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2017 cQks 11
reishdkq úma,jfha Y; ixj;airh fjkqfjka" miq.sh uehs 25
jk od uykqjr ;eme,a ld¾hd,hSh Y%jkd.drfhaoS id¾ gq f,kska
^Tsar to Lenin& jd¾;d Ñ;%mgh m%o¾Ykh flreks' iudcjd§
iudk;d mlaIh ^iim& iy iudc iudk;dj i|yd cd;Hka;r
YsIHfhda ^iicd;Ys& úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o fuu Ñ;%mg
oelaug iy bka wk;=rej ta ms,sn|j meje;ajQ idlÉPdjg úúO
m%foaYj,ska meñks lïlrejka" isiqka" ;rekhka iy jD;a;slhka
we;=¨ 80 la muk fokd b;d WfoHda.fhka iyNd.s jQy'
id¾ gq f,kska Ñ;%mgfha ùäfhda mgh ksl=;a lrñka
f,dal iudcjd§ fjí wvúfha ^f,daifjw& iNdm;s fâúâ
fkda¾;a úiska lrk ,o ye¢kaùfï igyk uqøkh lr msgm;a
oyila muk fnod yßñka" Ñ;%mg oelaug fmr i;sfha"
fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h we;=¨ uykqjr úúO m%foaY j,"
iim iy iicd;Ys idudðlfhda Woaf>daIkfha fhÿkdy'
Woaf>daIkh ;=, § isiqka iy ;rekhka fukau lïlrejka o
reishdkq úma,jfha w;aoelSï idlÉPd lsÍug Wkkaÿjla oelaùh'
Tjqka úiska u;=l," reishdkq úma,jh mrdchg m;a lf,a flfia
o@" j¾;udkhg tys w;aoelSï wod, jkafka ljrdldrfhka o@ jeks
m%Yak iim iy iicd;Ys idudðlfhda mq¨,a f,i idlÉPd l,y'
úfYaIfhkau j¾;udkfha§S f,dal mßudkj u;=ù mj;akd
f;jk f,dal hqoaOhla ms,sn| ;¾ckh iy rgla rgla mdid
wdkavq úiska lïlre mka;sh m%uqL mSä; uyck;djf.a iudcuh
iy m%cd;ka;S%h whs;Skag t,a, lrñka mj;akd iudc m%;súma,ùh
m%ydrh idlÉPdjka ys flakaøSh m%ia;+;hla úh' reishdkq úma,jh
hkq 1914 ys wdrïN jQ m,uq f,dal hqoaOhg iy iudc m%;súma,jhg
tfrysj lïlre mka;sh ÿka ms,s;=r nj Woaf>daIlhka fmkajd ÿks'
bkaÈhdfõ ure;s iqiqls lïyf,a lïlrejka 13 fofkl=
fndre fpdaokd u; Ôú;dka;h olajd isr.; lsÍug tfrysj
f,daifjw flakaø lr .ksñka y;rjk cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r
lñgqj f.k hk Woaf>daIkh ms,sn|j o fuu Woaf>daIkfha
§ idlÉPd flrekq w;r" bkaoshdkq lïlrejka ksoyia lrk
f,i b,a,d isák Tka,hska fm;aiug isiqyq w;aika ;enQy'
Ôjk fldkafoais iy m%cd;ka;S%h whs;Ska iïnkaOfhka
.;a l, bkaoshdkq lïlrejka uqyqk fok ;;ajh YS% ,xldjo
we;¨q f,djmqrd lïlrejka uqqyqk fok ;;ajh u neõ
idlÉPdjkag iyNd.s jQ fndfyda isiqka m%ldY l, w;r
