CRITICAL THINKING, LEARNING SKILLS,

AND EBL

COMPAILED BY

ANANDA IFFAH NIRMALA A

4517111005

TUTOR : dr. HANS ALFONSO

MEDICAL FACULTY
BOSOWA UNIVERSITY

i
 PREFACE

Praise our thanks to God Almighty for His blessings and grace, so that we
can finish this report with our best. In this report, we have attempted to describe as
much as possible all things related to learning about the scenario 3 in EBL.
It will be very, we realize in the results of this report, there are still many
shortcomings of course this report is still far from perfect. Therefore, we expect
readers to tolerate and provide constructive criticism and suggestions for the
realization of a better report in the future.

Makassar, January 2018

Authors

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ....................................................................................................... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... iii

BAB I : SCENARIO ...................................................................................... 1

BAB II : DISCUSSION.................................................................................. 2

2.1 Identification Difficult Word ........................................................... 2

2.2 Determine of Problem ....................................................................... 3

2.3 Problem Analysis .............................................................................. 3

2.4 Learning Objective ............................................................................ 13

BAB III : CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 14

BAB IV : ADVICE ......................................................................................... 14

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 15

iii
 BAB I
SCENARIO

From rapid advances in biomedical and DNA technology, the scientists

successfully created a cloned sheep in 1996. Furthermore, there’s willingness to
implement cloning in humans improving the quality of future generations.
Controversy arises because of the difference point of view between the social
observers, bioethics and scientist.

1
 BAB II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Difficult Words

1. Biomedical
Biomedical technology is the application of technology and engineering to
living organisms, which can involve a range of activities from designing
medical equipment or conducting research. Usually inclusion of the term
biomedical denotes a principal emphasis on problems related to human health
and diseases, whereas terms like "biotechnology" can be medical,
environmental, or agricultural in application. But most terms in this general
realm still lack clear boundaries. Biomedical engineering and Biotechnology
alike are often loosely called Biomedical Technology or Bioengineering.(1)

2. Bioethics
Bioethics can be understood in a broader or narrower way. Following the
broader construal, bioethics includes not only philosophical study of the ethics
of medicine, but also such areas as medical law, medical anthropology,
medical sociology, health politics, health economics and even some areas of
medicine itself. On the narrower construal, bioethics, although it may draw on
these other disciplines, is itself only an area of philosophical inquiry. More
specifically, bioethics is one branch of practical (or applied) ethics, which is
one branch of ethics, which in turn is one branch of philosophy.
The broader view of bioethics fosters some unfortunate mistakes that
many are already prone to make. For example, taking medical law to be part
of bioethics encourages the common confusion between law and ethics, terms
that are neither synonymous nor coextensive. Viewing such areas as medical
anthropology or medical sociology as part of bioethics encourages the mistake
of confusing descriptions with prescriptions. Social scientific study of (the
ethics of) medicine is aimed at describing what is the case. For example,

2
anthropologists tell us what a particular culture's ethical view of some medical
practice is. This is not to deny that anthropologists, lawyers, psychologists, or
economists engage in complicated ways of reasoning. It is to say that they
reason and argue about the way things are—what some culture thinks, or what
the law is, for example. By contrast, practical ethics involves advancing and
examining arguments about what ought, morally, to be done and not done—
about what is (actually, rather than merely thought to be) right and wrong.
Rights are part of ethics, but they are not all there is to ethics. Thus, those
doing ethics or bioethics can and do employ whatever moral concepts are
relevant to some issue. It is hard to see, therefore, why advocates of the human
rights approach think that their approach can either replace bioethics or be
superior to it. One suggestion could be that the human rights approach to
ethical problems in health and health care is an activist approach. It aims at
bringing about positive change. Bioethics is too much of an academic exercise
and too little a mechanism for social change (7)

