PROBLEMS OF CLAYSHALE IN LANDSLIDES

AND FOUNDATIONS CONSTRUCTION,

AND
THEIR CORRECTIVE MEASURES IN INDONESIA

Paulus P. Rahardjo,
Professor of Geotechnical Engineering
Parahyangan Catholic University

SURABAYA, Sept 5, 2012

LANDSLIDES IN JAVA
WHAT IS CLAYSHALE ?
 WHAT IS CLAY SHALE ?
Common understanding of Clayshale
 Clay-shale is clastic sediments

 Classification : Transition Material

between Rocks and Soils
 Problems of “slaking” and “fissility”

 Behavior : similar to overconsilidated

material (Johnson, 1964;US Army,1966 ;Bjerrum,1966)
SLAKE DURABILITY

SLAKE DURABILITY INDEX

Id1
Id2
Id3
Id4
Process of slaking :
 pecahnya batuan akibat kontak dengan
udara luar dan air
 melalui siklus pengeringan dan penjenuhan
 rusaknya ikatan diagenetik secara progresif
 (fase desintegrasi)
 dekomposisi mineral lempung
 (fase perubahan kimiawi)
 Efek Slaking
Desintegrasi partikel  Reduksi durabilitas

Dapat dipengaruhi oleh :

 Iklim (siklus basah – kering)

 Absorpsi air

 Kekuatan ikatan diagenetik

 Kandungan mineral penyusun

 Plastisitas penyusun clayshale

Research on Clayshale at
Bukit Sentul 70
Casagrande Plasticity Chart

60

Indeks Plastisitas, IP (%)

IP=0.9(LL-8)
IP=0.73(LL-20)
50
CH
40
MH & OH
30

20
CL-ML CL

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Batas Cair, LL (%)

CLAY SILT
100
90
80
70
60

% finer
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.01 0.1
Gr ai n d i am et er ( m m )
 Research on Clayshale at
Bukit Sentul
Is(50) vs Id(2)
100

90

80

70
Is(50) vs Id(4)
60 100
Id(2) (%)

50 90

40 80

30 70
60

Id(4) (%)
20

10 50

0 40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30
2
Is(50) (kg/cm ) Isa(50) Isd(50) 20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2
Is(50) (kg/cm ) Isa(50) Isd(50)
Geotechnical Problems with
Clay-shale
 Kestabilan lereng
 Bahan timbunan
 Daya dukung tanah
 Terowongan
OPEN CUTS IN CLAYSHALE

EXAMPLE OF OPEN CUT

IN CLAYSHALE

PROTECTION OF CLAYSHALE
USING SHORTCRETE
Cuts in clayshale

Design Flat slope (4:1) or

Protection with berm
LONGSORAN DI JAWA BARAT
Kondisi Geologi setempat
Tmj: Formasi Jatiluhur,
umur geologi dari
zaman Miosen Awal
terdiri dari Napal
(marl), serpih
lempungan (clayshale)
dan sisipan batupasir
kuarsa

Contoh Clayshale
 Kondisi Topografi

Perkiraan jalur air

Lokasi longsoran
 EPI
EPA

LONGSORAN TRANSLASI
MEMANJANG

a guna
Serb

PH
ki s
tang
Bulu nis
Ten

g
mr enan
Kola

an tic
Pana
h Aqua
LONGSORAN TRANSLASI

• Longsor pada timbunan

• Jalur-jalur air
• Mata air & air permukaan
LONGSORAN TIMBUNAN DIATAS CLAYSHALE

• Longsor pada
timbunan
• Geogrid robek
• Posisi aliran air
• Terdapat mata air
• Kondisi material
timbunan lunak
• Pondasi terekspos
LONGSORAN KONSTRUKSI GEOTEKSTIL
DIATAS CLAYSHALE

• Longsor pada
timbunan diatas
clayshale
• Geotekstil nampak
rapi di bag depan
• Pernah digrout
• Aliran air
permukaan
 EPI
EPA

ag una
Serb
Tinjauan Geoteknik
Konsep Perbaikan

Shotcrete

Pasangan batu

Soil nailing

Horisontal drain

• Mengurangi beban timbunan pada area longsoran

• Pemasangan soil nailing
• Pemasangan horizontal drain
• Proteksi permukaan lereng menggunakan shotcrete / pasangan batu
• Konstruksi saluran drainase permukaan
Tinjauan Geoteknik
Konsep Perbaikan. Tahapan pekerjaan

