motor,
variable

7.0. Closed circuit
7.2. Direction of rotation change
The rotational direction of the pump is one-sided; the rotational direction of the motor is two-sided. The tilt angle of the pump is infinitely variable
from the zero position, i.e. the volumetric flow direction is reversible. The motor tilts on one side and is also infinitely variable.
Pump,
variable Motor

7.0. Closed circuit
The maximum permissible pressure is limited by the pressure relief valve (PRV). One pressure relief valve (PRV) is used for each pressure side.
Pump, PRV's
variable Motor

7.0. Closed circuit
7.4. Leaks
The leakage oil from the pump and motor

is routed back to the tank and must be replaced.
Pump, PRV's
variable Motor
Tank

7.0. Closed circuit
7.5. Supply
An auxiliary pump for replacing the leakage oil and

Volumetric flow variable controlling the variable pump, a non-return valve (NRV)
To pump control unit for the supply. Pressure limitation by a supply pressure
relief valve.
NRV
PRV
PRV's
Motor
NRV
Tank

7.0. Closed circuit
7.6. Accessories
Accessories such as filters

Volumetric flow variable supplement the hydraulic system.
To pump control unit
NRV
PRV
PRV's Motor
Filter NRV
Tank

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VÖGELE Specialist Training – Hydraulics

1.0. Basics of VÖGELE Hydraulics 4.6. Lowering brake valve

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

7.0. Closed circuit

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

The basic hydraulics parameters are pressure and volumetric

The volumetric flow is indicated in litres per minute (l/min).

At a constant volumetric flow, the pressure in the system

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Gear pump Piston pump

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Gear motor Gear ring motor Piston motor

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Externally toothed gear pump

The liquid is forced through the rotating motion of

The volume delivered depends on the pump speed.

one flow direction

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Axial piston pump swash plate

The generated volumetric flow depends on the

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Gear ring motor (orbital motor)

The principle of the motor is based on an internal

This type of motor is used to drive the conveyor

two directions of rotation

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Pressure fluid is supplied from the motor inlet in the

The speed depends on the supplied volume

This type of motor is used for the front-wheel drive.

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Telescopic ram (single-acting ram)

Differential ram (double-acting ram)

With double-acting rams, there are two opposing piston surfaces

Synchronising ram (double-acting ram)

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

The direction of the volumetric flow is started, stopped or changed

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

In hydraulics, directional valves are used for clearing

Directional valves are indicated according to the number of

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Flow position, forward

Flow position, backward

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Spring Spring, adjustable latching

hydraulic mechanical Hand lever

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Housing (cast iron)

Return springs Control pistons

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Ball Valve seat

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Valve seat Poppet Spring

Valve sleeve Adjustment screw

Joseph VÖGELE AG Ludwigshafen - CTT - Centre for Training and Technology

Main stage Preliminary stage