hqoaOhg iy iudc m%;súma,jhg tfrysj f,dal iudcjdoh
u; mdol jQ cd;Hka;r lïlre mka;s jHdmdrhl oefjk
wjYH;dj iim iy iicd;Ys idudðlfhda fmkajd ÿkay'
Ñ;%mg oelaug meñk isá wh ms,s.ksñka l:dl, iim
foaYmd,k lñgq idudðl wdkkao ojq,.," —reishdkq úma,jfha
Y; ixj;airh uq,alrf.k y;rjk cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r
lñgqj yd f,dal iudcjd§ fjí wvúh úiska Èh;afldg
;sfnk mq¨,a cd;Hka;r jevigykl fldgila f,i fuu
Ñ;%mg o¾Ykh yd idlÉPdj ixúOdkh l,˜ nj mejiSh'
Ñ;%mgfha ft;sydisl jeo.;alu meyeos,s lrñka Tyq fufia
o mejiSh(
—fuu Ñ;%mgh m%:u jrg t,soelajqfka 1937 §' fuh isoaëka
m%;sks¾udkh fldg ksmojk ,oaola fkdfjhs' wdYap¾hh jkafka
fuys tk ish¨u isoaëka" ieneúkau isÿjoaoS Ñ;%mg .;lr ;sîuhs'
m%:u o¾Ykfhka jir wiQjlg miqj mjd" tys jeo.;a
lu ljr whqrlska fyda wvqfj,d kE' 1991 § fidaúhÜ ix.uh
úiqrejd yeÍu;a iu. uqod yerekq ft;sydisl uqidlrkfha /,a,
g tfrysj fuu Ñ;%mgh fidaúhÜ ix.uh ms,sn|j" úfYaIfhkau
Tlaf;danra úma,jh ms,sn| ft;sydisl i;Hh n,.;= f,i
/f.k tkjd' f,dal iudcjd§ fjí wvúfha iNdm;s fâjsâ
fkda¾;a ifydaorhd igyka l, mßÈ" Okjdofha f.da,Sh w¾nqofha
kj ld,mßÉfþohl § f,dal b;sydifha fY%aIag;u úma,jjd§
jHdmdrhg wdfõYh iemhQ iudcjd§ mrudo¾Yhkaf.a
ft;sydisl fudfyd;lg id¾ gq f,kska idlaIs orkjd'˜
wk;=rej" iim foaYmd,k lñgq idudðl mdks úfÊisßj¾Ok
úiska Ñ;%mgfha ksYamdok miqìu iy Ñ;%mghg miqìï jk
reishdkq úma,jfha ixlS¾k wjia:d ms,n
s | meyeÈ,s lsÍula lrk ,§'
idlÉPdj iy m%Yak j,g ms,s;=re
reishdkq úma,jfha kdglSh .=kh yd lrekd rih fukau
tys ufkdaNdjhka yd udkqISh;ajh w;HidudkH f,i
leálr.;a Ñ;%mgh mehl=;a ñks;a;= lSmhla .,d hdfuka
miq we/Uqkq idlÉPdfõ§" —fidaúhÜ ix.uh ì| jegqfka
wehso@˜ iy —YS% ,xldj ;=, fnd,afYaúla j¾.fha mlaIhla
ìys fkdjqfka ukao@˜ we;=¨ jeo.;a m%Yak lSmhla u;= flreks'
m,uq m%Yakhg ms,s;=re§u wrUñka mdks úfÊisßj¾Ok fufia
mejiSh(
—iïNdjH udlaiajd§ka iy wm jHdmdrh os.ska os.gu fmkajd §
we;s mßÈ" wêrdcHjd§ hqoaOh iy iudc m%;súma,jh hkq f.da,Sh
ksYamdok wd¾Ólh iy cd;sl rdcH moaO;sh w;r;a" ksYamdokfha
idudchShlrkh iy ksYamdok udOHhkaf.a mqoa.,sl whs;sh;a
