Towards The All Age Friendly City - 2014 PDF

TOWARDS THE
ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY
Working Paper 1 of the Bristol All-Age-Friendly City Group
futurecities.catapult.org.uk
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be read with Adobe Acrobat
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY PREFACE 2
PREFACE
The All-Age-Friendly City project, carried out in Spring-Summer 2014,

emerged from a desire to imagine the future city from the perspectives of
those people – children and older adults – who are too often overlooked in the
design and planning of cities today.
Today, reports on ‘the Smart City’ tend to make little or no mention of the
wide variety of different age groups living in cities, or of the different and
sometimes shared needs of a multi-generational city. This is not just an
inevitable oversight that arises when working age adults design
infrastructure. It is also a serious flaw in the design imagination shaping the
future city: significant amounts of public expenditure go precisely to these age
groups and to those institutions and services responsible for addressing the
interests of children and older adults. If we want a future city that is adequate
to the people living in it, therefore, designers, policy makers, developers and
planners need to think carefully about all ages and stages of life.
To begin to address this issue, the All-Age-Friendly City project brought

together researchers working in childhood and aging, members of local
government, artists, community groups, computer scientists, developers,
planners and practitioners working with children and older adults, to develop
ideas about how cities might better meet the needs and interests of our oldest
and youngest generations.
This first working paper builds on desk research and workshops conducted by
the Graduate School of Education, University of Bristol, in collaboration with
the Future Cities Catapult in Spring/Summer 2014. It outlines why designing
the All-Age-Friendly city is an urgent contemporary concern, the resources
that are available to us to do this, and identifies four key areas for future
development:
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY PREFACE 3
·· building intergenerational trust;
·· encouraging encounters across generations;
·· re-imagining housing; and
·· creating all-age-friendly transport systems.
We are grateful to the TSB/Future Cities Catapult for funding the workshops,
and to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for enabling Keri’s
involvement as part of her Connected Communities Leadership Fellowship.
We are also grateful to the contributors to the workshops who contributed
their ideas and experience so generously.
This is the start, we hope, of a longer conversation about how we can create
cities that are not just livable in terms of the technologies and infrastructure
that underpin them, but that harness such infrastructure to generate
experiments in humane, caring and empowered ways of life for all
generations.
We look forward to continuing the discussions with others who are interested
in this aspiration.
Keri Facer, Lindsey Horner, Helen Manchester

Graduate School of Education
University of Bristol
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY CONTRIBUTORS 4
CONTRIBUTORS
The following contributed to the discussions and workshops that informed

this report. All errors and omissions however, are those of the authors alone.
Project Lead for Future Cities Catapult

Caroline Twigg
Contributors
Adam Nieman, Carbon Visuals
Adrian Davis, Bristol City Council, Health and Transport
Amy Harrison, Architecture Centre
Ben Barker, Greater Bedminster Community Partnership
Caroline Holland, The Open University & Dundalk Institute of
Technology, Ireland
Claire Reddington, Pervasive Media Studio
Frances Giampapa, University of Bristol, Graduate School of Education
Hannah Higginson, Watershed
Howard Baker, BBC
Ingrid Skeels, Room 13 and Playing out.
James Parkinson, Royal Institute of British Architects
Jennie Reed, Alive! Activities
Jo Cross, University of Bristol, School for Policy Studies
John Troyer, University of Bath, Dept. for Death and Society
Kirsten Cater, University of Bristol, Computer Science
Lorraine Hudson, Hudson Sustainability Consulting
Lucy O’Brien, Kinneir Dufort
Lucy Warin, Future Cities Catapult
Malcolm Johnson, University of Bristol (Emeritus), Health and
Social Policy
Misa Izuhara, University of Bristol, School for Policy Studies
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Patricia Res, University of Bath (MSc Student)
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY CONTRIBUTORS 5
Penny Evans, Knowle West Media Centre

Penny Miles, University of Bristol, HARP project
Pete Bennett, University of Bristol, Computer Science
Pete Britton, Bristol City Council, Future Cities Team
Shawanda Stockfelt, University of Bristol, Graduate School of Education
Simon Hankins, Southville Community Development Association
Stephen Hewitt, Bristol City Council, Healthy Urban Team
Tim Corum, Bristol Museums and Galleries
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY CONTENTS 6
CONTENTS
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? 7
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION 13
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY 18
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY 28
— BUILDING TRUST 30
— CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN GENERATIONS 37
— HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL AND COMPLEX LIVES 46
— PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL PARTICIPATION 54
WHERE NEXT? 61
FURTHER READING 65
WHY AN
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY
CONTENTS ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY?
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY…

CITY?
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY
– BUILDING TRUST
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR…
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL…
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI…
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? 8
WHY AN ‘ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY’ CITY?
CONTENTS Around the world we are beginning to see the emergence of two parallel, but In designing for children and
currently unconnected, movements – namely, the ‘Child Friendly City’ older adults separately we
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? movement (led by UNICEF) and the ‘Age Friendly City’ movement (led by the ignore the fact that they have
World Health Organisation). These movements both aim to ensure that
interests and needs in
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION planners, policy makers and developers design cities that take account of the
interests of age groups who are too often marginalized in current policy and
common
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… design processes. They are both hugely important.
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY In thinking about and advocating for children and older adults separately,
however, we risk ignoring the fact that these groups often live alongside each
– BUILDING TRUST other, occupy the same public spaces, have interests and needs in common.
Important opportunities may therefore be missed to create services and
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… infrastructure that address the interests of both groups. Moreover, by treating
these groups separately, we risk furthering current trends toward
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… intergenerational tensions that have the potential to be profoundly harmful
for the wellbeing of all living in our future cities.
A different approach, and one that we propose in this working paper,
WHERE NEXT? is to imagine future cities as ‘All-Age-Friendly Cities’ that offer services,
infrastructure and spaces that not only meet shared needs, but better
FURTHER READING liberate the different talents of all ages to create greater intergenerational
solidarity.
Intergenerational tensions
Stories that dominate the media today about intergenerational relationships

are characterised by alarmist claims of conflict between generations1. Post-
1
crash economics and population aging combine in these accounts, to produce e.g. Priestland, D. 2013; Castella, T. 2013;
futurecities.catapult.org.uk an almighty rift between the needs of different age groups. Commentator Gerontology UK 2011
CONTENTS David Rothkopf goes so far as to argue: “When the Cold war ended, we In a climate of conflict, the
thought we were going to have a clash of civilizations. Turns out we’re having intergenerational contract
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? a clash of generations” 2 . becomes harder to sustain
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION As fuel for this debate, we have a whole host of institutions setting up to
advocate for different age groups (for example, the Intergeneration
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… Foundation in the UK, the Centre for Intergenerational Justice in Germany).
At the same time, publications mourning the decline of intergenerational
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY solidarity, from ‘The Pinch’ to the more recent ‘Generation Rent’, make the
case for the competing demands, interests and needs of young people and
– BUILDING TRUST older adults. And indeed, there are thorny issues to address in these debates
about fairness and equity across present and future generations.
In this climate of conflict, the fundamental premise of the public
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… intergenerational contract – that the young will care for the old in old age, and
that in return, the old will contribute towards and not overly extract from the
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… next and future generations – becomes harder to sustain3.
WHERE NEXT? We know, however, that this clash is not simply a feature of wider economic
and demographic change but is also a consequence of the way lives are
FURTHER READING organised and lived in UK cities today, of the design of public spaces and the
work of our social institutions and services – from care homes, to transport,
to schooling. Over the last few decades, inter-generational interaction in
public spaces has diminished and positive contact reduced4 as children and 2
older adults alike are encouraged to live and spend time in age-segregated Friedman 2011:5, cited in VanderVen and
Schneider-Munoz 2012
spaces, and as the public services that facilitate mobility throughout cities
are eroded. 3
Walker 2003
Addressing intergenerational conflict, therefore, is not simply an issue of 4

futurecities.catapult.org.uk macro-economics and demographics, but an issue that should be of real Hatton-Yeo and Watkins 2004
CONTENTS concern to architects, city planners, and the designers of city-wide services Over the last few decades,
from health to energy supply. inter-generational interaction
in public spaces has
diminished and positive
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION Common Needs
contact reduced
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… This picture of intergenerational tension, however, is not supported by the
research, which tends to reveal more ‘ambivalent’ relationships, as opposed
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY to the binary ideas of conflict or cohesion5, and in some cases, more in-depth
longitudinal studies find instead that older adults are generally seen as
– BUILDING TRUST particularly deserving groups as well as particularly marked upward
solidarity towards older people among young people from low and middle
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… socioeconomic groups6.
5
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… In contrast to this dominant idea of competing interests, moreoever, it’s Brannen, 2003
worth observing that older adults, children and young people have much
6
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… in common. Both age groups want access to safe public spaces and report Timonen et al 2013
higher levels of fear of crime7. Other shared concerns include access to public
7
WHERE NEXT? transport8 and the provision of public space to socialise9. Self-evidently, Pain 2005, Lorenc et al 2013, Pain 2006
both groups are also affected by ageism; both face stereotyping10 that brings
FURTHER READING material negative consequences for both age groups, for example disadvantage 8
Topham 2013; Better transport campaign, undated
in the workplace11.
9
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, undated
In the UK, as well, while younger and older generations are more dependent
on government resources than middle generations, they are equally subject 10
Sweiry and Willitts 2012
to barriers when it comes to local planning decisions and public consultation.
In addition, in the UK, socioeconomically disadvantaged wards have a 11
greater share of elderly and young residents, as people in middle-life are Age UK 2011, Birdwell and Bani 2014
more likely to have the advantage of being able to move out of these areas12 . 12
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Pain 2005
CONTENTS Indeed, rather than there being common concerns that divide generations, it Huge benefits are
is clear that many in older and younger age groups are united by issues that achieved through positive
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? exist across generations - the relative wealth, social networks, ethnicity and intergenerational encounters
gender of individuals all play their role in shaping life experiences of both
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION children and older adults. Socio-economic disadvantage is a concern in
common across all age groups, and city strategies to address this as a primary
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… issue are likely to be of benefit across the generations.