Digali
Shotcrete

1
2

Pasang Soil nailing

Gali, Soil nailing

dan shotcrete 4

3
Digali
Tinjauan Geoteknik
Konsep Perbaikan. Tahapan pekerjaan

6
5

Saluran

Pasangan batu

Horisontal drain
LONGSORAN TIMBUNAN DENGAN GEOTEKSTIL

• Longsor pada
timbunan diatas
Clayshale
• Mata air
Longsoran #5/7 Jalan-9

• Longsor beberapa kali pada badan jalan

• Pavement retak dan kondisi sekarang sudah
ambles 1.0 m
Pemahaman masalah
Infiltrasi

Tanah timbunan

Tanah permukaan

Pembasahan material clayshale

Aliran air

Mata air

Bidang gelincir
clayshale

• Infiltrasi air hujan, aliran di bawah permukaan

• Dedgradasi material clayshale
• Pembasahan material timbunan, kualitas timbunan
 LANDSLIDES IN SEMARANG

Volcanic 0.000 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000 350.000 400.000

Breccia 200.000

Spring
150.000

Clayshale
Subsidence
100.000

Cliff
Lateral Movement 3m
50.000

0.000
(a) (b)

-50.000

(a) Geological Cross Section (Wahyono et al, 2001)

(b) Modeling by FEM (Rahardjo et al, 2003)
Landslides in Semarang (2001)
Longsoran area Clayshale
Sta 5+500 – Sta 5+750
Tol Semarang-Solo Seksi I Paket II
Peta Geologi Lembar Semarang -Magelang

Peta Geologi Daerah Semarang dan sekitarnya (disederhanakan oleh S. Poedjoprajitno, J. Wahyudiono, dan A. Cita, 2008 dari Peta Geologi
Lembar Magelang dan Semarang, Thanden dkk.,1996)
Interpretasi kondisi geologi (Engkon Kertapati)
• Lokasi Gawir (escarpment) Lama

SCARF LAMA ?
BIDANG SCARP/PATAHAN DAERAH SUSUKAN
INFORMASI MASYARAKAT SETEMPAT
Terdapat 2 bidang
sliding/Scarp
Kondisi Tanah (PT. Waskita)

Lanau berlempung

Boulder Kepasiran

ir
g pe rle m a han/ gelinc
Bidan
Clayshale
Inclinometer
Inclinometer System

An inclinometer system includes :

•inclinometer casing
•an inclinometer probe
•control cable and
•an inclinometer readout unit.
 Inclinometer
Inclinometer System

• Inclinometer casing is typically installed in a near-vertical

borehole that passes through a zone of suspected
movement.
• The bottom of the casing is anchored in stable ground.
• The inclinometer probe is used to survey the casing and
establish its initial position.
• Ground movement causes the casing to move away from
its initial position.
• The rate, depth, and magnitude of this movement is
calculated by comparing data from the initial survey to data
from subsequent surveys.
Inclinometer
Inclinometer Measurements
 IN - 11 Putus (STA 5000+550) IN 12 A (STA 5000+550) IN - 2AA (STA 5000+575) IN - 4A (STA 5000+625) IN - 13 (STA 5000+625) IN - 1A Putus (STA 5000+675) IN - 1AA (STA 5000+672) IN - 15 A (STA 5000+725) 16 A (STA 5000+750)
A-A (mm) A-A ( mm ) A-A (mm) A-A (mm) A-A (mm) A-A (mm) A-A ( mm ) A-A ( mm ) A-A ( mm )
150 40 40 40 40 250 40 40 40
Displacement Displacement: Displacement Displacement : Displacement: Displacement: Displacement:
Displacement 200 Displacement :
: 128.31 mm 30 22.39 mm 30 : 13.64 mm 30 22.84 mm 30 : 11.12 mm 30 22.68 mm 30 15.53 mm 30 23.36 mm
100 238.86 mm
150
20 20 20 20 20 20 20
100