w;r mj;akd ft;sydisl mriamr úfrdaOhg f,dal OfkaYajrfha
m%;spdrhhs' fuu ft;sydisl mriamr úfrdaOh úi|sh yelaflaa"
cd;sl rdcH moaO;sh" mqoa.,sl foafmd, whs;sh iy ,dNh i|yd
flfrk OfkaYajr ksYamdok l%uh f,dal mßudkj wfydais
lsÍfuka mukhs' tkï" udkj wjYH;dj u; mdol jQ f,dal
iudcjd§ ksYamdok wd¾Ól l%uhla ia:dmkh lsÍfuka mukhs'
udlaia iy tx.,aiaf.a isg ish¨ iïNdjH udlaiajdoSka oerE woyi
thhs' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh jkdys" lïlre mka;sh f,dal iudcjdoS
ksYamdok wd¾Ólhla i|yd jk ;u .uk i|yd ;enQ m%:u mshjr
ñi yqfola reishdkq iudcjdohla i|yd ;enQ mshjrla fkdfõ'˜
miq.dó rgla jQ reishdffõ isÿ jQ lïlre mka;sl úma,jh
wdrlaId jkqfha iy r|d mj;skqfha cd;Hka;r lïlre mka;sl
úma,jhkaf.a ch.%ykh u; neõ f,kska iy fg%dÜials kej;
kej;;a fmkajd ÿka nj;a" úfYaIfhkau c¾udkq úma,jfha
ch.%ykh tys meje;aug w;s uQ,sl rel=,la jk nj Tjqka
úYajdi l, nj;a úfÊisßj¾Ok fmkajd ÿks' —flfia kuq;a iudc
m%cd;ka;%jdoSkaf.a mdjdoSus fukau" fcdai*a iagd,ska iy tjlg
;=kajk cd;Hka;rfha kdhlfhl=j isá ld,a rfvla f.a 'u.fmkaùï'
j,ska wjux.; flrekqq ,ore c¾udkq fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha fødayS
ls%hdl,dmh fya;=fjka 1923 c¾udkq úma,jhka mrdchg m;a
jqkd' isú,a hqoaOhlg iy iqúi,a oßø;djhlg uqyqk ÿka ,ore
iudcjd§ rdcHh yqfol,dj .eUqre w¾nqohlg uqyqk ÿkakd'˜
isú,a hqoaOh uOHfha r;= yuqodfõ isá mka ,laIhla jk
fldñhqksiaÜjrekaf.ka fo,laIhla ñh.sh nj;a Tjqka w;sYhskau
mka; ú[a[dkl lïlrejka jQ njo úfÊisßj¾Ok fmkajd
ÿkafkah' —1919 § ,;a hqo ch.%ykfhka miq fldñhqksiaÜ
mlaIhg kj idudðlhka ,laI .kkska .,d wdjd' fï kjl
idudðlhkaf.a foaYmd,k uÜgu" wysñ jQ whf.a uÜgug
jvd fnfyúka my;a' ta iu.u mlaIfha iudc ixhq;sh uQ,sl
fjkilg n÷ka jqkd' my, uOHu mka;sl fldgia mlaI
iy rdcH lghq;=j, jeo.;a ;eka w;alr f.k ;snqkd'˜
wd¾Ól jHikh o byjyd.sh oqmam;alu ksid o mqoa.,sl
iqrlaIs;Ndjh ms,sn| woyila rdcHfha iy mlaIfha wdh;k
;=, jeã .sh nj;a jevfmdf,a fNdackd.drfhka osklg fkdñf,a
wdydr fõ,la ,nd .ekSu;a iqúi,a jrm%idohla njg m;a jQ nj;a
úfÊisßj¾Ok fmkajd ÿks' —l=vd kuq;a iqúfYaIS iudc wjYH;d
iu. ks,Odßjd§ l=,hla f.dv kef.ñka mej;shd' 1923 c¾udkq
