Expressionism

Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First

World War. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic,
particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts,
including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance,
film and music.

The term is sometimes suggestive of angst. In a general sense,

painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco are
sometimes termed expressionist, though the term is applied
mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on
individual perspective has been characterized as a reaction to
positivism and other artistic styles such as Naturalism and
Impressionism. Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define,
in part because it "overlapped with other major 'isms' of the
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modernist period: with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism
and Dadaism." Richard Murphy also comments, “the search for
an all-inclusive definition is problematic to the extent that the
most challenging expressionists such as Kafka, Gottfried Benn
and Döblin were simultaneously the most vociferous `anti-
expressionists.

What can be said, however, is that it was a movement that

developed in the early twentieth century, mainly in Germany,
in reaction to the dehumanizing effect of industrialization and
the growth of cities, and that "one of the central means by
which expressionism identifies itself as an avant-garde
movement, and by which it marks its distance to traditions and
the cultural institution as a whole is through its relationship to
realism and the dominant conventions of representation."
More explicitly, that the expressionists rejected the ideology of
realism.

The term refers to an "artistic style in which the artist seeks to

depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions
and responses that objects and events arouse within a person."
It is arguable that all artists are expressive but there are many
examples of art production in Europe from the 15th century
onward which emphasize extreme emotion. Such art often
occurs during times of social upheaval and war, such as the
Protestant Reformation, German Peasants' War, and Eighty
Years' War between the Spanish and the Netherlands, when
extreme violence, much directed at civilians, was represented
in propagandist popular prints. These were often unimpressive
aesthetically but had the capacity to arouse extreme emotions
in the viewer.
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Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as
art historian Michel Ragon and German philosopher Walter
Benjamin. According to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between
the two is that "Expressionism doesn't shun the violently
unpleasant effect, while Baroque does. Expressionism throws
some terrific 'fuck yous', Baroque doesn't. Baroque is well-
mannered."

Some of the style's main visual artists of the

early 20th century were:

Armenia: Martiros Saryan

Australia: Sidney Nolan, Charles Blackman, John
Perceval, Albert Tucker, and Joy Hester
Austria: Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Josef Gassler
and Alfred Kubin
Belgium: Flemish Expressionism: Constant Permeke,
Gustave De Smet, Frits Van den Berghe, James Ensor,
Albert Servaes, Floris Jespers and Gustave Van de
Woestijne.
Brazil: Anita Malfatti, Cândido Portinari, Di Cavalcanti,
Iberê Camargo and Lasar Segall.
Estonia: Konrad Mägi, Eduard Wiiralt, Kuno Veeber
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Finland: Tyko Sallinen,[21] Alvar Cawén, and Wäinö
Aaltonen.
France: Frédéric Fiebig, Georges Rouault, Georges
Gimel, Gen Paul and Chaim Soutine
Germany: Ernst Barlach, Max
Beckmann, Fritz Bleyl, Heinrich
Campendonk, Otto Dix, Conrad
Felixmüller, George Grosz, Erich
Heckel, Carl Hofer, Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner, Käthe Kollwitz, Wilhelm
Lehmbruck, Elfriede Lohse-
Wächtler, August Macke, Franz
Marc, Ludwig Meidner, Paula
Modersohn-Becker, Otto Mueller,
Gabriele Münter, Rolf Nesch, Emil
Nolde, Max Pechstein, and Karl
Schmidt-Rottluff
Greece: George Bouzianis
Hungary: Tivadar Kosztka
Csontváry
Iceland: Einar Hákonarson
Ireland: Jack B. Yeats
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Expressionist groups of
painters:

The style originated principally in

Germany and Austria. There were a
number of groups of expressionist
painters, including Der Blaue Reiter
and Die Brücke. Der Blaue Reiter (The
Blue Rider, named for a painting) was
based in Munich and Die Brücke was
originally based in Dresden (although
some members later relocated to
Berlin). Die Brücke was active for a
longer period than Der Blaue Reiter,
which was only together for a year
(1912). The Expressionists had many
influences, among them Edvard
Munch, Vincent van Gogh, and
African art.They were also aware of
the work being done by the Fauves in
Paris, who influenced Expressionism's
tendency toward arbitrary colours
and jarring compositions. In reaction
and opposition to French
Impressionism, which emphasized
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the rendering of the visual
appearance of objects, Expressionist
artists sought to portray emotions
and subjective interpretations. It was
not important to reproduce an
aesthetically pleasing impression of
the artistic subject matter, they felt,
but rather to represent vivid
emotional reactions by powerful
colours and dynamic compositions.
Kandinsky, the main artist of Der
Blaue Reiter group, believed that
with simple colours and shapes the
spectator could perceive the moods
and feelings in the paintings, a theory
that encouraged him towards
increased abstraction.
The ideas of German expressionism
influenced the work of American
artist Marsden Hartley, who met
Kandinsky in Germany in 1913.In late
1939, at the beginning of World War
II, New York City received a great
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number of major European artists.
After the war, Expressionism
influenced many young American
artists. Norris Embry (1921–1981)
studied with Oskar Kokoschka in
1947 and during the next 43 years
produced a large body of work in the
Expressionist tradition. Norris Embry
has been termed "the first American
German Expressionist". Other
American artists of the late 20th and
early 21st century have developed
distinct styles that may be considered
part of Expressionism. Another
prominent artist who came from the
German Expressionist "school" was
Bremen-born Wolfgang Degenhardt.
After working as a commercial artist
in Bremen, he migrated to Australia
in 1954 and became quite well
known in the Hunter Valley region.
American Expressionism and
American Figurative Expressionism,
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particularly the Boston figurative
expressionism, were an integral part
of American modernism around the
Second World War.
Major figurative Boston
Expressionists included: Karl Zerbe,
Hyman Bloom, Jack Levine, David
Aronson. The Boston figurative
Expressionists post World War II
were increasingly marginalized by the
development of abstract
expressionism centered in New York
City.
After World War II, figurative
expressionism influenced worldwide
a large number of artists and styles.
Thomas B. Hess wrote that "the ‘New
figurative painting’ which some have
been expecting as a reaction against
Abstract Expressionism was implicit
in it at the start, and is one of its
most lineal continuities.
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Important precursors of
Expressionism were the German
philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche
(1844–1900). was a German
philosopher, cultural critic,
composer, poet, philologist, and a
Latin and Greek scholar whose work
has exerted a profound influence on
Western philosophy and modern
intellectual history.He began his
career as a classical philologist before
turning to philosophy. He became the
youngest ever to hold the Chair of
Classical Philology at the University of
Basel in 1869 at the age of
24.Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to
health problems that plagued him
most of his life; he completed much
of his core writing in the following
decade.In 1889 at age 44, he suffered
a collapse and afterward, a complete
loss of his mental faculties.He lived
his remaining years in the care of his
mother until her death in 1897 and
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then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-
Nietzsche. Nietzsche died in 1900.
Nietzsche's body of work touched a
wide range of topics, including art,
philology, history, religion, tragedy,
culture and science. His early
inspiration was drawn from figures
such as Arthur Schopenhauer,
Richard Wagner and Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe.His writing
spans philosophical polemics, poetry,
cultural criticism and fiction while
displaying a fondness for aphorism
and irony.Prominent elements of his
philosophy include his radical critique
of truth in favor of perspectivism; his
genealogical critique of religion and
Christian morality and his related
theory of master–slave morality;his
aesthetic affirmation of existence in
response to the "death of God" and
the profound crisis of nihilism;his
notion of the Apollonian and
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Dionysian; and his characterization of
the human subject as the expression
of competing wills, collectively
understood as the will to power.He
also developed influential concepts
such as the Übermensch and the
doctrine of eternal return.[In his later
work, he became increasingly
preoccupied with the creative
powers of the individual to overcome
social, cultural and moral contexts in
pursuit of new values and aesthetic
health.
Nietzsche was explicitly opposed to
antisemitism and nationalism,
although his sister attempted to
associate his work with fascism and
Nazism.
Nietzsche's thought enjoyed renewed
popularity in the 1960s and his ideas
have since had a profound impact on
20th and early-21st century thinkers
across philosophy—especially in
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schools of continental philosophy
such as existentialism,
postmodernism and post-
structuralism—as well as art,
literature, psychology, politics and
popular culture.

‫أعداد الطالب‬
‫ محمود خليل حمودي مصلح‬.1
‫ مريم فراس محمد احمد‬.2
‫ مريم وجدي جمعه‬.3
‫ مصطفى احمد محمد أبراهيم‬.4
‫ محمد طه ياسين‬.5