Inklinometer
50
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
B-B 50
B-B B-B B-B
B-B ( mm ) B-B (mm)
(mm) B-B ( mm ) B-B ( mm ) B-B ( mm )
(mm) 0
0 (mm) 0
0 (mm) 0
0
0
0
0 0
150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 40 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 0 40 30 20 10 -10 -20 -30 -40 40 30 20 10 0 -40 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40
-10 -20 -30 -40 -10 -20 -30 -40 250 200 150 100 50 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -10 -20 -30
-10 -10 -10 -10 -50 -10 -10
-10
-50
-100
-20 -20 -20 -20 -20 -20 -20
-150
-100
-30 -30 -30 -30 -30 -30 -30
-200

.86 mm
-150 -40 -40 -40 -40 -250 -40 -40 -40

Inclino - 15 A
Inclino - 11 Putus Inclino - 13

t : 238
sta. 5+728.553 Inclino - 16 A
:

sta. 5+550.000 Inclino - 4A sta. 5+656.692 Inclino - 1 AA

e me n t
Displac mm

Inclino - 2 AA sta. 5+773.860

sta. 5+629.566 sta. 5+672.604

ce me n
sta. 5+592.249
.8 1

Displacement : 255.43 mm
12 3

Displa
Inclino - 1 A Putus
Inclino - 12 A sta. 5+675.000
sta. 5+557.768
Inclino - 8 B
sta. 5+801.335
Inclino - 16 B
Inclino - 15 B sta. 5+772.903
sta. 5+725
Inclino - 1 BB
Inclino - 16 A Inclino - 4 B sta. 5+671.73
sta. 5+773.860 sta. 5+627.663

Inclino - 1 B Putus
sta. 5+675.000

Inclino - 12 B
sta. 5+550

IN - 12B (STA 5000+550) IN - 4 B (STA 500+625) IN - 1B Putus (STA 5000+675) IN - 1 BB (STA 5000+650) IN - 15 B (STA 5000+725) 16B (STA 5000+772) IN - 8B (STA 5000+800)
A-A (mm) A-A ( mm ) A-A (mm) A-A ( mm ) A-A ( mm ) A-A ( mm ) A-A (mm)
40 40 300 40 40 40 40
Displacement : Displacement: Displacement: Displacement: Displacement: Displacement: Displacement :
30 22.37 mm 30 44.62 mm 255.43 mm 30 10.42 mm 30 22.51 mm 30 24.25 mm 30 24.05 mm
200
20 20 20 20 20 20
100
10 10 10 10 10 10
B-B (mm) B-B (mm) B-B (mm ) B-B ( mm )
0
B-B ( mm ) B-B ( mm ) B-B (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0
40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 40 30 20 10 0 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 40 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10
0
40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40
-10 -20 -30 -40 -10 -20 -30 -40 -10 -20 -30 -40
-10 -10 -10 -10 -10

`
-10
-100

-20 -20 -20 -20 -20 -20

-200
-30 -30 -30 -30 -30 -30

-40 -40 -300 -40 -40 -40 -40

PLAN VIEW INCLINO - CLAYSHALE

 Ground Water Level (m)

7
6
5

7.5
6.5
5.5
23-Mar-11

28-Mar-11

2-Apr-11

7-Apr-11
Piezometer

12-Apr-11

17-Apr-11

22-Apr-11

27-Apr-11

2-May-11

7-May-11

12-May-11

17-May-11

22-May-11

27-May-11

1-Jun-11

6-Jun-11

11-Jun-11

16-Jun-11

21-Jun-11

26-Jun-11
elev -8 m

elev -25 m
elev -15 m

1-Jul-11

6-Jul-11
 PERKUATAN YANG DILAKUKAN
SEBELUMNYA
Perencanaan BP Tahap 1

GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C

121 Titik (2 baris) 56 Titik (2 baris) 240 Titik (2 baris)
Diameter 1m Spasi 2m, Diameter 1m Spasi 2m, Diameter 1m Spasi 2m,
Kedalaman 18m-19m Kedalaman 16m-19m Kedalaman 16m-19m
Pelaksaanaan BP Tahap 1

Timbul retakan pada as timbunan di daerah yg tidak

diperkuat boredpile dan pergerseran boredpile
Perencanaan BP Tahap 2

GROUP D GROUP E
56 Titik (2 baris) 39 Titik (2 baris)
Diameter 1m Spasi 2m, Diameter 1m Spasi 2m,
Kedalaman 25 m Kedalaman 25 m
Perencanaan BP Tahap 3