3. DNA Technology
DNA technology is the study and manipulation of genetic material for a
wide variety of purposes and products. A major component of DNA
technology is cloning, which is the process of making multiple, identical
copies of a gene. Cloning may bring to mind interesting sci-fi movies, but
cloning also gives us resistant plants, vaccines, heart attack treatments and
even entirely new organisms. DNA technology has also had a major impact on
the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, disease therapy and even crime scene
investigations.
DNA technology has revolutionized modern science. Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA), or an organism's genetic material—inherited from one generation
to the next—holds many clues that have unlocked some of the mysteries
behind human behavior, disease, evolution, and aging. As technological
advances lead to a better understanding of DNA, new DNA-based
technologies will emerge. Recent advances in DNA technology including
3
 cloning, PCR, recombinant DNA technology, DNA fingerprinting, gene
therapy, DNA microarray technology, and DNA profiling have already begun
to shape medicine, forensic sciences, environmental sciences, and national
security. Gene cloning or recombinant DNA is a technology used to isolate
certain DNA sequences from an organism or cell to be reproduced in different
organisms or cells. The use of recombinant DNA technology has become
commonplace as new products from genetically altered plants, animals, and
microbes have become available for human use. In 1997, Dolly made
headlines as the first successfully cloned large mammal (sheep)(8).

4. Cloning
In general, cloning is an asexual creation of a cell or organism which is
genetically identical to its ancestor. Actually, cloning of unicellular and
multicellular organisms has been going on in the natural world for thousands
of years.(4)

5. Scientist
People the expert or his knowledge of a science or person who are engaged
in science.(9)

6. Social Observers
Observer" means any system that receives information from an object. So
it can be concluded that social observers are someone who sees things
according to a social or community viewpoint. (5)

2.2 Determine of Problem

1. How about history of cloning?
2. How to implement cloning in human?
3. What is the advantages and disadvantages of cloning in human?
4. How the cloning technology viewed from different points?

4
2.3 Problem Analysis
1. How about history of cloning ?
a. 1885 - First-ever demonstration of artificial embryo twinning
Sea urchin - Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
The sea urchin is a relatively simple organism that is useful for
studying development. Dreisch showed that by merely shaking two-celled
sea urchin embryos, it was possible to separate the cells. Once separated,
each cell grew into a complete sea urchin.
This experiment showed that each cell in the early embryo has its own
complete set of genetic instructions and can grow into a full organism.

b. 1902 - Artificial embryo twinning in a vertebrate

Salamander - Hans Spemann
Spemann’s first challenge was to figure out how to split the two
cells of an embryo much stickier than sea urchin cells. Spemann fashioned
a tiny noose from a strand of baby hair and tightened it between two cells
of a salamander embryo until they separated. Each cell grew into an adult
salamander. Spemann also tried to divide more advanced salamander
embryos using this method, but he found that cells from these embryos
weren’t as successful at developing into adult salamanders.
This experiment showed that embryos from a more-complex
animal can also be “twinned” to form multiple identical organisms—but
only up to a certain stage in development.

c. 1928 - The cell nucleus controls embryonic development

Salamander - Hans Spemann
Again using a strand of baby hair tied into a noose, Spemann
temporarily squeezed a fertilized salamander egg to push the nucleus to
one side of the cytoplasm. The egg divided into cells—but only on the side
with the nucleus. After four cell divisions, which made 16 cells, Spemann
loosened the noose, letting the nucleus from one of the cells slide back into
5
 the non-dividing side of the egg. He used the noose to separate this “new”
cell from the rest of the embryo. The single cell grew into a new
salamander embryo, as did the remaining cells that were
separated.Essentially the first instance of nuclear transfer, this experiment
showed that the nucleus from an early embryonic cell directs the complete
growth of a salamander, effectively substituting for the nucleus in a
fertilized egg.

d. 1952 - First successful nuclear transfer

Robert Briggs and Thomas King
Briggs and King transferred the nucleus from an early tadpole
embryo into an enucleated frog egg (a frog egg from which the nucleus
had been removed). The resulting cell developed into a tadpole.
The scientists created many normal tadpole clones using nuclei
from early embryos. But just like Spemann’s salamander experiments,
cloning was less successful with donor nuclei from more advanced
embryos: the few tadpole clones that did survive grew abnormally.
Most importantly, this experiment showed that nuclear transfer was
a viable cloning technique. It also reinforced two earlier observations.
First, the nucleus directs cell growth and, ultimately, an organism’s
development. Second, embryonic cells early in development are better for
cloning than cells at later stages.