Contributions and benefits
– BUILDING TRUST
A focus on common concerns, fear and disadvantage, however, risks
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… producing a very one-sided picture of children, young people and older adults.
It obscures the huge talents and too-often unrecognized contribution of these
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… age groups to families, neighbourhoods and city life. It ignores, for example,
the massive role played by older adults in civil society, in volunteering, in
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… maintaining neighbourhoods and increasingly, in caring for children and
grandchildren13.
WHERE NEXT?
It also ignores the new talents, energy and dynamism that children and young
FURTHER READING people can bring, when allowed, to public spaces, to their institutions and
their social networks. It is also worth noting the huge benefits that are
achieved through positive intergenerational encounters, including the transfer
of useful life-skills both up and down the generations; values, moral codes
and social norms; and culture, history and identity, amongst others14.
13
One of the challenges today, then, is working out how to liberate the talents of WRVS 2011, UNECE 2009, Butts et al, undated
both age groups to contribute to and enrich each others’ lives and the lives of
14
those around them. Birdwell and Bani 2014, Lloyd 2008, Butts et al,
futurecities.catapult.org.uk undated
CONTENTS Towards the All-Age-Friendly City Children, young people and

older adults have common
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Children, young people and older adults, therefore, have some common needs needs and untapped talents
- for which shared services and infrastructure might be developed. They do, at
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION least potentially, co-occupy the same spaces – for which multi-use purposes
might be imagined. And they also have diverse, significant and often-
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… untapped talents – which might be better made visible, encouraged and
supported to the benefit of all.
The challenge, then, is to imagine a city that is capable – in its infrastructure,
– BUILDING TRUST services and spaces – to act as a platform for the creation of relationships and
networks that can address these needs in common and allow these talents to
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… be realised in action. This, we want to suggest, would constitute an ‘All-Age-
Friendly City’.
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
RESOURCES
CONTENTS FOR THE


IMAGINATION
– BUILDING TRUST
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION 14
CONTENTS There are a number of important knowledge resources that we might draw There is nothing inevitable
upon in beginning to imagine an ‘All-Age-Friendly City’. Amongst these, is the about a future of older adults
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? evidence that ‘childhood’ and ‘old age’ can consist of very different shut away from society in
experiences and identities in different times and places. A second, is evidence
care homes and children
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION of significant wider trends and developments that are likely to push both
‘growing up’ and ‘growing old’ in different directions over the next quarter
garrisoned in schools
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… century. And finally, there is evidence of a growing consensus around what
might constitute the key features of an ‘All-Age-Friendly City’. To take each of
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY these in turn:
– BUILDING TRUST 1. The social construction of childhood and aging. Growing up and growing
old in the city changes as a result of historic, cultural and technological
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… conditions. There is nothing inevitable about a future of older adults shut
away from society in care homes and children garrisoned in schools with no
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… encounters between them other than in the family home. After all, what it
means to ‘be’ a child or older adult changes significantly over time. Studies
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… have repeatedly shown that “both youth and childhood have had and continue
to have different meanings depending on young people’s social, cultural and
WHERE NEXT? political circumstances” 15.
FURTHER READING For example in Inuit culture a ‘child’ is perceived as being unable to reason,
process thought or understand like adults, and therefore parents treat them with 15
a great deal of tolerance and leniency16, while in Fulani, West Africa young Wyn and White 1997: 10, cited in Hopkins and
Pain, 2007: 287
children work and contribute to society. “By the age of four, girls are expected to
be able to care for their younger siblings, fetch water and firewood and by the age 16
Jean Briggs, cited in Montgomery 2006
of six will be pounding grain, producing milk and butter and selling these
alongside their mothers in the market” 17. Similarly, older people experience age 17
very differently depending on context, Vietnamese ‘elders’ are considered to be Montgomery 2006, referencing Michelle Johnson
the leaders in the family, making decisions and offering advice, while Native 18
futurecities.catapult.org.uk American elders take on substantial roles teaching and caring for the young18. Bermen et al 2007
CONTENTS 2. Wider trends. A number of competing and sometimes contradictory Competing and contradictory
drivers are likely to play a role in shaping future social practices of childhood drivers will shape future
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? and old age in the city19. These include: social practices of childhood
and old age
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION ·· Growing, and more diverse, populations in cities as a result of economic
and environmental migration
·· Increased data, about everything, from cities to individuals, as a result of

ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY embedded sensors in bodies and buildings, of accountability regimes and
of massive growth in computer processing power
– BUILDING TRUST
·· Automation of routine activities, again as a result of increases in

– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… processing power and economic trends, that will lead to everything from
driverless cars to replacement of routine and repetitive forms of
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… employment
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… ·· Increasing stress on infrastructure from environmental disruption such as
flooding/droughts
WHERE NEXT?
·· Developments in renewable energy and low carbon living

FURTHER READING
·· Personalised medicine and increasingly longevity for those who can

afford it
·· Cosmetic prosthetics used to augment the body for pleasure, display,

enhancement
·· Increasing economic inequalities in conditions of constrained public

resources. 19
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Facer 2011; Rosen et al 2010
CONTENTS What might ‘childhood’ and ‘aging’ look like in a culture of personalised The question is not 'what is
medicine, cosmetic digital enhancement, remote ‘care’ offered via remote and probable', but 'what sort of
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? haptic technologies and automated transport? How might experiences of city would be desirable'
childhood and aging change in conditions of radical environmental
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION disruption, over-population and significant economic and social inequalities?
How might these two competing drivers - technological enhancement and
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… material inequalities - combine to create different futures for
intergenerational relationships in cities?
The idea that the present organisation of social relationships in the UK should
– BUILDING TRUST be taken as a realistic guide to what is possible or desirable in the future city,
therefore, is hard to sustain. The challenge that should be addressed instead,
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… then, is not what is probable, but what sort of city would be desirable given
such possibilities. To that end, it is worth noting that there is the basis for
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… broad consensus on the features of ‘child-friendly’ and ‘age-friendly’ cities.
These begin to provide a route-map for the creation of the future ‘All-Age-
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… Friendly City’ in the context of these broad trends.
WHERE NEXT? The following attributes were identified as essential elements of a ‘child-
friendly city’:
FURTHER READING
·· Perceived safety, including physical, economic and psychological safety
·· Increased mobility so that children can move through the city

independently
·· A sense of ownership of spaces, feelings of belonging and being welcome
·· Representation and voice of youth in democratic processes and citizenship

futurecities.catapult.org.uk while simultaneously recognising heterogeneity
CONTENTS ·· A walkable city; and
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? ·· Equal access to the above for ‘every child’ to inform universal equalities.

The following attributes were identified as essential elements of an ‘age-
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… friendly city’:
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY ·· Adequate, affordable and ubiquitous public transport
– BUILDING TRUST ·· Perceived safety, including physical, economic and psychological safety
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… ·· A sense of ownership of spaces and feelings of belonging and being
welcome
·· A walkable city
·· Integrated planning and economic decision-making considering the

WHERE NEXT? diversity of services in localities.
FURTHER READING
SCENARIOS
CONTENTS FOR THE FUTURE

RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY

CITY
– BUILDING TRUST
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY 19
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY
CONTENTS What happens when you combine the awareness that ‘aging’ and ‘youth’ can ‘Aging’ and ‘youth’ can and
and do change radically in different historical and cultural contexts; that do change radically in
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? digital, medical and transport technologies as well as economic and different historical and
environmental drivers may bring significant changes in the next fifty years;
cultural contexts
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION and that there are a number of features that are needed to create ‘child
friendly’ and ‘age friendly’ cities?
Here we outline four ‘future city’ scenarios that were developed through
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY different techniques in our two workshops. In the first workshop, participants
started from long-term trends and explored the role of contingency and
– BUILDING TRUST radical novelty in shaping future trajectories for intergenerational
relationships in an imaginary future Bristol of 2070. This generated two
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… scenarios that disrupted contemporary assumptions about employment and
the organisation of time, space and resources. In the second workshop,
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… participants worked from a map of age-related patterns and practices in the
city today, to create a new city map that reflected the desired practices and
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… values of a future All-Age-Friendly City, harnessing the technological and
social drivers described earlier. This generated two scenarios that built
WHERE NEXT? strongly on contemporary concerns and issues.
FURTHER READING While elements of all these scenarios, as purely imaginative constructs, could
be extended to other cities, it is worth noting that they draw upon Bristol’s
strong ‘green and digital’ culture and reflect the features of the landscape of
that city. Those living in other cities and wanting to use these scenarios as a
prompt for reflection will want to consider their own defining cultural assets
and geographical features.
Together, these four scenarios are intended as prompts for the imagination for
a future ‘All-Age-Friendly City’.
CONTENTS Scenario 1: The Living City The city is a university for all
where all ages learn from
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? This scenario was captured by the headline “Bristol the living city”; it each other
emphasised a culture of care for current and future generations, including
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION generations of people and nature. It was characterised in particular by a
complete rethink of relationships between work and play, and the
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… organisation of time.
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY In this future city nature is important and key values of ‘protecting’, and
‘growing’ are embedded throughout the city. This is reflected in the architecture
– BUILDING TRUST where new buildings are designed using ‘biomimicry’ and old buildings are
adapted with green roofs and new underground rooms; bolt-on additional living
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… spaces can be added to housing as and when they are desired. Planning rules
allow all kinds of new structures to be built, like tree houses. Natural energy
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… sources such as wind, sun and a new kind of moss are used to fuel the city.
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… The city is governed by age-diverse representatives, chosen by a lottery
system; some of these representatives are also responsible for speaking for
WHERE NEXT? animals and nature. There is an established sense of public ownership in the
city and public spaces are designed for social mixing. The absence of cars
FURTHER READING creates safer spaces for everyone to connect with each other, to play and
socialise. The emphasis on nature and more connectedness means healthier,
happier communities, including older people, with less crime and more
community responsibility.
Education is ‘lived’ through the city and more education happens outdoors.
The city is a university for all where all ages learn from each other. Radical
‘play’ projects aid learning, one such project involves an intergenerational
Organic skyscrapers by Chartier-Corbasson
group working together to build a massive rope swing in a public space. Credit - Chartier-Corbasson Architectes
futurecities.catapult.org.uk There is a twenty hour working week for all and everyone gets a ‘living wage’. http://chartcorb.free.fr
CONTENTS The city is a safe space where children are free to move around and spend
time each day contributing to the community in some way. Some hours each
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? day are spent learning which might involve more formal ‘schooled’
experiences but also involves engaging in an outdoor project and interacting
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION with the environment. These experiences see them working and creating with
a range of adults from whom they would be learning life skills; in particular,
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… a non-instrumental approach to learning would be encouraged through
learning that is self- and community-directed.
While children would also have time available within the day to play without
– BUILDING TRUST adults, play also becomes more important for adults. Parents work half days
and have more time to spend with their children and their own parents. Their
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… ‘playful’ time is spent on their own plots of land as well as in work in civil
society, and with others of all ages in the community. As there are more
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… connections between people in the city, and people generally have more free
time, those people who are more physically restricted or vulnerable in another
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… way would have regular visits and support from others. Mock up of future newspaper front page in Bristol
2070, Scenario One
WHERE NEXT? There are of course tensions in this future scenario: the balance between
encouraging innovation and creativity and promoting anarchy was discussed,
FURTHER READING as was the balance between incentivising ‘green’ activities without significant
regulation. It was also recognised that the living city may not be everyone’s
ideal, and the question was raised about whether it would ostracize parts of
society. More practical issues concerned how to respond to those who do not
respect common goods.
Parents work half days and
have more time to spend
with their children and their
futurecities.catapult.org.uk own parents
CONTENTS Scenario 2: The New Venice The new Venice is