GROUP I GROUP J
10 Titik (2 baris) 25 Titik (2 baris)
Diameter 1.5m Spasi 6m, Diameter 1.5m Spasi 6m,
Kedalaman 27 m Kedalaman 25 m

GROUP F
GROUP G (Cap disambung dgn GROUP H
50 Titik (3 baris)
Group D) 15 Titik (2 baris)
Diameter 1.5m Spasi 3m,
14 Titik (2 baris) Diameter 1.5m dan 1m,
Kedalaman 31 m
Diameter 1.5m Spasi 6m, Kedalaman 28 m
Kedalaman 28 m
Retak Permukaan Saat Akhir Penimbunan dan
Pekerjaan Perkerasan
TINJAUAN ULANG MASALAH
GEOTEKNIK AREA CLAYSHALE
Kemungkinan Penyebab
Pergerakan Tanah

Bidang gelincir lebih dalam dari perkiraan semula

BM-5/IN-1
BM-1

IN - 11 (STA 5000+550) A-A

Cummulative Displacement ( mm )
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
0

21-Mar-11 5
2-Apr-11
15-Apr-11
25-Apr-11 10
4-May-11
14-May-11
25-May-11 15

Depth ( m )
7-Jun-11
17-Jun-11
27-Jun-11 20
6-Jul-11
7-Jul-11
2-Mar-11
25
11-Mar-11

30

35

40
Kondisi Awal: Back Analysis, FK = 1.00
Sudut Geser Dalam Residual = 18 derajat

Kondisi Eksisting: Setelah dipotong 7 m, FK = 1.10

Kondisi Perkuatan Soldier pile diperkuat dengan
ground anchor, FK = 1.52

Cap beam

Ground anchor

Soldier pile 1500 ctc 3.75m L=45m

Pemasangan satu deret
borpile

Perkuatan 1 baris bor pile : FK = 1.28

Pergerakan tiang maksimum : 4mm

Foto Pelaksanaan
Kondisi Awal (0%)
Foto Pelaksanaan
Kondisi progress 50%
Foto Pelaksanaan
Kondisi progress 50%
Foto Pelaksanaan
Kondisi progress 50%
Pelaksanaan Bore Pile
Kondisi progress 50%
Foto Pelaksanaan
Foto Pelaksanaan
Inklinometer dipasang di dalam tiang bor
perkuatan
 IN K-7 IN L-27 IN M-24

 Monitoring inklinometer pada tiang bor

 Pergerakan hingga awal Maret 2012 relatif kecil, < 5 mm
 Kondisi lereng dapat dikatakan aman
 PROBLEM PADA
PONDASI TIANG PADA PELAKSANAAN

CLAY-SHALE PROBLEM PROBLEM

JANGKA PANJANG DAYA DUKUNG
Kasus : Kegagalan Daya Dukung
Pondasi Tiang Bor akibat Slaking
(Proyek di Jawa Barat)
Future research on CLAYSHALE
• Study the Mechanism of slaking process
• Study the role of water sensitivity
• Wider area of study on clayshale types
• Study on the old slides (longsoran purba)
• Study on the Foundation Performance in clay shale

Mapping of Clayshale in Indonesia ?

MECHANISM OF
SLAKES OF
CLAYSHAKE

STUDY ON
GEOLOGY AND
FORMATION OF
CLAYSHALE
CONCLUSIONS
 Clayshale is degradable material. Construction
on clayshale or excavation will pose a serious
problem or using clayshale for embankment is
only under very tight requirement

 There are several cases where landslides have

been caused due to the existence of clayshale,
hence it is a necessity that an investigation shall
be carried out to detect potential problems.
Design and Construction in clayshale is possible
with consideration of protection of clayshale to
exposure or contact with water. Use of bored
piles are recommended for slope protection
CONCLUSIONS
 Slope corrective methods involve specialty construction
techniques that must be understood by all parties involved
and shall be modeled in realistic ways. An understanding of
geology, ground water and effect of water in soils, and soil
properties is of central importance to applying slope
stability principles properly. Analysis must be based upon a
model that accurately represents subsurface conditions,
ground behavior and applied loads. Judgments regarding
acceptable risk of safety factors must be made to assess the
results of analysis.

 The analysis of slopes shall take into account a variety of

factors relating to topography, geology, and material
properties, often relating to whether the slope was naturally
formed of engineered.
Sincerely thank you for your attention 