03 - 2. Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking - Ironmaking in Blast Furnace

Teknik Metalurgi
03. Ironmaking in Blast Furnace
Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking (MG-4113)
Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan

Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Institute of Technology Bandung
Course Content
Teknik Metalurgi
1. Introduction
2. Burden materials preparation for ironmaking
3. Ironmaking in blast furnace
4. Blast furnace technology
5. Smelting reduction (COREX, HISMELT, DIOS, etc.)
6. Direct reduction (HyL I, HyL III, MIDREX, SL/RN, CIRCORED, etc.)
7. Heat and mass balance in ironmaking
8. Midterm Examination
9. Hot metal desulphurization & Steelmaking based on hot metal (de-C, de-Si,
De-P, Mn-removal, LD-Converter / BOF)
10. Steelmaking based on scrap and sponge iron (SIEMENS MARTINS, EAF)
11. Secondary metallurgy (Deoxidation, Desulphurization, Alloying, LF, CHF)
12. Vacuum metallurgy (RH, VD)
13. Stainless steelmaking (AOD, VOD)
14. Continous casting (CCM)
15. Final Examination
Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking
Iron and Steelmaking Route
Teknik Metalurgi
LT
Blast furnace
HM de-S BOF
RH /
RH-TCOB
CCM
COREX Plant
VD/
VD-OB
EAF
Direct Reduction LF
Plant Ingot
Primary Secondary
Scrap
Ironmaking Steelmaking Steelmaking Casting

Blast Furnace
Teknik Metalurgi
S: http://www.jfe-21st-cf.or.jp/

Blast Furnace
Teknik Metalurgi
• High production rate

Modern Blast furnace: 14.000 ton hot metal (THM) perday
• High degree of heat utilization (85-90%), extremly efficient counter

current heat exchanges apparatus

Blast Furnace
Teknik Metalurgi
Throat
Shaft / Stack
Belly
Bosh
Hearth

Chemical Reaction in Blast Furnace
Teknik Metalurgi

Chemical reactions in blast furnace
Teknik Metalurgi
6-8 hours, burden from top to

H2O = {H2O} 200°C
Fe2O3 Fe2O3 tuyere level
3<Fe2O3> + {CO} = 2<Fe3O4> + {CO2} C C C
2{CO} = {CO2} + <C> C H2O C
<MgCO3 > = <MgO> + {CO2}
3<Fe3O4> + {CO} = 3<FeO> + {CO2} Fe3O4 Fe3O4
CO2 <FeCO3 >= <FeO> + {CO2}
800°C CO2 CaO CO2
FeO <CaCO3 >= <CaO> + {CO2}
3<Fe3O4> + 4{CO} = 3<Fe> + 4{CO2} FeO
CO CO
<FeO> + {CO} = <Fe> + {CO2}
CO CO FeO + {CO} = Fe + {CO2}
FeO
> 1000°C Fe Fe {CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}
Fe Fe
Fe Al2O3 P2O5 Fe SiO2 + 2<C> = [Si] + 2{CO}
MnO SiO2
{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}
CO CO MnO + <C> = [Mn] + {CO}
{O2} + <C> = {CO2} CO C Fe Si CO
Fe Mn <C> = [C]
1800-2000°C N2 O2 S P O2 N2 CaO+SiO2+Al2O3
1500°C
Residence time of gas: [S] + (CaO) + C = (CaS) {CO}
1-10 seconds or more 1400°C

Reactions
Teknik Metalurgi
Reaction DH (298 K) kJ/kmol

C + ½ O2 = CO -26.42
C + O2 = CO2 -94.05
CO + ½ O2 = CO2 -67.84
C + CO2 = 2 CO +41.21
3 Fe2O3 + CO = 2 Fe3O4 + CO2 -10.33
Fe3O4 + CO = 3 FeO + CO2 +8.75
FeO + CO = Fe + CO2 -3.99
FeO + C = Fe + CO +37.22
3 Fe2O3 + H2 = 2 Fe3O4 + H2O -0.65
Fe3O4 + H2 = 3 FeO + H2O +18.43
FeO + H2 = Fe + H2O +5.69

Reduction of Iron Ore
Teknik Metalurgi
F2O3 -50
CO
Fe3O4
Gangue: -100 Fe2O3
NiO
FeO
SiO2, Al2O3
-DG = RT Ln K [kcal/mole O2]
Fe3O4
-150
Cr2O3
MnO
C
-200 SiO2
Ash: SiO2,
Al2O3
-250 Al2O3
MgO
CaO
-300
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Temperature [°C]
CaCO3