úma,jfha mrdch;a iu." 'cd;sl iudcj§' wd¾Ólhl j¾Okhg
;u øjHuh wkkH;d .eg.eiS we;snj jvjvd;a wjfndaOlr
.ksñka isá fuu ks,Odßjd§ l=,h" ;u wjYH;d ksfhdackh
flfrk foaYmd,ksl iy wd¾Ól jevms,sfj, f,i ';ksrfÜ
iudcjdoh' iQ;%.; fldg bosßm;a l,d' iage,ska iy nqldßka
bÈßm;a l, fuu kHdh ;uhs iage,skajdoh f,i wm úiska uQ,slj
y÷ka jkafka' fuh udlaiajdohg uq¨ukskau y;=re kHdhla'˜
ke.S tk ks,Odßjdohg tfrysj f,kska iy fg%dÜials wdrïNfha
isg igka l, nj;a" 1923 § fg%dÜials f.a kdhl;ajfhka
fnd,afYúla mlaIh ;=, jdu-úmd¾Yajh msysgqjd .ekqfka fuu
ks,Odßjdohg tfrysj ks¾Ok mka;sl cd;Hka;rjdoh wdrlaId
lsÍug nj;a úfÊisßj¾Ok fmkajd oqks' 1927 § fg%dÜials
mlaIfhka m,jd yeÍu iy 1929 § Tyq ráka msgqjy,a lsÍug
wu;rj Tyq wkq.ukh l, oyia .kkla fnd,afYúlhka
iage,skajd§ ks,Odß ;ka;%h úiska >d;kh l, whqre
úfÊisßj¾Ok úia;r lf,ah' —fidaúhÜ ix.uh ;=, lïlre
mka;sh ke.S isg" ks,Odß ;ka;%h úiska meyer.;a n,h" foaaYmd,k
úma,jhla u.ska kej; ;u w;g .;hq;= nj fmkajd foñka
fg%dÜials fkdlvjd wr.,fha fhÿkd' fg%dÜials úiska fhdackd
l, foaYmd,k úma,jhg cd;Hka;r lïlre mka;sl úma,jhka
u.ska ,ndfok oejeka; ;,a¨j ms,sn|j W;aiql jQ iage,ska" tla
tla rfgys jQ ;=kajk cd;Hka;rfha mlaI YdLd m%.dV mrdchkag
fhduq l,d' 1926 ì%;dkHfha" 1927 Ökfha" 1933 c¾uksfha iy
1936-37 iamd[a[fha isÿjQ mrdchkag iDcqju j.lsj hq;af;a
iage,skajd§ ;ka;%hhs' iage,skajdoh hgf;a fufyhjqkq ;=kajk
cd;Hka;rfha wLkav mdjd§ï iy fo%days;ajhka yuqfõ cd;Hka;r
iudcjdoh u; mdol jQ kj cd;Hka;rhl wjYH;dj myod
foñka 1938§ fg%dÜials y;rjk cd;Hka;rh wdrïN l,d'˜
weú,Sug wdikakj ;snQ f,dal hqoaOh je,elaùu i|yd y;rjk
cd;Hka;rh úiska bÈßm;al," cd;Hka;r iudcjdoh u; mdol
jQ f,dal hqo-úfrdaë jHdmdrhla ;=, lïlre mka;sh n,uq¨
.ekaùfï jevms,sfj, g uq¨ukskau i;=rej ls%hd l, iage,skajd§ka
iy iudc-m%cd;ka;%jd§ka wêrdcHjd§ka iu. iïuq;Skag
.sh wdldrh úfÊisßj¾Ok fmkajd ÿkafkah( —fï mdjd§ï iy
fo%daySlïj, m%;sM,hla f,i 1939 iema;eïnrfha oSS fojk f,dal
hqoaOh weú¨kd' bka udi .kklg miq" tkï 1939 wf.daia;= 21 jk
od" iage,ska ;u tacka;fhl= ,jd fg%dÜials urd oukq ,enqjd' tjlg
fg%dÜials isáfha fulaisfldafõ' jir yhla mqrd we§ .sh reÿre