e. 1958 - Nuclear transfer from a differentiated cell

Frog - John Gurdon
Gurdon transplanted the nucleus of a tadpole intestinal cell into an
enucleated frog egg. In this way, he created tadpoles that were genetically
identical to the one from which the intestinal cell was taken.
This experiment showed that, despite previous failures, nuclei from
somatic cells in a fully developed animal could be used for cloning.
Importantly, it suggested that cells retain all of their genetic material even
6
 as they divide and differentiate (although some wondered if the donor
DNA came from a stem cell, which can differentiate into multiple types of
cells).

f. 1975 - First mammalian embryo created by nuclear transfer

Rabbit - J. Derek Bromhall
Mammalian egg cells are much smaller than those of frogs or
salamanders, so they are harder to manipulate. Using a glass pipette as a
tiny straw, Bromhall transferred the nucleus from a rabbit embryo cell into
an enucleated rabbit egg cell. He considered the procedure a success when
a morula, or advanced embryo, developed after a couple of days.This
experiment showed that mammalian embryos could be created by nuclear
transfer. To show that the embryos could continue developing, Bromhall
would have had to place them into a mother rabbit's womb. He never did
this experiment.
g. 1984 - First mammal created by nuclear transfer
Sheep - Steen Willadsen
Willadsen used a chemical process to separated one cell from an 8-
cell lamb embryo. The he used a small electrical shock to fuse it to an
enucleated egg cell. As luck would have it, the new cell started dividing.
By this time, in vitro fertilization techniques had been developed, and they
had been used successfully to help couples have babies. So after a few
days, Willadsen placed the lamb embryos into the womb of surrogate
mother sheep. The result was the birth of three live lambs.
This experiment showed that it was possible to clone a mammal by
nuclear transfer—and that the clone could fully develop. Even though the
donor nuclei came from early embryonic cells, the experiment was
considered a great success.

h. 1987 - Nuclear transfer from embryonic cell

Cow - Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard Eyestone
7
 Using methods very similar to those used by Willadsen on sheep,
First, Prather, and Eyestone produced two cloned calves. Their names
were Fusion and Copy.
This experiment added cows to the list of mammals that could be cloned
by nuclear transfer. Still, mammalian cloning was limited to using
embryonic cells as nuclear donors. Cloning using nuclei from
differentiated adult somatic cells still wasn’t thought possible.

i. 1996 - Nuclear transfer from laboratory cells

Sheep - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell
All previous cloning experiments used donor nuclei from cells in
early embryos. In this experiment, the donor nuclei came from a slightly
different source: cultured sheep cells, which were kept alive in the
laboratory.
Wilmut and Campbell transferred the nuclei from cultured cells into
enucleated sheep egg cells. The lambs born from this procedure were
named Megan and Morag.
This experiment showed that cultured cells can supply donor nuclei
for cloning by nuclear transfer. Because scientists had already learned how
to transfer genes into cultured cells, this experiment showed that it might
be possible to use such modified cells to create transgenic animals—such
as cows that could make insulin for diabetics in their milk.

j. 1996 - Dolly: First mammal created by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Sheep - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell
In this landmark experiment, Wilmut and Campbell created a lamb
by transferring the nucleus from an adult sheep's udder cell into an
enucleated egg. Never before had a mammal been cloned from an adult
somatic cell. What was the big deal?
Every cell’s nucleus contains a complete set of genetic
information. However, while embryonic cells are ready to activate any
8
 gene, differentiated adult cells have shut down the genes that they don't
need for their specific functions. When an adult cell nucleus is used as a
donor, its genetic information must be reset to an embryonic state. Often
the resetting process is incomplete, and the embryos fail to develop.
Of 277 attempts, only one produced an embryo that was carried to
term in a surrogate mother. This famous lamb, named Dolly, brought
cloning into the limelight. Her arrival started conversations about the
implications of cloning, bringing controversies over human cloning and
stem cell research into the public eye.

Where is Dolly now?