Fe-O System
Teknik Metalurgi
Hematite composes into

magnetite and oxygen at
1457°C
Transformation of hematite to
magnetite: hexagonal to cubic
 volume expansion, increased
porosity and cracks.
Reduction of hematite produces
a porous product. Reduction of
hematite has higher reduction
rate compared to magnetite.
Melting point magnetite: 1597°C
Melting point of FeO decreases
with decreasing of oxygen
content ~ 1371°C

Tuyeres
Teknik Metalurgi
Solution loss: 200°C
carbon reacts with

CO2 (dissolves)
before it reaches
the tuyeres
800°C
> 1000°C
{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}
C
CO
{O2} + <C> = {CO2} C CO2
1800-2000°C N2 O2 O2 N2
1500°C
1400°C

Tuyere
Teknik Metalurgi
Tuyere: Side view

CO2 is not stable at T > 1000°C,
CO is produced according to
CO2 + C = 2 CO
For dry blast, tuyere gas consist of
35% CO and 65% N2
The burning of coke in front of

tuyeres results in continous
creation of an empty space around
Gas velocity ~ 150 – 300 m/s the hearth, which permits the flow
Hot blast of air entering the of the charge materials downwards
furnace through the tuyeres burns
coke to CO2 immediately, give a
flame temperature of 1800-2000°C
Tuyere
Teknik Metalurgi
Tuyere: Side view Tuyere: Top view
Depth of combustion zone: 1-2 m
Dead man`s zone: in active zone:

coke floats on the liquid iron in hearth.
No FeO in blast furnace slag!!!

Cohesive Zone
Teknik Metalurgi
Coke is the only component ot the

charge materials wich descend as a
solid to the tuyere level.
Beside for supplying the reductant
and heat for processing the burden
into finished product, coke provides
mechanical support to the burden,
especially in the bosh region, where
the metal and slag are liquid.
Cohesive zone: alternate layer of

coke and viscous, impervious,
semifused mass of slag and iron.
Permeable coke layers (coke
slits), act as gas distributors and
permit gas to flow horizontally
through them.

Direct reaction
Teknik Metalurgi
Solution loss: 200°C Direct reaction:

carbon reacts with
at T > 1000°C,
CO2 (dissolves)
wustite reduction
before it reaches
and boudouard
the tuyeres
800°C reaction take place
simultaneously
{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}

> 1000°C
{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO} CO FeO + {CO} = Fe + {CO2}

FeO CO2 C
C
CO Fe <C> = [C]
{O2} + <C> = {CO2} C CO2
1800-2000°C N2 O2 O2 N2
1500°C
1400°C

Carbon content in hot metal
Teknik Metalurgi
Solution loss: 200°C Direct reaction:

carbon reacts with
at T > 1000°C,
CO2 (dissolves)
wustite reduction
before it reaches
and boudouard
the tuyeres
800°C reaction take place
simultaneously
{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}

> 1000°C

FeO CO2 C
C
CO Fe +
{O2} + <C> = {CO2} C CO2 FeO + <C> = Fe + {CO}
1800-2000°C N2 O2 O2 N2 <C> = [C]
1500°C
1400°C

Indirect reaction
Teknik Metalurgi
200°C Indirect reaction:

3<Fe2O3> + {CO} = 2<Fe3O4> + {CO2}
at T < 900°C,
reduction of iron
3<Fe3O4> + {CO} = 3<FeO> + {CO2} with CO gas
800°C producing CO2
3<Fe3O4> + 4{CO} = 3<Fe> + 4{CO2}
<FeO> + {CO} = <Fe> + {CO2}

{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}
> 1000°C

FeO CO2 C
C
CO Fe
{O2} + <C> = {CO2} C CO2
1800-2000°C N2 O2 O2 N2
1500°C
1400°C

Thermodynamic of Iron Oxide Reduction (CO-CO2)
Teknik Metalurgi
100
90
Ptot = 0.2 atm
80
Ptot = 1.0 atm Fe
70 Ptot = 5.0 atm
CO / (CO + CO2) [%]
60
50
40 FeO
30
20
10
Fe3O4
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature [°C]

Teknik Metalurgi

Thermodynamic of Iron Oxide Reduction (H2-H2O)
Teknik Metalurgi
100
90
80 Fe
70
H2 / (H2 + H2O) [%]
60
50
FeO
40
30
20
10
Fe3O4
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature [°C]

Thermodynamic of Iron Oxide Reduction
(CO-CO2-H2-H2O)
Teknik Metalurgi
100
90
Ptot = 0.2 atm
CO / (CO + CO2) [%] or H2 / (H2 + H2O) [%]
80
Ptot = 1.0 atm Fe
70 Ptot = 5.0 atm
60
50
40 FeO
30
20
10
Fe3O4
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature [°C]

Teknik Metalurgi
For dense sintered hematite pellets the reduction of iron oxide is slow,
resulting in layers of iron, wustite, magnetite and hematite as result of
slow diffusion of gas in the product layer. The greater driving force for
reduction, the greater tendency to form product layer. For example,
reduction by H2 is more likely to produce layers than reduction by CO.