characterised by the
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? In this scenario the city is partially flooded in 2070. This city is characterised creativity and ingenuity
by the creativity and ingenuity generated by conditions of radical disruption.
of radical disruption
Practical responses to significant flooding that radically changes the
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… geography of the city include: the development of boat and water transport;
the development of new building techniques to create taller buildings with
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY hydroponics and farming intensively connected with architecture; a re-
assessment of the food chain to a predominantly vegetarian and fish-based
– BUILDING TRUST diet; a change in the economic sector with the growth in the tourism sector
as Bristol becomes the ‘new Venice’; and energy coming from dam and
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… solar energy.
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… These circumstances also stimulate the invention of an embodied wireless
communication network, which is created to enhance communication
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… between city participants and to produce rapid data insights into supply
and demand for essential and increasingly constrained resources. The
WHERE NEXT? communication network is especially important for the supply and demand
of food, but also helps with health care, where it can remotely scan and
FURTHER READING diagnose individuals (sometimes before they become ill), and send them
to clustered healthcare provisions, imagined as mobile hospital barges.
These practical and physical responses to the changed environment have

knock-on consequences for the residents of Bristol, for all generations.
An important shift emerges around changing skill sets, with older people
who can fish and farm possessing valuable skills to share with the younger
generation. This need for more practical and vocational skill sets also sees
a shift towards vocational education and consequently a growth in
futurecities.catapult.org.uk apprenticeships.
Scenario 2 - The New Venice
CONTENTS The reduced mobility due to the flooding also sees an increase in care swaps In the Trusting City there is
and care bartering across the city. People set up reciprocal commitments no divide between 'centre'
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? across geographical divides to offer care and support for each others’ older and 'periphery'
parents or young grandchildren. Family commitments are effectively
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION ‘swapped’ through systems to support trust and updates on care. There is no
national governance, which has been replaced by isolated local fiefdom with
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… common land (the current large landowners have flown). This creates a ‘blitz
spirit’, where everyone comes together.
The water becomes the new public space, and hosts water sport, water
– BUILDING TRUST festivals and other entertainment. In this context surveillance underpins trust
with reputation engines impacting across all life, for example old people with
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… good scores can ‘gift’ or bestow trust points to the young. Over time the
imagined 2070 Bristol rebuilds itself with the water surface being the new
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… ‘street level’.

Scenario 3: The Trusting City
WHERE NEXT?
This future city emphasises trust and citizenship through the built
FURTHER READING environment of a mixed-use, high density urban landscape. Two main ideas
inform the physical geography: 1. the concept of the whole city as centre,
where there is no divide, as at present, between the current existing ‘centre’
(retail and services) and ‘periphery’ (residential), but instead residential
dwellings, services, commercial properties and industrial building are mixed
and high density across the city; and 2. the concept of a patchwork of city
villages, which contain the mix of retail, services, industry and residential to
meet ‘village’ needs. Key features of this decentralized concept were diversity
and connectivity and, related to these, civic pride and safe efficient transport. Scenario three, an imagined mixed-use
futurecities.catapult.org.uk future Bristol
CONTENTS A critical element of this future was the idea of having a highly diverse city
in which community resources and ‘community spirit’ more traditionally
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? found in villages, were ‘scaled up’ to the city as a whole. Technological
solutions were conceived to counter feelings of anonymity or disaffection
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION in the city, ideas included: face recognition technology and displays to create
a city that knows its own citizens; myth busting live real-time data feeds
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… to address perceptions of fear (e.g. x children walked to school today safely);
technology to increase a sense of community trust through a self-regulating
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY system of peer vouching (e.g. similar to couch surfing on-line/offline
community trust engines); and technology that can capture and measure
– BUILDING TRUST emotional perspectives (happy/scared) and respond. Mock-up real-time feed of myth busting data
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… Connectivity was also important, to pre-empt feelings of tribalism
within the different ‘city-villages’ and promote a sense of commonality.
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… Festivals and iconic buildings provided important motives to move across
the city, and shared public spaces would support encounters between
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… different groups. In order to connect more easily a ubiquitous, affordable
and accessible public transport system was needed. An on-demand
WHERE NEXT? personalized/public transport system was conceived as a ‘pod’ which is
public when it can be and private when it needs to be. Embedded sensors
FURTHER READING communicate where traffic is, where people are and where they need
to be in order to collect individuals and join them to trains of pods for
the main journey, to split off for the last personalized section of the Mock-up future transport pod
journey.
The pressure on space in the future city and the need for sustainable housing
designed for the lifespan resulted in the idea of ‘lego’ housing, dwellings built
Dwellings built out of
out of pods and modules that allow flexibility and adaptability to change as pods allow flexibility and
our lifestyles change. For example as children leave home or elderly parents adaptability to changing
futurecities.catapult.org.uk move in, the housing arrangements could be changed; one section becoming families
CONTENTS more self contained to rent out, or detached from the main house to reuse/ Walking highways reclaim
recycle elsewhere. public space and reconnect
people
However, it was also acknowledged that inherent in this ideal future were a
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION number of tensions. The desire for localism raised questions of how to instil
pride in an area without this turning into destructive tribalism. It was also
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… acknowledged that although festivals and impromptu encounters are
important parts of the imagined future city, these cannot be imposed or
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY assumed – you can’t legislate parties.
– BUILDING TRUST
Scenario 4: A City of Hubs
This scenario operated with fewer radical disruptions to time, space,
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… economics and employment than the other scenarios, but instead, worked
practically from current examples to imagine a future city that emphasizes
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… intergenerational mixing though multiple centralized hubs of facilities.
WHERE NEXT? These hubs would incorporate schools, health provision, cultural services and
activities, and art. Similar to Scenario 3, the interconnectivity of the hubs was
FURTHER READING also important, but not just physically also psychologically and economically.
Easily connected hubs were considered means of generating social capital,
personal agency, and valuing and validating community. Governance was also
mapped onto the network of hubs with each hub in charge of its own Scenario four, an imagined hubs of the future
Bristol
governance – a de-centralized system that allowed everyone to have a voice,
agency and the ability to make a difference. Across the whole city, were
imagined a series of walking highways, that reclaimed public space and
reconnected people in safe, nature rich avenues for intergenerational
connections.
CONTENTS Like Scenario 3, issues and risks identified included balancing localism with
connectivity. It was considered that making hubs new destination ‘anchors’
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? would encourage travel between them as hubs might form around people with
specific expertise. City cross-over could also be encouraged with treasure
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION hunts, art trails, beacons and celebratory land mark buildings.

– BUILDING TRUST Mock-up community hub
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
ROADMAP TO THE
CONTENTS ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY

CITY
– BUILDING TRUST
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY 29
CONTENTS These four scenarios were used to identify a set of key areas that would benefit The All-Age-Friendly City is
from development, ingenuity and investment to create a future ‘All-Age- premised on creating trust
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Friendly City’. These can broadly be understood as addressing two core between different
concerns:
generations
1. Designing to enhance the capacity for intergenerational solidarity,
·· in particular, by building trust between different age groups and by

ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY creating opportunities for spontaneous encounters; and
– BUILDING TRUST 2. Designing for the shared mobility and living needs of children, young
people and older adults,
·· in particular, by developing new approaches to public transport, public

– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… space and housing.
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… These issues of trust, of facilitating spontaneous encounters, of creating safe
ways of moving around cities and of developing flexible ways of living that are
WHERE NEXT? capable of adapting to multi-generational living, came up again and again in
discussions and in the scenarios. The remainder of this section describes
FURTHER READING some of the possible ideas for future development identified in the workshops,
as well as providing signposts to current experimental case studies that offer
insights into how such ideas might be realised in practice.
CONTENTS Building Trust Can we create a ‘digital dog’

to introduce strangers
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? All of the scenarios for the All-Age-Friendly City were premised on the playfully to each other?
creation of cultures of trusting and strong relationships between different
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION generations. This, of course, is easier said than done. How might a city’s
infrastructure, services and technologies contribute to building trust between
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… different age groups? A number of ideas emerged from the workshops:
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY Introducers and Mediators

How do people in different age groups get to ‘meet’ and know each other?
– BUILDING TRUST They rely on introductions and mediators. These might be intentional – when
a friend or a neighbor makes an introduction – or accidental – as when dogs
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… connect up their owners in the park. Is it possible to create a ‘digital dog’
or, as one workshop participant put it, inspired by Philip Pullman’s books,
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… ‘a daemon’ that would mediate between different people – somehow
representing publicly and playfully, people’s shared interests and concerns
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… or acting as a safe topic to start a conversation. This could be a personal
electronic device, a kind of digital advocate that talks to other advocates; it
WHERE NEXT? would work by suggesting who you might want to connect with, pointing out
who or what you already have in common, or just playfully prompting a chat.
FURTHER READING
This might be as simple as a device letting you and the young man you are a
little intimidated by in the park know that you know his auntie; or pointing
out that the older lady you’ve been ignoring has an amazing history of
travelling and adventure. Participants imagined a digital system that enabled
the sharing of data and stories about individuals in accordance with their
level of comfort in self-disclosure. Retention of control concerning what went
public and what private was seen as critical. This was imagined as a process
by which an individual’s data could ‘speak’ to other individuals’ data, to help
futurecities.catapult.org.uk make visible the connections and the possible relationships between them.
Building Trust
CONTENTS Shared tasks Playful city interfaces actively

People don’t just meet for the sake of it; sometimes, you build relationships encourage participation in
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? through shared work and through helping each other out. Digital trust public spaces
systems that let you post needs and issues as well as offers of help and spare
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION capacity, might create unexpected opportunities for encounter between
generations. Participants suggested that digital trust systems (such as Shiply)
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… could create opportunities for individuals to experience the benefits of helping
each other, possibly exchanging time, goods or ideas as they pass locations in
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY the city on their way to other places. This might involve online exchange of
slices of time for example pairing up someone who has a few hours to spare
– BUILDING TRUST with someone else who needs help to look after their house while their
washing machine gets fixed.
A trust-creating city-interface
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… Social statistics are usually presented in a format that encourages fear and
anxiety. A simple strategy for building trust and confidence imagined by
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… workshop participants was the creation of public interfaces that could share
data that was actively positive and encouraging of participation in public
WHERE NEXT? spaces. Creative, playful public interfaces were imagined that acted in the
opposite way to safety warnings by, for example, collecting and
FURTHER READING communicating visualisations of how many people have walked down a
particular street and not been mugged; or how many people talked to
strangers in this park and began positive conversations.
CONTENTS CouchSurfing
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? CouchSurfing has created a community based on a very strong sense
of reciprocity and trust, where ‘strangers’ meet online to arrange
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION opportunities to stay in each others’ houses. Vouching, part of
CouchSurfing’s reputational system, is different from many other online
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… communities in asking for friendship type for each connection. While
many social networking sites encourage multiple connections of often
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY weak or transient contacts (Facebook or LinkedIn, for example) the
CouchSurfing reputational system actively discourages this by weakening
– BUILDING TRUST your level of trustworthiness if you have higher numbers of weak CouchSurfing
Credit - Corie Howell. https://www.flickr.
connections and “vouching for those whom one does not know well
com/photos/coriehowell/3408059775
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… enough to trust is also taboo.” 20 This addition of an explicit rating for
each friendship type helped to increase trust.
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… Friend-Of-A-Friend:
WHERE NEXT? FOAF is a project “creating a Web of machine-readable pages