hqoaOfhka ñ,shk 60 l ñksia Ôú; ì,s .;a;d' wjidkfha§ tlai;a
ckmoh m%uqL ù wgjk ,o mYapd;a hqo ld,Sk f,dal OfkaYajr
m¾hdfha w;s uQ,sl l=¨kla jQfha reishdkq iage,skajd§ ;ka;%hhs'˜
1980 .kkaj, we/ô" ksYamdokfha N+f.da,Slrk ls%hdj,sh;a
iu. ish¨ cd;sljd§ wd¾Ól ms,sfj;a w¾nqohg .sh nj;a"
bka jvd;au orekq m%;súmdl úkafoa —;ksrfÜ iudcjdoh˜ u;
mokï jQ fidaúhÜ ix.uh nj;a úfÊisßj¾Ok fmkajd ÿks'
—fidaúhÜ ix.uh ì| jegqfka udlaiajdofha wiu¾:Ndjhla ksid
fkdj" iage,skajd§ ks,Odß ;ka;%h ls%hd;aul l, m%;s-udlaiajd§
';ksrfÜ iudcjdoh' ksid˜ hehs i|yka l, fuu lrekq jvd;a
.eUqßka wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd fg%dÜials f.a —mdjdÿka
úma,jh˜ iy fâúâ fkda¾;a f.a —fkdksñ úisjk ishji˜ hk
.%ka: yodrk f,i;a" iim iy iicd;Ys g ne|S úisjk ishjfia
ukqIH j¾.hdg ksu l, fkdyels jQ ld¾hh" tkï f,dal iudcjd§
úma,jh idlaId;a lsÍu i|yd Wrfok f,i;a úfÊisßj¾Ok
b,a,d isáfhah' —YS% ,xldj ;=, fnd,afYaúla j¾.fha mlaIhla
ìys fkdjqfka ukao@˜ hk mekhg ms,s;=re foñka úfÊisßj¾Ok
fufia mejiSh( —ieneúkau Y%S ,xldfõ fnda,afYaúla j¾.fha
mlaIhla mej;shd' y;rjk cd;Hka;rfha bkaoshdkq Wmuydoaùm
YdLdj f,i 1942 § msysg jQ bkaoSh fnd,afYaúla f,kskajd§
mlaIh ^ît,amSwhs& tu mlaIhhs' ,xld iu iudc mlaIfha
^,iim& isá" ms,sma .=kj¾Ok" tka'tï' fmf¾rd" fld,aúka
wd¾' o is,ajd" f,ia,s .=kj¾ok iy fvdßla o iQid we;=,q
fg%dÜialsjd§ lkavdhu" bkaoshdkq fg%dÜialsjd§ka iu. tlaj tu
mlaIh f.dv k.kq ,enqjd' f,dal iudcjd§ iuQydkavq ix.uhl
fldgila f,i ol=kq wdishdkq iudcjd§ iuQydkavq ix.uhla
f.dv ke.Su i|yd th bkaoshdfõ o YS% ,xldfõo lïlrejka
w;r fnda,afYaúla uQ,O¾u u; igka jeÿkd' ieneúkau th
uyck mlaIhla njg j¾Okh ùfï iEu ,laIkhlau mej;shd'˜
kuqÿ" 1940 .kkaj, w.Nd.fha§ ît,amSwhs h cd;Hka;rjdofha
isg cd;sljdohg jvjvd;a m,a,ï nysñka isá nj;a" tys
m%;sM,hla f,i 1950 oS th cd;sljdoS ,iim h ;=, oshlr
yerekq nj;a úfÊisßj¾Ok fmkajd ÿkafkah' —1950 .kka jk
úg y;rjk cd;Hka;rfha ,xld YdLdj f,i mej;sfha ,iim h
hs' y;rjk cd;Hka;rh ;=, 1950 .kkaj, uq,a Nd.fha mek ke.s
ixfYdaOkjd§ m%jk;djla jQ meíf,dajdoh g ,iimh uq¨ukskau
hg;a jqkd' iage,skajd§ ks,Odß ;ka;%hka wêrdcHjdofha