Teknik Metalurgi
For lump ores or pellets with high porosity, there is no product layer
formation

Teknik Metalurgi
S: http://www.jfe-21st-cf.or.jp/

Chemical reactions in blast furnace
Teknik Metalurgi
H2O = {H2O} 200°C

Fe2O3 Fe2O3
3<Fe2O3> + {CO} = 2<Fe3O4> + {CO2} C C C
2{CO} = {CO2} + <C> C H2O C
<MgCO3 > = <MgO> + {CO2}
3<Fe3O4> + {CO} = 3<FeO> + {CO2} Fe3O4 Fe3O4
CO2 <FeCO3 >= <FeO> + {CO2}
800°C CO2 CaO CO2
FeO <CaCO3 >= <CaO> + {CO2}
3<Fe3O4> + 4{CO} = 3<Fe> + 4{CO2} FeO
CO CO
<FeO> + {CO} = <Fe> + {CO2}
CO CO
FeO
> 1000°C Fe Fe FeO + {CO} = Fe + {CO2}
Fe Fe
Fe Fe {CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}
{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO} SiO2 + 2<C> = [Si] + 2{CO}
CO CO
{O2} + <C> = {CO2} CO C Fe Si CO MnO + <C> = [Mn] + {CO}
Fe Mn
1800-2000°C N2 O2 O2 N2 <C> = [C]
1500°C
[S] + (CaO) + C = (CaS) {CO}
1400°C

Carbon Deposition
Teknik Metalurgi
CO stability decreases with decreasing temperature and increasing

pressure.
Maximum instability: 600 – 800°C.
Carbon deposition occurs mostly in the upper stack.
Deposition of carbon: reduces stack diameter, causes breakdown of the
ferrous charge materials, retards burden descent, hanging of the furnace

Blast Furnace Slag
Teknik Metalurgi
SiO2
Acid Slag
Basic Slag
anorthite
CaO Al2O3

Si- Reduction
Teknik Metalurgi
SiO2 (s) + 2[C]sat = [%Si] + 2CO

DG° = 141525 – 93.58 T cal
K Si 
%Si  'Si PCO
2
aSiO2 a2C
Log KSi = -30935 / T + 20.455
For carbon saturated iron aC = 1

and `Si = 15 :
%Si PCO
2
 6.73 x 10-4 K Si  SiO 2
(%SiO2 )

Si-Reduction
Teknik Metalurgi
%Si PCO
2
 6.73 x 10-4 K Si  SiO 2
(%SiO2 )
For obtaining low silicon iron:

• Temperature : lower temperature, lower Ksi,  lower silicon in iron
• Basicity : increase CaO/SiO2, decrease SiO2  lower silicon
in iron
• Pressure : increase PCO, decrease [%Si]/(%SiO2)

Mn- reduction
Teknik Metalurgi
MnO2 (s) + [C]sat = [%Mn] + CO

DG° = 69050 – 50.20 T cal
K Mn 
%Mn  'Si PCO
aMnO aC 
Log KMn = -15090 / T + 10.97
For carbon saturated iron aC =

1 and `Mn = 0.8 :
%Mn PCO  1.07 x 10-2 K  MnO

Mn
(%MnO)

Desulphurization
Teknik Metalurgi
CaO (s) + [%S]+ [C]sat = CaS(s) + CO

DG° = 27500 – 27.15 T cal
aCaS PCO
KS 
aCaO %S  'S aC 
Log KS = -6010 / T + 5.935
For carbon saturated iron aC =

1 and `S = 7 :
%S   4
 CaO (%CaO) K S
%S  CaS PCO

Teknik Metalurgi
RIST DIAGRAM

Chemical Reaction in Blast Furnace
Teknik Metalurgi
900°C  indirect
reduction

Thermodynamic of Iron Oxide Reduction (CO-CO2)
Teknik Metalurgi
100
CO-utilization factor CO
90
(fraction of CO converted to Fe
at 900°C
80 CO2)
CO/CO2=2.3
70
CO / (CO + CO2) [%]
%CO2
60 %CO  x100
(%CO  %CO2 )
50
FeO
40
30
CO/CO2=0.25
20
10
Fe3O4
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature [°C]