describing people, the links between them and the things they create
FURTHER READING and do” 21. FOAF has an estimated 2-5 million users and enables users
to rate others’ trustworthiness on a scale of 1 -10. The Semantic Web
technology applied in FOAF enables the capture of rich personal and
relationship data which can aid trust assessments 22 . This application
of the Social Semantic Web could assist in trust building in many 20
Lauterbach et al 2009: 347
different contexts as it combines social software, the semantic web
and web 2.0 to create a rich representation of personal and relationship 21
knowledge. http://www.foaf-project.org
22
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Goldbeck and Hendler 2006
CONTENTS TaskRabbit
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? TaskRabbit is an online system that connects people up to others in their
community who can help them do jobs or errands that they don’t want to
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION do. Currently operating in 19 cities across the world TaskRabbit is a
members system that markets itself as providing busy people with time
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… to do what’s important in their lives. ‘Taskers’ go through a rigorous
vetting process to eliminate worries about trust before they can join the
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY community. This involves an identity check, a criminal record check and
an in person interview and a training session. Taskers are then rated and
– BUILDING TRUST reviewed after each job and this information is freely available for The task of cutting the grass
Credit - Justyn. https://www.flickr.com/
everyone using the service. An ‘elite’ group of Taskers with positive
photos/justyn/136086471
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… feedback 97% or more of the time are clearly identified on the site. This
kind of system is currently operating in a commercial market but could
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… easily be adapted for volunteering or other more social and community
based tasks and activities23.
WHERE NEXT? An electronic aura
FURTHER READING Scientists at the University of Cambridge have been working on the idea
of an electronic aura which would be a field that would extend two or
three feet from our bodies generating signals that would uniquely
identify its owner and permit their devices such as credit cards, car keys
and phones to only work when they are nearby. They have designed a
device called a pico which would interact automatically with websites for
banks, online retail outlets and cinemas and would only function when
inside an individual’s electronic aura, solving the issue of the forgotten
password and enabling trust when making payments. The team are also 23
futurecities.catapult.org.uk https://www.taskrabbit.co.uk
CONTENTS looking at designing other aura-generating devices that people would Using technologies to
place around their bodies including badges, jewellery, belt buckles and enhance trust isn't simply a
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? wristbands.24 technical issue
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION Although now being developed largely for reasons that centre around
financial and technological security these systems could also be adapted
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… to enhance trust in each other and echo the ideas that came out of the
workshop around the digital advocate. If we could each have an
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY electronic aura which signalled specifically chosen personal information
about ourselves to those nearby could this enhance trust and enable more
– BUILDING TRUST social connections to be made?

Issues to consider
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… Lack of trust between generations comes from many different sources - from
economic conditions that encourage individualization to the rapid growth of
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… diverse and more mobile populations in cities, to the more general erosion and
enclosure of public spaces. Trust is also dependent on personal history and
24
WHERE NEXT? psychology25; and upon the social context 26, and upon social norms and cultures. http://www.theguardian.com/
technology/2014/jul/27/electronic-aura-
answer-lost-passwords
FURTHER READING Using technologies to ‘enhance’ or ‘assist’ trust, therefore, is not simply a
question of building a robust and reliable system, it also depends on much 25
more situated and changing social contexts. There is also the possibility that Mayer et all 1995, cited in Beldad et al 2010
we build trust 27 by taking risks, will the technology designed to build trust 26
actually erode it 28? Should we reframe the issue as the creation of technologies Weber at al 2004
that encourage stretching boundaries and the taking of manageable risks?
27
Beldad et al 2010
At the same time, traditional forms of community exchange and reciprocity
28
work on strong existing relationships between individuals and groups; in e.g. Mayer et al 1995 and Curral and Judge 1995,
futurecities.catapult.org.uk contrast, the use of social networking and online trading systems encourages both cited in Beldad et al
CONTENTS weak-ties and non (direct)-reciprocal exchange, which benefit from increasing
access to a significantly larger networks29 but might also decrease levels of
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? trust. Many current community websites tend to overlook the benefits of the
dynamic web, and functionality is limited to socialising, shopping and
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION accessing local information30. It is unclear too whether online civic activity
converts to offline participation. Some research has been conducted on
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… Freecycle on the ‘upshifting citizen’ 31 with mixed conclusions. While it showed
that freecyclers did tend to engage in digital forms of civic engagement, this
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY did not convert to off-line participation such as volunteering.
– BUILDING TRUST The next generation of web may more easily bridge the gap between the real Fibre optic networking
Credit - hpux735. https://www.flickr.com/
and virtual, so that the web becomes a constant presence in daily life, merging
photos/28728868@N06/3711318089
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… web application and services32 . The rich data produced by the semantic web
may have great potential to boost local social capital, “provided they are
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… ‘geographically intelligent’, that is, are smart enough to connect you selectively
to your near neighbours; are built around natural communities; and facilitate
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… the accumulation of collective knowledge, including reputation.” 33
29
Sampson 2002, cited in Ozanne and Ozanne 2011:
WHERE NEXT? Of course technology has also altered the nature of community – ‘online’ is a 66.
particular demographic in itself, and online communities can be fractured into
FURTHER READING special interest communities, e.g. gamers, couch surfers. This raises a couple 30
Keller 2011
of questions: can an on-line system reflect the diverse demographics found in a
traditional local ‘geographic’ community34; and can community be scaled? 31
Nelson, Rademacher and Peak 2007
Online ‘trust’ is a significant area of current research and investment. 32

Silva, Rahman and Saddik, 2008
However, much of the work focuses on e-commerce and is confined to online
communities. There is significant opportunity to explore what we might learn, 33
and what the limits might be, of extending this research into the broader Halpern 2005: 323, cited in Keller 2011
question of trust, offline community and embodied public space that are 34
futurecities.catapult.org.uk essential to the creation of All Age Friendly Cities. Keller 2011
CONTENTS Creating opportunities for encounters between generations The historic focus on ‘inner
cities’ does not address the
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? The workshops mapped how and where younger people and older adults increasing numbers of young
moved round the cities and where their primary areas of activity could be
people and older adults
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION found. This led to a number of observations.
living in the outskirts of cities
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… First, it was clear that the historic focus on ‘inner cities’ as a site of
regeneration and cultural activity, did not address the increasing numbers of
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY children, young people and older adults living in suburbs and the outskirts of
cities. This raised questions about the location of ‘shared public spaces’ and
– BUILDING TRUST also about transport facilities.
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… Second, it became clear that while museums, parks and green spaces were
important to both age groups, sites of commercial activity such as shopping
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… centres, also played an important potential role as spaces used by both older
and younger generations. Third, we observed that there is a temporal
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… dimension to generations occupation of public space: both generations might
both be present in the same space, but at different times. How could shared
WHERE NEXT? use and encounters across these times be encouraged?
FURTHER READING Fourth, less glamorous public spaces are also important for both groups: the
way in which pavements are increasingly unfriendly to pedestrians, to buggy
users, to wheelchair users or the partially sighted – was a shared concern.
The lack of dropped curves, the regular obstruction of pavements by bins
and rubbish, all impeded younger and older generations access to public
space. Finally, public spaces are often also seen as sites of tension between
generations – in particular, investment in play equipment in parks often takes
no account of much older adults’ interests and potential needs in that area.
These led to a number of ideas and suggestions in the road map towards an
futurecities.catapult.org.uk All Age Friendly City:
Creating opportunities for encounters between generations
CONTENTS Disrupting public/private boundaries We need to disrupt

A key issue that emerged in the workshops, therefore, was the need to traditional divides between
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? re-design public spaces for all-age use in order to create better opportunities public and private, domestic
for encounter between generations. This echoes previous research suggesting
and collective
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION that all generational groups desire access to safe public spaces and the
importance of multi-generational spaces for strong intergenerational
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… solidarity35. Workshop participants asked: how might we design public spaces
in the city that encourage intergenerational use, rather than designing with
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY particular generations in mind? One core response to this is to disrupt
assumptions and social practices organized around familiar divides between
– BUILDING TRUST public and private, between domestic, personal and collective living, that can
produce habits and practices conducive to loneliness and generational isolation.
Reclaiming streets
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… Alongside this participants were keen to think about ways to reclaim streets
and public spaces for different generational use. Intergenerational street
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… games, embedded in the environment, that encouraged both generations to
play were suggested as a way of encouraging intergenerational interaction
WHERE NEXT? (eg ‘scrabble match-up). Similarly, the use of ping pong tables or street pianos,
as shared objects that can encourage spontaneous encounters, were seen as
FURTHER READING examples worth pursuing further with some thought about the sorts of objects
that might really engage and encourage conversations across generations.
High quality public data about where streets were being dug up for service
installation and where road closures were necessary, might also provide
citizens with information about times and opportunities to host street parties
or street citizens meetings and clean-ups; making it easier for different groups
to come together.
35
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Handler, 2014
CONTENTS Shared services hubs Mapping the city for older

Workshop participants discussed the importance of the creation of a adults is feasible for any city
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? community hub where resources would be gathered together providing a with open data and a willing
central meeting point for diverse groups and more efficient use of resources
band of geeks
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION between services such as schools, older adult care, health and leisure
facilities. This prompted discussions about the ownership and governance of
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… such spaces, which would need careful consideration if they were to effectively
bring people of different ages together. These hubs would need to be
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY networked across the city, and there would need to be careful consideration
of equity issues to ensure that the resources in each area were equally rich.
– BUILDING TRUST
Rethinking ‘Less Glamorous’ Public Space
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… The current poor maintenance of pavements, the proliferation of signage and
hoardings on city streets, and the principle of individual waste disposal
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… through ever increasing numbers of bins on pavements, all cause significant
impediments to access to public space for older adults and young children, not
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… to mention those with visual impairments. Similarly, the decline in public
benches and in public toilets causes problems of access for both older adults
WHERE NEXT? and young people. Without basic access to public space – the chance for
encounters between age groups is significantly eroded. Creative collective
FURTHER READING solutions to domestic waste, which get rid of the need for individual bins; as
well as investment in seating and mapping of public toilets, would all make a
significant difference. This is not sexy – but under-pavement, collective waste
disposal can be made gorgeous through creative design of bins. GPS makes
city-wide mapping of basic amenities - mapping the city topographically, the
dropped curves, the hills and slopes to improve mobility for older and younger
citizens, perhaps with an added game layer – feasible for any city with open
data and a willing band of geeks.
CONTENTS Designing communities for engagement
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Mayors in cities such as Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Bogotá and Medellín
have supported the design of high density mixed use spaces and flexible
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION multi-use outdoor community spaces36. In these new designs the whole
city is seen as the centre and a series of dense multi-use areas connect up
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… in a ‘network of villages’ enabling community led discussion around the
use of space for different purposes and multiple, new kinds of
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY relationships with space and fellow citizens.
– BUILDING TRUST San Ysidro is a densely populated area situated in-between Tijuana and
San Diego, a border settlement consisting of low income families, with
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… two-thirds living in multi-family homes where shared space is used for
multiple purposes. Examples include the small-scale projects ‘Living
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… Rooms at the Border’, 37 and ‘Senior Housing with Childcare’, 38 both
connected by footpaths. The result has been the integration of affordable
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… housing, community centres and flexible in/outdoor spaces which reflect
the cities density and account for the residents’ income levels. The main
WHERE NEXT? focus of interaction in the project design is the block long, semi-public
loggia. This shared communal space is multi-use, hosting at different
FURTHER READING times markets, festivals and other community events. Another parcel
consists of terraced wooden housing units which interact with the loggia, 36
contrasting the public and private. The housing units are conceived as a Cruz 2011
series of interlocking rooms allowing flexibility to operate as single units 37