tackaishka fj;ehs fg%dÜials l, .=kdx.Slrkhka iy
úYaf,aYkhka m%;slafIam l, meíf,dajd§ka" tu ks,Odß ;ka;%hka
wêrdcHjdohg tfrysj udkj m%.;sh ksfhdackh lrkafkah
hk iQ;%h f;dfrdïn,a l,d' tu m%;s-udlaiajd§ kHdhg wkq.; jQ
,iim h" f,djmqrd wfkl=;a meíf,dajd§ka wkqhñka YS% ,xldfõ
iage,skajd§ fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh ^fldm& iu. foaYmd,kslj
ikaOdk .; jqkd' wjidkfha § ,iim h iy fldm" Okm;s YS% ,xld
ksoyia mlaIh tlaj uyck fmruqklau wgjd .ksñka lïlre
mka;sfha foaYmd,ksl iajdëk;ajh mdjdÿkakd' fg%Üialsjd§ hehs
lshd.;a ixúOdkhla Okm;s mlaIhla iu. ikaOdk .; jQ fuu
wjia:dj wm úiska y÷kajkq ,nkafka 'uyd mdjd§u' f,ihs'˜
meíf,dajdohg tfrysj" fg%dÜialsjd§ uQ,O¾u fjkqfjka
y;rjk cd;Hka;rh ;=, igka jeos úma,jjd§ka úiska 1953 §
msysgqjd.;a y;rjk cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r lñgqj ^ycdcdl&
hkq udlaiajdofha iy fnd,afYúlajdofha wLkav;dj ksfhdackh
lrk tlu f,dal lïlre mka;sl ixúOdkh neõ úfÊisßj¾Ok
mejiSh( —iim mQ¾j.dó úma,jjd§ fldñhqksiaÜ ix.uh 1968 §
msysgqjk ,oafoa ycdcdl ys ,xld YdLdj f,ihs' tod úfldi fuka
wo fnda,afYúlajdofha wLkav;dj ksfhdackh lrkafka iim hs'
iim g ne|S th uyck úma,jjd§ mlaIhla njg mßj¾;kh
lsÍug Wrfok f,i fuys isák iEu fokdf.kau b,a,d isákjd'˜
ixjdoh wjidkfha§ ;u woyia m%ldY lrñka le,ksh úYaj
úoHd,fha isiqfjl= fufia mejiSh(
—ieneúkau fuh nqoaêh l,Uk Ñ;%mghla iy idlÉPdjla'
uQ,sl jYfhka wjYH jkafka oejeka; fik.lg wduka;%kh lsÍu
fkdfjhs' wduka;%kh lrk fofhys nqoaêuh .eUqrhs' b;sydih
ms,sn|" ug ;snQ fndfyda jHdl+, ;eka fuysoS ug meyeos,s
lr.kak yelsjqkd' fujka jev igyka ;j;j;a ixúOdkh
lrk f,i b,a,d isák w;f¾ bÈßfha§ Tfí ixúOdkh iu.
iómj lghq;= lsÍug ud iQodkï nj m%ldY lrkak leu;shs'˜
wjidkfha § iim fmd;a fïih jgd frdla jQ Tjqyq udlaiajd§
fmd;am;aa o" reishdkq úma,jh wOHhkh l, hq;af;a uka o@
yd reishdkq úma,jfha Y; ixj;airh 1917-2017 hk uefhka
f,daifjw ys m, l, fâúâ fkd¾;af.a ,sms o we;=,;a f.dkqfõ
msgm;a 26 la o ñ, § .;ay' ure;s-iqiqls lïlrejka ksoyialr
.ekSfï fm;aiug 30 lg wdikak m%udkhla w;aika ;enQy'
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