CO-utilization factor (CO)
Teknik Metalurgi
% CO = %CO2 / (%CO + %CO2) * 100

Equilibrium at 900°C
Reactions CO/CO2 % CO
3 Fe2O3 + CO = 2 Fe3O4 + CO2 0 Ca. 100
Fe3O4 + CO = 3 FeO + CO2 0.25 80
FeO + CO = Fe + CO2 2.3 30
Wustite (FeO) needs very high CO/CO2 ratio for reduction (2.3)
FeO + 3.3 CO = Fe + 2.3 CO + CO2
Magnetite and Hematite requires smaller CO/CO2 ratio
Fe3O4 + 1.25 CO = 3 FeO + 0.25 CO + CO2

Teknik Metalurgi
For 1000 kg Fe produced  ..........

1430 kg Fe2O3 is needed
Total Oxygen in 1430 kg Fe2O3 ~ .......

430 kg O
Fe2O3 = Fe3O4 + O
Oxygen removed from the reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 ~ .....
48 kg O
Fe3O4 = 3FeO1.055 + 0.835 O

80 kg O
Oxygen removed from the reduction of Fe3O4 to FeO1.055 ~ ......
FeO1.055 = Fe + 1.055 O
302
Oxygen removed from the reduction of FeO1.055 to Fe ~ ........ kg O
Plotting of Rist Diagram
Teknik Metalurgi
450
Removed Oxygen [kg] / 1000 kg Fe
400 48 Fe2O3
% Oxygen = 100 * kg oxygen / 430

350 80 Fe3O4
% Direct Reduction
300
250 FeO1.055
200
150 302
100
50
0
CO
Plotting of Rist Diagram
Teknik Metalurgi
450
Removed Oxygen [kg] / 1000 kg Fe
400 48 Fe2O3
% Oxygen = 100 * kg oxygen / 430

350 80 Fe3O4
300
250 FeO1.055
200
150 302
100
50
0
CO
Indirect Reduction
Single-Stage and Two-Stage Process
Teknik Metalurgi
100 at 900°C
90
80
Fe
CO/CO2=2.3
70
CO / (CO + CO2) [%]
60
50
40 FeO
30
CO/CO2=0.25
20
10
0 Fe2O3
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature [°C]

Direct Reduction (DR) vs. Indirect Reduction (IDR)
One Single-Stage Process Direct Reduction
Teknik Metalurgi
One Single-Stage Process

For 100% indirect reduction at 900°C:
Ratio CO/CO2 = 2.3 must always maintained
Fe2O3 + 3 x 3.3 CO = 2 Fe + 3 x 2.3 CO + 3 CO2
For 1000 kg Fe produced  1000/56*3*3.3/2*12
..........................................
= 1060 kg C is required
Carbon requirement is too high!!!

To plot in Rist Diagram:
• % Direct Reduction = 0 (Reduction from wustite to iron)
• CO = %CO2/(%CO+%CO2) = 3/(3*2.3+3)= 30%

Rist Diagram
Teknik Metalurgi
100% IDR (One
Fe2O3 – Fe3O4
single stage)
Fe3O4 - FeO
FeO - Fe

Two-Stage Process Direct Reduction
Teknik Metalurgi
Two Single-Stage Process

For 100% indirect reduction at 900°C
Ratio CO/CO2 = 2.3 must maintained for wustite reduction
FeO + 3.3 CO = Fe + 2.3 CO + CO2
Fe3O4 + 2.3 CO = 3FeO + 1.3 CO + CO2
For 1000 kg Fe produced  ..........................................
1000/56*3.3*12 = 707 kg C is required
Carbon requirement is relative high!!!

• % Direct Reduction = 0 (Reduction from wustite to iron)
• CO = %CO2/(%CO+%CO2) = 1/(1+1.3)= 43.5%

Rist Diagram
Teknik Metalurgi
100% IDR (One
Fe2O3 – Fe3O4
single stage)
100% IDR (two-

stage
Fe3O4 - FeO
FeO - Fe

100% Direct Reduction
Teknik Metalurgi
For 100% direct reduction:

Fe2O3 + 3C = 2 Fe + 3 CO
For 1000 kg Fe produced  ..........................................
1000/56*3/2*12 = 321 kg C is required
Carbon requirement is relative low!!!