or open out into one large family unit. A row of houses designed for older Califorian-Architects Office Profiles Architects.
Undated.
adults connects through semi-public gardens incorporating a full-time
day care centre for grandparents raining their grandchildren.39 38
Museum of Modern Arts (MoMA) US
39
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Ouroussoff, N. 2006
CONTENTS Care home AS the community Care homes can be fully

integrated into community
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? “Care homes and retirement villages have traditionally been designed centres
as gated villages only open to those over a certain age. This home, set
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION in a rural community in Norway, is different. The care home itself is
fully integrated into the community centre that it is a part of. The
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… home and community centre are both housed in the same building.
You walk directly from the care home wing into the community centre.
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY Within the care home there is a therapy pool where physios do
rehabilitation work with residents. This pool is also used by mothers
– BUILDING TRUST and babies. Just past the open door to the care wing, there is an
exhibition space which shows both work of local artists and more
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… established ones. Further along there is a snooker room and a café
serving snacks and drinks. At the end of the main hall there is a
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… climbing wall, a swimming pool and a small cultural centre which is
used for music classes, for example. Downstairs there is also a cinema.
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… Across the courtyard there is the local church and a small shopping
precinct. Just behind the precinct is the bus station. By placing the
WHERE NEXT? home within the community centre the possibilities for maximising
intergenerational interaction multiply substantially. The residents have
FURTHER READING direct access to most of the activities taking place in the community,
even if they don’t participate themselves directly then they are able to
observe the children climbing the wall or having swimming lessons.
They’re able to listen to the music classes taking place or are able to go
to the cinema. The care staff working in the home also visit the older
people living in the sheltered accommodation which is also part of the
site, though this is not physically attached to the community centre.
This brief overview gives food for thought about intergenerational
encounters in the future and the importance of planning within that.
CONTENTS As regards the social and mental wellbeing of older people, a project
such as this could play a key role” This text is taken from a submission
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? to the project workshops by Penny Miles, University of Bristol,
researcher on the Healthy Ageing in Residential Places (HARP)
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION project. Funded by the ESRC through the European Research Area
(ERA) AGE programme. Principal Investigator: Dr. Liz Lloyd,
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… University of Bristol.
Open Street Mapping

– BUILDING TRUST
Open street mapping is transforming the ways that maps are made
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… and used as mapping data can dynamically and constantly evolve, Open Street Map of Bristol's Queens Square
and area.
just as real places and relationships do. It could potentially enable
Credit - © OpenStreetMap contributors.
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… the collection of useful data about a community, by a community, http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
which in turn could enhance opportunities for intergenerational
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… encounter. 40 OpenStreetMap, for instance, uses mapping apps,
recommendation tools, sports watches, classifieds and property
WHERE NEXT? search engines to crowdsource local maps. Volunteers can then
collect data of particular interest to their communities, for instance
FURTHER READING showing where public toilets are available, where cyclists will find
particularly steep hills or new cafes or restaurants that might
warrant a visit. Such maps could potentially identify areas for
intergenerational encounter – data could be added from young and
older people for instance regarding the perceived safety of the area or
how to access a place via public transport or shared lifts. Information
about events and festivals could also be more easily shared.
40
http://birminghamsmartcity.wordpress.
com/2014/03/14/a-step-towards-a-smart-
futurecities.catapult.org.uk city/
CONTENTS Spacehive
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Spacehive is a funding platform for civic projects that enables people
to crowdsource the finance and support to achieve local projects that
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION transform the places where they live. It works by providing a (web)space
where people can share good ideas that they have which can then be
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… funded given enough financial support from councils, individuals and
local and global businesses.
A recently funded project is ‘The Flyover Liverpool’ – the proposal here Designs for Liverpool Flyover
Credit - Spacehive. http://spacehive.com/
– BUILDING TRUST is to turn a concrete flyover into an urban park for Liverpool, ‘a vibrant
theflyoverliverpool
place full of life, trees, shops, exhibitions & joy.’ The vision of the people
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… proposing the flyover is to create a new public space that would enable
residents to come together on a structure that is currently due for
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… demolition. This would be achieved by connecting neighbourhoods
with each other and with the centre of the city in new ways by creating
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… pedestrian routes and cycle paths, developing a programme of live
cultural events, working with museums to animate the space and
WHERE NEXT? promote learning and providing spaces for small independent businesses
to thrive. Local people are key to the development of the idea which aims
FURTHER READING to use low cost, sustainable materials and will be looked after and
governed by citizens themselves.
Issues to consider
There are considerable challenges in improving accessibility to public space
for older and younger people. For instance, in the UK half of people over 65
years old say that they face problems getting outdoors, and people living in
care homes are three times less likely than the rest of the population to get 41
futurecities.catapult.org.uk outdoors for more than five hours a week41. Younger people meanwhile are Handler, S. (2014)
CONTENTS increasingly engaging in leisure and cultural activities in the home with the A new set of ideas is
development of new media technologies and parental concerns about their required to help think
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? safety42 . Incentives and support to overcome barriers to participation in public about public space and
space is therefore required.
intergenerational
What’s more, a new set of ideas is required to help think about public space
relationships
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… and intergenerational relationships. Much of the exploratory scholarship
around civic engagement draws on Putman’s Social Capital theory, which has
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY provided a useful link between social science ideas and computer science.
However, this is a problematic concept when addressing issues of social
– BUILDING TRUST connectedness, as it tends to have an individual/network focus rather than
one that recognises interdependent relationships. The All-Age-Friendly City’s
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… concern with building intergenerational solidarity therefore suggests new
ideas might be needed. The concept of ‘community’ as produced through
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… repeated acts of ‘micro-sociality’ that is being developed by Walkerdine and
Studdart at Cardiff University43, might act as a powerful new resource for
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… creative thinking in this area. This perspective makes the case as much for
arts based disruptions of everyday rituals as it does for the rethinking of
WHERE NEXT? urban planning.
FURTHER READING
42
Manchester, H. and Pett, E, 2014
43
See, for example, http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/
socsi/newsandevents/events/towards-a-
futurecities.catapult.org.uk microsociality-of-austerity.html
CONTENTS Housing for multi-generational and complex lives New cultures and
assumptions about home
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Several ideas around housing emerged from the workshops as potentially ownership are required
useful for generating positive relationships between generations – both within
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION families and in terms of addressing pressures on housing stock across
generations. These can be summarised as: 1. Creative ways to rethink our
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… existing housing spaces to accommodate for changing demographics; and 2.
The design and building of new houses that are flexible and adapt to changing
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY lifestyles and occupancy.
– BUILDING TRUST Modular Housing

Participants suggested that modular housing would give home owners more
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… flexibility and could help create a different culture of housing where the home
could expand and contract as required – rooms added or taken away as the
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… needs of a family or community changed. New cultures and ideas around
home ownership also emerged where housing stock would be co-owned and
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… considered shared space, providing opportunities for generations to live
together. A shipping container idea was explored although there was a
WHERE NEXT? difficulty here in working out how social spaces could be integrated into the
vertical buildings/ communities that this would create. The advantage of such
FURTHER READING vertical communities would be their reduced urban footprint.
Adaptation of Existing Housing Stock

Discussion of the adaptation of existing housing stock considered the re-
purposing of old large houses where, for instance, the owners’ children have
moved out, these houses could be partly rented out to other young families
who need the space, creating an intergenerational home. There was a
challenge identified here related to privacy and it was thought it would be
necessary to carefully consider and experiment with the design of houses to
futurecities.catapult.org.uk enable multi-occupancy while maintaining privacy.
Housing for multi-generational and complex lives
CONTENTS Growing your own house Homes and other buildings

Other ideas that emerged included more radical approaches such as the can automatically respond to
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? notion of ‘growing your own house’ this would be a living house, perhaps even data about their occupants
edible and self-regulating. Other ideas include using previously dead space in
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION our cities to build homes in the gaps and fissures that exist between buildings.
Data capture was again discussed in relation to housing and city buildings,
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… as it was suggested that our homes and other buildings could automatically
respond to data captured by occupants making links between our activities
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY and preferences in our private and public lives. It would be important that
citizens had control of this data and how it was shared.
– BUILDING TRUST
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… ADUs and ECHO
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU) have been used for a long time as a
solution to multi-generational living as they allow for privacy when it is
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… required, and communal living when appropriate. The ADU is a self
contained dwelling that is annexed to a principle dwelling, often referred
WHERE NEXT? to as the ‘granny flat’. As a solution to multigenerational occupancy they
offer potential beyond accommodating elderly relatives, as they can also
FURTHER READING afford privacy to older children living at home – the so called
‘boomerang’ generation. The ADU has been used in many forms for
several years, from converting basements into flats with their own front
doors, to building detached bungalows at the end of the garden. The ADU
as a solution to multigenerational living was formalised with the launch
of the Elderly Cottage Housing Opportunities (ECHO) project in the US
over a quarter of a century ago44. The project offered inexpensive,
temporary either free standing or semi-detached housing units based on
a modular system which met zoning/planning restrictions as a solution 44
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Shin 2012
CONTENTS to caring for elderly relatives. The US Department for Housing and Urban Active aging means
Development (HUD) discontinued the project in 2003 due to evaluating increasingly grandparents
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? the units as poorly designed, however the ADU is still an important idea, are playing caring roles for
reconceptualised regularly45.
their grandchildren
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… The Grandfamilies home
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY The advent of ‘active aging’ has resulted in another social change, and
increasingly grandparents are caring for their grandchildren. This new,
– BUILDING TRUST and ancient, trend has resulted in the creation of multi-generation
affordable housing projects particularly focused on grandparents raising
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… their grandchildren in the US. The Grandfamilies home in Boston
Massachusetts was the first development of this kind in the US, opening
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… in 1998. Other projects include the Vermount Multi-generational housing
and senior centre in Los Angeles, California and the Roseland Senior
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… Campus in Chicago Illonios. While they vary in specifics, they are
organised as separate housing units or apartments with access to family
WHERE NEXT? support, such as an on-site manager or support/liaison centre 46.
FURTHER READING
Homeshare
Creative approaches to Intergenerational living arrangements can

provide another solution to rethinking current housing stock.
Homeshare (http://homeshare.org) is an innovative, yet simple
idea that provides mutually beneficial affordable housing solutions. An 45
arrangement between two parties to help each other, it typically involves Shin 2012
an older householder and a young person in need of accommodation 46

futurecities.catapult.org.uk Shin 2012
CONTENTS (although it also helps with other, diverse scenarios). For example,
an elderly person who owns their own home may offer accommodation
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? rent free to a young person who helps them around the home. The
elderly person is able to continue to live independently, while the young
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION person receives affordable accommodation while they study or start
their career 47.
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY Hinged spaces housing
– BUILDING TRUST The recognition of the new demands created by an increasingly aging
population, changing demographics and population structure and
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… changes in occupancy patterns has resulted in the conceptualisation
of the flexible and adaptable dwelling. The Adaptable Futures projects
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… defines this as, ‘the capacity of a building to accommodate effectively the
evolving demands of its context, thus maximizing value through life’ 48.
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… Hinged spaced housing, the name given to Steven Holl’s Fukuoka
Apartments, are one example of adaptable housing design. They consist
WHERE NEXT? of a series of modular apartments that allow the inhabitant to open-up
or close-off different spaces for different uses. The houses are inspired
FURTHER READING by Fusuma, the traditional Japanese sliding doors used to change the
dimensions and function of a room. The series of hinged, interlocking
units add flexibility to the apartments, for example one might want to
expand the living room during the day, and reclaim the space for the 47
bedroom at night. Considering changing lifestyles, this design lends NAAPS 2011, shared lives plus website
itself to formulating a different space when children leave home or
48
elderly parents move in49. However the changes are limited and have Schmidt et al., 2010, cited in Danko 2013
to be imagined at the planning stage.
49
Steve Holl website. http://www.stevenholl.
futurecities.catapult.org.uk com/project-detail.php?id=36&
CONTENTS The Grow home
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Developed in the early 1990s the Grow home can be detached, semi-
detached or terraced, and can be occupied as a whole unit, or each story
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION used independently. Central to the design is the ‘vertical circulation core’
which allows owners to remove joists to install stairs as and when
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… needed, joining two independent units to create one dwelling across two
storeys. The house can be adapted pre, during, and post occupancy to
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY accommodate between one to three units50. The same principle had been
applied recently to Nijmegen in the Netherlands. Here people can
– BUILDING TRUST purchase architect designed affordable kit homes, building a NEXT21 Building, Osaka Japan
Credit - Hiromitsu Morimoto. https://www.
neighbourhood of affordable, adaptable houses51.
flickr.com/photos/hetgacom/4467166886
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… Systems building NEXT 21
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… Systems building describes the integration of a series of separate
subsystems that are both independent and compatible with each other.
WHERE NEXT? Through the construction of a building made up from multiple
subsystems it is possible to modify component parts through
FURTHER READING disassembling and recycling elements in relation to the desired change.
This makes the systems built home more dynamic and flexible, and gives
it a greater potential to adapt to lifestyle changes. The experimental
multi-family housing project NEXT 21 integrates four subsystems:
Structure, cladding, infill and plumbing to create 18 units52 . Each 50
Flexible Housing Project
dwelling is unique to suit the different lifestyles of their inhabitants
(from hobbies to family composition) and highly adaptive to respond 51
to changes in occupancy, lifestyle etc. This is achieved through the design Alter, L. 2014
of enduring elements which consist of the communal structure, and 52

futurecities.catapult.org.uk Kim, Brouwer and Kearney (undated)
CONTENTS adaptive elements which consist of the private dwellings which can Green house of the future is
be changed around lifestyle/changes. In addition to the flexibility a sustainable 3-story house
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? to locate/move interior walls, the NEXT 21 building also offers the that doubles as a vertical
flexibility to relocate exterior walls, as these are not part of the
garden
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION communal structure, which is made up of columns, beams and slabs.
The increased flexibility this offers means that each unit is easily
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… adapted to life changes53.
The green house of the future

– BUILDING TRUST
The “Incredible Edible House,” is a sustainable 3-story house that
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… doubles as a vertical garden. It is made out of three prefab containers
stacked on top of one another designed to reduce resource consumption
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… and increase efficiency – building dense housing like this will be
important for future cities in reducing energy use. Wind turbines will be
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… placed on the roof in from of an evaporative coiling reservoir which will
dramatically reduce energy usage. The roof will also feature a garden,
WHERE NEXT? enabling residents to work together to grow their own food.
FURTHER READING
Issues to consider
Much of the media coverage and popular discourses around older people The Incredible Edible House
Credit - Rios Clementi Hale Studios
suggest that they want to stay in their large family homes, and there is some
www.rchstudios.com
evidence that older people want to ‘age in place’ in order to retain connections
with friends and to stay in a familiar neighbourhood. However respondents
over 65 years old in an Australian study suggested that flexibility and fluidity
and increased choice were more important to them in making decisions about
where and how they wanted to live. 53
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Kim, Brouwer and Kearney (undated)
CONTENTS The new housing arrangements discussed in our workshops require new Living in multi-generational
living arrangements and therefore changing cultural patterns that challenge families or intergenerational
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? notions of the need for privacy and sole ownership that is common in the UK. relationships is not always
New developments such as shared ownership and shared living arrangements
trouble-free
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION will necessitate new legal and governance structures to ensure all feel able to
enter into such arrangements without fear of losing their home, money or
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… indeed their dignity. Moreover there are issues of fairness and inequalities
of access to housing to consider. It remains the case with many of the ideas
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY mooted for All-Age-Friendly Cities that they are likely to be easier to achieve
for those families who can afford large houses.
– BUILDING TRUST
There are also other issues to consider. For some older adults, ‘giving up’ space
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… for a younger family in the home, while potentially strengthening ties with
different generations of different families, may make it harder to maintain
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… relationships with their own families who may no longer find it easy to visit.
At the same time, living in multi-generational families or intergenerational
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… relationships is not always trouble-free. Australian research, for example,
found that older adults describe extended or multigenerational families as
WHERE NEXT? characterised by negative or destructive relationships and point to underlying
tensions and hostilities between themselves and close family members that
FURTHER READING would make intergenerational ‘family’ living untenable 54.
54
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Olsberg and Winters, 2005
CONTENTS Public transport for multi-generational participation Low cost, accessible and
reliable public transport is an
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? An ability to travel safely around the city is a major barrier for older and urgent priority for all ages
younger people who are less likely than others to have access to their own
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION cars. Low cost, accessible and reliable public transport was an urgent priority
for all participants concerned with either children or older adults’ occupation
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… of the city. Regular, ideally flexible public transport was essential to enabling
all age groups to access and participate in public spaces. This was seen as an
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY urgent mechanism for addressing the risk of isolation for all age groups.
Thinking towards future developments, participants were particularly
– BUILDING TRUST interested in considering the design of a safe embedded transport system
that could enhance mobility for all generations around the city. Echoing the
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… concept of ‘liveability’ our participants felt that issues such as walkability,
maximum accessibility and disrupting familiar private/public transport
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… divides would be important in building future all age cities.
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… Walkable Cities

Workshop participants discussed the need to change our current car
WHERE NEXT? orientated culture to create cities where walking is considered normal,
perhaps by looking at the creation of green walkways or superhighways,
FURTHER READING by making sure pavements were clear and even beautiful by redesigning
the urban environment, or perhaps by embedding games into popular routes
(for instance in lamp-posts, for example, see the Bristol Playable Cities Hello
Lamppost project 55) thereby creating rewards for walking. In addition an
instant positive feedback loop of the outcome of walking on your health, Hello Lampost project by Pan Studios, winners of
last year's Future Cities Catapult inaugural
provided by nano technology embedded in our jewelry or under our skin,
Playable City Award
might be provided (or, less invasively, via phones/jewellery). Credit - Pan Studios.
http://www.hellolamppost.co.uk/
futurecities.catapult.org.uk 55
http://www.hellolamppost.co.uk/
Public transport for multi-generational participation
CONTENTS Multi-purpose public transport

Public transport can, at present, be a threatening space for different age
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? groups. One way of addressing this was a playful approach that re-imagined
public transport as a mobile form of other activities. Rather than just being
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION about ‘getting from A to B’, buses and other transit systems could be seen as
sites for collective encounter – ‘singles buses’, with speed dating; libraries
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… and download spots; charging hubs; points for accessing information.
Changing buses from places that were grudgingly taken necessities, to
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY desirable and pleasurable spaces to be, opens them up as a collective An example of the Barclays Cycle Hire scheme,
public space. London
Credit - Jack Thurston. https://www.flickr.
– BUILDING TRUST com/photos/19871340@N00/8077952649
Sharing and group transport
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… Participants also thought about how we could use our increasingly large scale,
good quality data better. For example sharing data about where we want to go,
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… so a group of people could connect and travel together. Cheaper Oyster cards,
or similar systems, could then be provided for families or groups rather than
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… individuals. Where space is at a premium in our future cities we might not
have space to store individual bikes so shared or public bikes could become
WHERE NEXT? more common.
FURTHER READING
London
London’s transport policy is a good example of an embedded transport

system 56. Its most ambitious and well known feature is the congestion
charge, which is a foundational element of its intelligent system
management. In addition to introducing a congestion charge for
driving in central London the projected revenue increases were
invested into a comprehensive bus management system and the 56
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Goldman and Gorham 2006
CONTENTS launch of the London Bus Initiative, which created ‘BusPlus’ routes
where real-time information is broadcast on displays at modern bus
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? shelters, automatic vehicle location systems inform driver instruction
systems to prevent bus bunching, and transit priority lanes and
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION traffic signals increase reliability. These routes are serviced by
modern low buses which are regularly cleaned. The bus service
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… is part of an integrated public transport system employing both fare
integration and smart cards. Bike sharing has become another
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY important element of London Transport, where you can hire bikes
from docking stations across the city with your debit card. The Cylce path, Bogota
Credit - Dean Groom. https://www.flickr.
– BUILDING TRUST combination of automated traffic enforcement to implement the com/photos/deangroom/9253275604
congestion charge (Intelligent system management) and efficient and
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… improved public transport (new mobility) has been so successful at
reducing congestion that there has been a short fall of the congestion
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… charge revenue forecasts, indicating it has been more successful than
was initially imagined 57.
WHERE NEXT? Bogotá
FURTHER READING From the late 1990s Bogotá started to transform its infrastructure
according to the criteria of liveability and social equity, aiming to increase
access to the city and its associated opportunities and employment for its
poor populations. The central focus of this activity is ‘Almeda Porvenir’,
an 18 km stretch of streets exclusively and permanently for pedestrians
and cyclists58. The network of streets runs through the city centre and out
beyond the city limits, joining up poor neighbourhoods to this central 57
artery which is the world’s longest urban pedestrian/cycle path. In an Goldman and Gorham 2006
attempt to reclaim the streets from cars for the benefit of its residents 58
CONTENTS parking on pavements was also banned and instead pavements are
fostered as public spaces. In addition many streets are closed down to cars
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? each Sunday when recreation and community take precedence. As well as
promoting a culture of liveability orientated around ideas of reclaiming
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION the street and public space, Bogotá is also attempting to tackle congestion
through the development of the Transmilenio, a sophisticated bus rapid
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… transport system. The Transmilenio builds on lessons from Curitiba,
Brazil, to develop a much larger ubiquitous and affordable bus network
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY which is envisioned to reach 85% of the city’s residents within half a
kilometre. To break habitual car habits Bogotá also observes a ‘car free
– BUILDING TRUST day’, and promotes alternative mobility on a weekly basis through
rationing driving privileges so that each car is removed from the city
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… during peak hours for two days59.
Sentiment mapping for transport systems