However, temperature process requirement is high, since
direct reduction takes place at temperatue > 1000°C
CO gas is potential to be used for indirect reduction

• % Direct Reduction = 100% (Reduction from wustite to iron)
• CO = %CO2/(%CO+%CO2) = 0/(1+1.3)= 0%

Rist Diagram
Teknik Metalurgi
100% IDR (One
Fe2O3 – Fe3O4
single stage)
100% IDR (two-

stage
Fe3O4 - FeO
100% DR
FeO - Fe

(Optimum Condition)
Teknik Metalurgi
Direct reduction of wustite:

FeO + C = Fe + CO
Suppose: y kg of wustite oxygen (O from FeO) is removed
directly by carbon.
kmol CO evolved = y/16
CO evolved removes the rest oxygen indirectly (302-y).

Indirect reduction of wustite at 900°C
FeO + 3.3 CO = Fe + 2.3 CO + CO2
y/16 = 3.3 (302-y)/16
y = 232 kg
% of DR = 232/430 * 100% = 54%

(Optimum Condition)
Teknik Metalurgi
Direct reduction of wustite:

FeO + C = Fe + CO
O removed by direct reduction = 232 kg
C needed = 232/16*12 = 174 kg  CO evolved = 174/12*22.4 = 325 m3 (STP)
Indirect reduction:
Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2
O removed by indirect reduction = 430 - 232 = 198 kg
CO2 evolved = 198/16*22.4 = 277 m3 (STP) = CO required
CO rest = 325 – 277 = 48 m3 (STP)

• % Direct Reduction = 54% (Reduction from wustite to iron)
• CO = %CO2/(%CO+%CO2) = 277/(48+277)= 85%
Rist Diagram
Teknik Metalurgi
100% IDR (One
Fe2O3 – Fe3O4
single stage)
100% IDR (two-

stage
Fe3O4 - FeO
100% DR
Optimum
Percentage of
Direct Reduction
FeO - Fe

Rist Diagram
Teknik Metalurgi
100% IDR (One
Fe2O3 – Fe3O4
single stage)
100% IDR (two-

stage
Fe3O4 - FeO
100% DR
Optimum
Percentage of
Direct Reduction
FeO - Fe Line 5: DR < 54%,

CO evolved is less
than than required
for indirect
reduction of wustite

Rist Diagram
Teknik Metalurgi
100% IDR (One
Fe2O3 – Fe3O4
single stage)
100% IDR (two-

stage
Fe3O4 - FeO
100% DR
Optimum
Percentage of
Direct Reduction
FeO - Fe Line 5: DR < 54%,

CO evolved is less
than than required
for indirect
reduction of wustite
Line 4: CO supply in
excess

From „Principles of Extractive Metallurgy“, by T.
Rosenqvist
Teknik Metalurgi

Thank you for your attention!
Teknik Metalurgi
 Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan

 Department of Metallurgical Engineering
 Institute of Technology Bandung
 Jl. Ganesha No. 10
 Bandung 40132
 INDONESIA
 Telefon : +62 (0) 22 250 2239

 Fax : +62 (0) 22 250 4209
 Mobil : +62 (0) 813 22 93 94 70
 E-Mail: zulfiadi@metallurgy.itb.ac.id

03 - 2. Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking - Ironmaking in Blast Furnace

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Teknik Metalurgi

03. Ironmaking in Blast Furnace

Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking (MG-4113)

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

• High production rate

• High degree of heat utilization (85-90%), extremly efficient counter

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

6-8 hours, burden from top to

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Reaction DH (298 K) kJ/kmol

Fe3O4 + CO = 3 FeO + CO2 +8.75

FeO + CO = Fe + CO2 -3.99

3 Fe2O3 + H2 = 2 Fe3O4 + H2O -0.65

Fe3O4 + H2 = 3 FeO + H2O +18.43

FeO + H2 = Fe + H2O +5.69

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Hematite composes into

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Solution loss: 200°C

carbon reacts with

{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Tuyere: Side view

The burning of coke in front of

Tuyere: Side view Tuyere: Top view

Depth of combustion zone: 1-2 m

Dead man`s zone: in active zone:

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Coke is the only component ot the

Cohesive zone: alternate layer of

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Solution loss: 200°C Direct reaction:

{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}

{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO} CO FeO + {CO} = Fe + {CO2}

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Solution loss: 200°C Direct reaction:

{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}

{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO} CO FeO + {CO} = Fe + {CO2}

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

200°C Indirect reaction:

<FeO> + {CO} = <Fe> + {CO2}

{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO} CO FeO + {CO} = Fe + {CO2}

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

H2O = {H2O} 200°C

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

CO stability decreases with decreasing temperature and increasing

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan 2009 MG-4113 Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

SiO2 (s) + 2[C]sat = [%Si] + 2CO

Log KSi = -30935 / T + 20.455

For carbon saturated iron aC = 1