The Transport Systems Catapult60 is currently working with a social
WHERE NEXT? enterprise start-up, Commonplace, along with the Royal College of Art
to explore the use of sentiment mapping via social media channels to
FURTHER READING improve passenger experience of public transport. The project will look
at how sentiment mapping and analysis using existing social media
channels can understand and improve passenger experience across
various transport modes. The project might be used to find out more
about different generational uses of public transport systems assessing
ease of travel and how older and younger people think about and feel
59
about current transport systems in order to design innovative future Goldman and Gorham 2006
transport ideas for the future.
60
https://ts.catapult.org.uk/sentiment-
futurecities.catapult.org.uk mapping
CONTENTS Pods for travelling Transport is one of the UK’s

seemingly intractable but
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Ultra pods are already in operation in various locations around the world urgent challenges
– including at Heathrow airport in the UK. They are rubber-tyred,
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION battery-powered vehicles, capable of carrying 4 passengers and their
luggage. They are designed to be accessible for wheelchair users and can
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… carry prams and bicycles, making them ideal for the future All-Age-
Friendly City. Each pod is also designed with safety in mind as they are
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY monitored by CCTV and designed to provide a non-stop journey with
passengers having exclusive use of the vehicle for their journey. The pods
– BUILDING TRUST can turn easily and can therefore navigate complex routes and have zero
emissions. Researchers funded by the Transport Systems Catapult are
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… also currently working on autonomous transport pods61. A test phase is
going ahead in Milton Keynes in which three autonomous pods that
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… travel on the pavement will be trialled. The pods use left-side and right-
side cameras for their primary data, mapping the environment so that
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… subsequent journeys can be compared against data previously collected
as the ‘norm’. It would be interesting to develop these ideas for an All-
WHERE NEXT? Age-Friendly city, perhaps where pods used data capture to understand
aspects of the environment such as topographical information and
FURTHER READING information about nearest public toilets to assess dropping off points
and points where people could access help and services.
Issues to consider
Transport is one of the UK’s seemingly intractable challenges that brings
together issues of politics, topography, economics, sustainability, social habits
and cultural expectations. Of all the issues raised in trying to create an
All-Age-Friendly City, however, this question of public mobility is the one that 61
futurecities.catapult.org.uk is most urgent. Environmentally, creating sustainable transport systems is https://ts.catapult.org.uk/lutz
CONTENTS essential for the future wellbeing of all age groups. Economically, it is no less Transport helps social
important, transport systems shape access to jobs and employment for all age equity through enabling
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? groups. Transport also has an important social function in assisting social equal access to a city’s
equity through enabling equal access to a city’s opportunities, shaping how
opportunities
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION people engage with their cities and the organisation of public space. It is of
concern particularly to children, young people and older adults.
Developing a sustainable transport system that considers all of these aspects
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY is not a simple exercise, not only because each of these realms themselves are
complex with contested agendas protecting different resources, but also
– BUILDING TRUST because transport systems themselves are open-systems that by their very
nature are porous and linked to other systems and activities, making them
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… difficult to boundary for analysis and planning.
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… A systems- based approach is required to develop an embedded

transportation system62 . An embedded system will take into account the
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… multiple types and systems of activity it connects to, or is embedded in. Such
a systems approach would resist reducing sustainable transport into mere
WHERE NEXT? transit resource optimization, and would instead link transport to related
broader sustainability initiatives in order to transform city life63.
FURTHER READING
62
Litman 2014
63
WHERE
CONTENTS

NEXT?
– BUILDING TRUST
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY WHERE NEXT? 62
WHERE NEXT?
CONTENTS The All-Age-Friendly City is a city that takes into account the needs and The All-Age-Friendly City
interests of all generations in its democratic processes, planning and design. is an achievable dream
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? It is characterised by:
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION ·· Representation and voice of children, young people and senior citizens in
democratic processes and citizenship while recognising the heterogeneity
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… of these groups
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY ·· The experience and perception of safety in the city, including physical,
economic and psychological safety, for children, young people and senior
– BUILDING TRUST citizens
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… ·· A sense of ownership of the city, in particular its public spaces, and
feelings of belonging, being considered and being welcome in these spaces
·· A walkable city, supported by high quality, accessible and low cost

– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… transport systems, that encourages mobility and participation in public life
WHERE NEXT? ·· Integrated planning processes and service design that consider and
encourage beneficial opportunities for interactions between children, young
FURTHER READING people and older adults in all areas of education, health, family and civic life
The All-Age-Friendly City is an achievable dream. The needs and interests of

children, young people and older adults are often complementary. Designing
city infrastructure, housing, transport and digital resources with these shared
needs and interests in mind would clearly bring significant benefits and,
likely, significant cost savings. Campaigning for the rights of children and
older adults through the Child-friendly and Age-friendly city movements has
to continue. What we hope we have done, however, is to identify that these
futurecities.catapult.org.uk movements have much in common.
CONTENTS The challenge now is to think expansively and optimistically about Drawing on the experiences
the ways in which these complementary needs and interests might be and insights of young people
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? addressed. As we have pointed out, these issues necessarily involve a and older adults will enrich
complex mix of social, political and economic factors. Despite this,
our thinking about the city
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION however, it is possible that coming at these issues from a different
perspective – a playful perspective that sees a city street being dug up
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… as an opportunity for a street party; a citizen interface that broadcasts
‘no muggings here today’ on its billboards; a piece of wearable jewellery
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY that simply points out the simple things that strangers have in common –
any of these might open up new imaginaries and new possibilities for
– BUILDING TRUST change, while we continue to campaign for basic issues such as decent
low cost transport.
Similarly, drawing on the rich experiences and insights of young people
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… and older adults themselves, as well as the insightful and experienced
professionals and volunteers who work with them, will also, we know, enrich
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… and deepen the thinking around these issues. Our own current projects (for
example, 80by1864, Tangible Memories65 and Teenage Kicks66) demonstrate
WHERE NEXT? that collaborations between groups such as older people living in care
settings, young people in youth groups, artists, computer scientists and social
FURTHER READING scientists can open up new avenues for thinking and create expansive new
possibilities for invention.
64
www.80by18.org.uk
This working paper therefore lays down a challenge to designers, computer
scientists, architects and artists: how can you design the future city with 65
http://tangible-memories.com/
multiple generations in mind? How can you better engage these often
overlooked groups – young people and older adults – in your design processes 66
to create ingenious responses to the challenges of growing up and growing old http://culturalvalueproject.wordpress.
com/2014/02/14/helen-manchester-
in cities today? teenage-kicks-exploring-cultural-value-
futurecities.catapult.org.uk from-a-youth-perspective/
CONTENTS We have identified a number of areas that we think urgently need attention:
building intergenerational trust, creating opportunities for spontaneous
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? encounters between generations, developing new approaches to public
transport and multi-generational housing. All of these are amenable to
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION imaginative reinvention given the changing realities of aging and youth in the
future city. We will continue to work in these areas, but we look forward to
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… seeing what others come up with in this space. It is high time we thought
about ‘Smart Cities’ that offer livable futures for all generations.
– BUILDING TRUST
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
FURTHER
CONTENTS

READING
– BUILDING TRUST
WHERE NEXT?
FURTHER READING
TOWARDS THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY FURTHER READING 66
FURTHER READING
CONTENTS Age UK. 2011. Agenda for later life 2011: Public Policy and Brannen, J. 2003. ‘Towards a Typology of
An Aging Society Intergenerational Relations: Continuities and Change in
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Families’ Sociological Research Online. 8 (2)
Alter, L. 2014. ‘The Grow Home is back with these
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION flatpack houses for Dutch first-time homebuyers’, Butts, D. Thang, L, L., and Hatton Yea, A. undated.
treehugger May 15, 2013. http://www.treehugger. Policies and Programmes Supporting Intergenerational
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… com/green-architecture/grow-home-back-these- Relations: Background Paper. United Nations.
flatpack-houses-dutch-first-time-homebuyers.
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY html (Accessed 27.06.2014). Califorian-Architects Office Profiles Architects. Undated.
Profile overview Estudio Teddy Cruz: Casa Familiar:
– BUILDING TRUST Beldad, A., De Jong, M., Steehouder, M. 2010. ‘How shall Livingrooms at the Border and Senior Housing with
I trsut the faceless and the intangible? A literature review Childcare: http://www.california-architects.com/
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… on the antecedents of online trust’ Computers in Human en/estudio/projects-3/casa_familiar_
Behavior. 26: 857-869 livingrooms_at_the_border_and_senior_
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… housing_with_childcare-4455
Berman, A., Snyder, S., Kozier, B., and Erb, G. 2007.
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Castella, T. 2013. ‘Have young people never had it so bad?
Process, and Practice Eighth Edition Companion BBC News Magazine on-line 5 February 2013. http://
WHERE NEXT? Website. http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/ www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21302065
objects/3918/4012970/NursingTools/ch23_
FURTHER READING CultViewElders_407.pdf Cruz, T. 2011. Latin American Meander In Search of a
New Civic Imagination. Centre for Research Architecture
Better Transport Campaign (undated) Why getting roundtable. http://roundtable.kein.org/sites/
transport right matters to young people http://forum. newtable.kein.org/files/Teddy%20Cruz.pdf
foe.co.uk/campaignhubs/index.php?action=medi
a;sa=item;in=1355 (Accessed 20.08.14) Danko, M/ R. 2013. Designing Affordable Housing for
Adaptability: Principles, Practices, & Application. Pitzer
Birdwell, J. and Bani, M. 2014. Introducing Generation Senior Theses, Paper 35. http://scholarship.
Citizen. DEMOS, UK claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/35
futurecities.catapult.org.uk (Accessed 11.07.2014).
CONTENTS Facer, K. 2011. Learning futures: education, technology, Granville G (2002) A review of intergenerational practice
and social change. London: Routledge. in the UK Beth Johnson Foundation, Stoke-on-Trent
Flexible housing project. The University of Sheffield Handler, S. (2014) A Research and Evaluation framework
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION School of Architecture in 2004-6. Website Flexible for Age-friendly cities. UK Urban ageing Consortium,
Housing. http://www.afewthoughts.co.uk/ Manchester.
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… flexiblehousing/house.php?house=107&number=
4&total=5&action=country&data=Canada&order Hatton-Yeo, A. and Watkins, C. 2004 Intergenerational
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY =keydate&dir=ASC&message=projects%20in%20 community development: a practice guide Beth Johnson
Canada&messagead=ordered%20chronologically Foundation, Stoke-on-Trent
– BUILDING TRUST (Accessed 27.06.2014).
Holl, Steve. Website Steve Holl Architects. http://www.
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… Future Cities Catapult trends cards www.futurecities. stevenholl.com/project-detail.php?id=36&
catapult.org.uk (Accessed 27.06.2014).
Gerontology UK 2011. ‘How the media love discourses of Hopkins, P. and Pain, R. 2007. ‘Geographies of Age:
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… intergenerational conflict’ British Society of Gerontology Thinking relationally’, Area. 39:3: 287-294
Blog 20th Oct 2011. http://ageingissues.wordpress.
WHERE NEXT? com/2011/10/20/how-the-media-love-discourses- Joseph Rowntree Foundation (undated) The social value
of-intergenerational-conflict/ of public spaces. http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/
FURTHER READING jrf/2050-public-space-community.pdf (Accessed
Goldbeck, J. and Hendler, J. 2006. ‘Inferring Binary 11.05.14)
Trust Relationships in Web-Based Social Networks’ ACM
Transactions on Internet Technology 6 (4): 497–529 Keller, R. 2011. ‘Using Web 2.0 Applications to Increase
Local Community Wellbeing’, proceedings of The 25th
Goldman, T. and Gorham, R. 2006. ‘Sustainable urban BCS Conference on Human Computer Interaction.
Transport: Four innovative directions’, Technology in Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, 4 - 8 July 2011
Society. 28: 261-273.
CONTENTS Kim, J, J., Brouwer, R., and Kearney J. NEXT 21: A evidence’. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:496. http://
Prototype Multi-Family Housing Complex. College of www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/496/#ins2
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? Architecture and Urban Planning, University of
Michigan. http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/ Manchester, H. and Pett, E. (2014) Teenage Kicks:
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/NEXT21.pdf Exploring cultural value from a youth perspective. Final
(Accessed 27.06.2014). report for AHRC Cultural Value project. Available from
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… the author.
Kim, J, J., Brouwer, R., and Kearney J. NEXT 21: A
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY Prototype Multi-Family Housing Complex. College of Museum of Modern Arts (MoMA) US. SMALL SCALE
Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan. BIG CHANGE New Architectures of Social Engagement
– BUILDING TRUST website, Casa Familiar project page. http://www.
Lauterbauch, D., Truong, H., Shah, T and Adamic, L. moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… 2009. ‘Surfing the web of trust: reputation and smallscalebigchange/projects/casa_familiar
Reciprocity on CouchSurfing.com’, proceedings of The
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… 2009 International Conference on Computational Science Montgomery 2006: Different cultures, different
and Engineering. childhoods. Open learn webpage, Open University:
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-
Litman, T. 2014. Evaluating Complete Streets: The value arts/history/different-cultures-different-
WHERE NEXT? of designing roads for diverse modes, users and activities. childhoods
Victoria Transport Policy Insititute. http://www.vtpi.
FURTHER READING org/compstr.pdf (Accessed 16.07.2014) NAAPS UK. 2011. HomeshareGood Practice Guide 2011.
http://homeshare.org.gridhosted.co.uk/wp-
Lloyd, J. (2008). The State of Intergenerational Relations content/uploads/2012/04/UK-Homeshare-Good-
Today: A Research and Discussion Paper. International Practice-Guide-2011.pdf
Longevity Centre, UK.
Nelson, M. R., Rademacher, M. A., and Paek, H.J. 2007.
Lorenc, T., Petticrew, M., Whitehead, M., Neary. D., ‘Downshifting Consumer + upshifting Citizen? An
Clayton, S., Wright, K., Thomson, H., Cummins, S., examination of a Local freecycle Community’, The
Sowden, A. and Renton, A. 2013. ‘Fear of crime and the Annals of the American Academy of Politician and Social
futurecities.catapult.org.uk environment: systematic review of UK qualitative Science. 116: 141-156.
CONTENTS Olsberg, D. and Winters, M. (2005) Ageing in place: Priestland, D. 2013. ‘The young v baby boomers: the
intergenerational and intrafamilial housing transfers and Peasant’s Revolt of our age?’, The Guardian on-line
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? shifts in later life for the Australian Housing and Urban Thursday 11 July 2013 . http://www.theguardian.
Research Institute AHURI Final Report No. 88 com/commentisfree/2013/jul/11/young-baby-
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION http://www.ahuri.edu.au/downloads/ boomers-peasants-revolt-stephen-king
publications/EvRevReports/AHURI_Final_
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… Report_No88_Ageing_in_place_ Rosen, R. A., Electris, C. and Raskin, P. D. 2010. Global
intergenerational_and_intrafamilial_housing_ Scenarios for the Century Ahead: Searching for
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY transfers_and_shifts_in_later_life.pdf Sustainability. Tellus Institute
(Accessed 28.07.14)
– BUILDING TRUST Shared lives plus website:
Ouroussoff, N. 2006. ‘Shantytowns as a New Suburban http://www.sharedlivesplus.org.uk/homeshare
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… Ideal’ New York Times online , March 12, 2006. http://
www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/arts/ Shin, S. H. 2012. Planning for a multi-generational future
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… design/12ouro.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 : policies, regulations, and designs for multi-generational
(Accessed 27.06.2014). housing in the United States. Thesis for Masters degree in
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… City Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ozanne, L., and Ozanne, J. 2011. ‘Building Community http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73825 (Accessed
WHERE NEXT? Efficacy and Welfare through Time Bank Exchanges’, 27.06.2014).
Advances in Consumer Research. 39: 65-66.
FURTHER READING Silva, J. M., Rahman, Md A., El Saddik, A. 2008. ‘Web
Pain, R. 2006. ‘Paranoid parenting? Rematerializing risk 3.0: A visions for bridging the gap between real and
and fear for children’. Social & Cultural Geography, 7 (2) virtual’, CommunicabilityMS ‘08. Proceedings of the 1st
221-243 ACM international workshop on Communicability design
and evaluation in cultural and ecological multimedia
Pain, R. 2005. Intergenerational Relations and Practice system: 9-14.
in the Development of Sustainable Communities.
Background Paper for the Office of the Deputy Prime Sweiry, D and Willitts, M. 2012. Attitudes to age in
Minister. International Centre for Regional Regeneration Britain 2010/11. In-House Research No 7, Department for
futurecities.catapult.org.uk and Development Studies, Durham University. Work and Pensions, UK
CONTENTS Timonen, V., Conlon, C., Scharf, T., and Carney, G. 2013. Williams, K. 2004. Can urban intensification contribute
Family, state, class and solidarity: re-conceptualising to sustainable cities? An international perspective. City
WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? intergenerational solidarity through the grounded theory Matters, April.
approach. European Journal of Ageing, 10: 171-179.
RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION WRVS 2011. Gold Age Pensioner: Valuing the Socio-
Topham, G. 2013. Public transport fare rises hitting the Economic Contribution of Older People in The UK.
SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY… young the hardest, says study. The Gaurdian, 28.05.2013:
UK. http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/
ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY may/28/public-transport-fare-rises-young
(Accessed 11.05.14)
– BUILDING TRUST
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR… (UNECE). 2009. Integration and participation of older
persons in society Policy Brief on Ageing No. 4 November
– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL… 200
– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI… VanderVen, K. and Schneider-Munoz, A. J. 2012. ‘As the
world Ages: Attaining a harmonious Future World
WHERE NEXT? Through Intergenerational Connections’ Journal of
Intergenerational Relationships 10 (2): 115-130
FURTHER READING
Walker, A. 2003. The New Generational Contract:
Intergenerational Relations And The Welfare State:
Intergenerational Relations, Old Age and Welfare.
Routledge: London
Weber, J.M , Malhotra, D., and Murnighan, J.K. 2004

‘Normal acts of irrational trust: motivated attributions
and the trust development process’, Research in
futurecities.catapult.org.uk Organizational Behavior, 26: 75-101
The Future Cities Catapult Graduate School of Education, University of Bristol
The Future Cities Catapult is a global centre of excellence on urban The University of Bristol is recognised for its engaged and collaborative
innovation, a place where cities, businesses and universities develop research, its experimental partnerships with the city of Bristol, as well
together the solutions cities need for a strong economy, resilient as its world-leading research in city infrastructures, aging and climate
environment and an improved quality of life. It focuses on the challenge change (through the Elisabeth Blackwell and Cabot Institutes). The
of urban integration: helping cities take a more joined-up approach to the Graduate School of Education at the University of Bristol is a centre
way they plan and operate. Its central London Innovation Centre and for innovative and interdisciplinary research, addressing the challenges
Cities Lab provide cutting-edge facilities for cross-disciplinary of learning and knowledge for a changing world. Its strengths in
innovation. international education, learning beyond the classroom, and
educational technologies drive research collaborations across the
Future Cities Catapult spectrum of future challenges, from sustainability to big data, social
Workspace Leathermarket justice to globalisation.
Weston St.
Space unit 02.02.01 Graduate School of Education
London University of Bristol
SE1 3ER 35 Berkeley Square
Bristol
Contact us directly BS8 1JA
info@futurecities.catapult.org.uk
Contact us directly
Follow us on Twitter Helen.Manchester@bristol.ac.uk
@FutureCitiesCat Keri.Facer@Bristol.ac.uk
Visit our website Visit our website

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TOWARDS THE

This document is designed to

The All-Age-Friendly City project, carried out in Spring-Summer 2014,

To begin to address this issue, the All-Age-Friendly City project brought

·· building intergenerational trust;

·· encouraging encounters across generations;

·· re-imagining housing; and

·· creating all-age-friendly transport systems.

Keri Facer, Lindsey Horner, Helen Manchester

The following contributed to the discussions and workshops that informed

Project Lead for Future Cities Catapult

Penny Evans, Knowle West Media Centre

WHY AN ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY? 7

RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION 13

SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY 18

ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY 28

— CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN GENERATIONS 37

— HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL AND COMPLEX LIVES 46

— PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL PARTICIPATION 54

RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION

SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY…

– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR…

– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL…

– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI…

Stories that dominate the media today about intergenerational relationships

Addressing intergenerational conflict, therefore, is not simply an issue of 4

ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY

CONTENTS Towards the All-Age-Friendly City Children, young people and

– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI…

CONTENTS FOR THE

RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION

SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY…

– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR…

– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL…

– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI…

·· Increased data, about everything, from cities to individuals, as a result of

·· Automation of routine activities, again as a result of increases in

·· Developments in renewable energy and low carbon living

·· Personalised medicine and increasingly longevity for those who can

·· Cosmetic prosthetics used to augment the body for pleasure, display,

·· Increasing economic inequalities in conditions of constrained public

·· Perceived safety, including physical, economic and psychological safety

·· Increased mobility so that children can move through the city

·· A sense of ownership of spaces, feelings of belonging and being welcome

·· Representation and voice of youth in democratic processes and citizenship

CONTENTS ·· A walkable city; and

RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION

·· Integrated planning and economic decision-making considering the

CONTENTS FOR THE FUTURE

RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY

ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY

– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR…

– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL…

– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI…

CONTENTS Scenario 2: The New Venice The new Venice is

These practical and physical responses to the changed environment have

– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI…

SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY…

ROADMAP TO THE ALL-AGE-FRIENDLY CITY

– CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR…

– HOUSING FOR MULTI-GENERATIONAL…

– PUBLIC TRANSPORT FOR MULTI…

RESOURCES FOR THE IMAGINATION