After developing a lung disease called jaagsiekte, she was
euthanized on Feb. 14, 2003, stuffed, and put on display at the Museum of
Scotland in Edinburgh, where you can find her in a new science gallery
starting on Friday.

k. 1997 - First primate created by embryonic cell nuclear transfer

Rhesus monkey - Li Meng, John Ely, Richard Stouffer, and Don Wolf
Primates are good models for studying human disorders. Cloning
identical primates would decrease the genetic variation of research
animals, and therefore the number of animals need in research studies.
Similar to previous cloning experiments, Wolf’s team of scientists
fused early-stage embryonic cells with enucleated monkey egg cells using
a small electrical shock. The resulting embryos were then implanted into
surrogate mothers. Out of 29 cloned embryos, two monkeys were born.
One was a female named Neti, and the other was a male named Ditto.
This experiment showed that primates, humans’ closest relatives,
can be cloned.

i. 1997 - Nuclear transfer from genetically engineered laboratory cells

Sheep - Angelika Schnieke, Keith Campbell, Ian WilmuT
9
 This experiment was an exciting combination of findings from
earlier work. Campbell and Wilmut had already created a clone using the
nucleus of a cultured cell. This time, the researchers introduced the human
Factor IX (“factor nine”) gene into the genome of sheep skin cells grown
in a laboratory dish. Factor IX codes for a protein that helps blood clot,
and it's used to treat hemophilia, a genetic disorder where blood doesn't
form proper clots.
To create the transgenic sheep, the scientists performed nuclear
transfer using donor DNA from the cultured transgenic cells. The result
was Polly, a sheep that produced Factor IX protein in her milk.
This experiment showed that sheep could be engineered to make
therapeutic and other useful proteins in their milk, highlighting the
potential medical and commercial uses for cloning.

l. 1998-1999 - More mammals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Mice, cows, and goats - Multiple groups
After the successes leading up to Dolly and Polly, other scientists
wanted to see if similar techniques could be used to clone other
mammalian species. Before long, several more animals had been
successfully cloned. Among them were transgenic animals, clones made
from fetal and adult cells, and a male mouse; all previous clones had been
female.

m. 2001 - Endangered animals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Gaur and Mouflon - Multiple groups
As the list of successfully cloned animals grew, scientists began to
explore cloning as a way to create animals belonging to endangered or
extinct species. A challenge to cloning endangered and extinct species is
finding closely related animals to serve as egg donors and surrogates. The
gaur and mouflon were chosen in part because they are close relatives of
10
 domestic cattle and sheep, respectively.In 2009, using goast as egg donors
and surrogates, another group of researchers cloned the first extinct
animal, a Spanish mountain goat called the bucardo. Sadly, the one kid
that survived gestation died soon after birth due to a lung defect.

n. 2007 - Primate embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear

transfer
Rhesus monkey - Shoukhrat Mitalipov and colleagues
Researchers took a cell from an adult monkey and fused it with an
enucleated egg cell. The embryo was allowed to develop for a time, then
its cells were grown in a culture dish. These cells, because they can
differentiate to form any cell type, are called embryonic stem cells.
This experiment showed that nuclear transfer in a primate, which
researchers had tried for years without success, was possible. It opened the
door to the possibility of human therapeutic cloning: creating individual-
specific stem cells that could be used to treat or study diseases.

o. 2013 - Human embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear

transfer
Human - Shoukhrat Mitalipov and colleagues
Overcoming decades of technical challenges, Mitalipov and
colleagues were the first to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a
human embryo that could be used as a source of embryonic stem cells. The
resulting stem cell lines were specific to the patient they came from, a
baby with a rare genetic disorder.
In this experiment, researchers took a skin cell from the patient and
fused it with a donated egg cell. Key to the success of the experiment were
modifications to the culture liquid in which the procedure was done and to
the series of electrical pulses used to stimulate the egg to begin dividing.
Following the cloning controversy of 2004–2005, in which South Korean
scientists falsely claimed to have used somatic cell nuclear transfer to
11
 create embryonic stem cell lines, the scientific community demanded
much stronger evidence that the procedure had actually been successful.(10)

2. How to implement cloning in human?

Stages in clone humans are:
a. A cell is taken from a donor man or woman, then takes the cell fertile
mother's eggs.
b. The nucleus is removed, the egg is separated from its genetic code,
then DNA is taken from the nucleus.
c. The donor cell nucleus is combined with the egg cell, then the egg cell
given a donor genetic code.
d. Cells are developed in the laboratory until they become embryos.
e. Embryos are grown in the uterus mother or surrogate mother
(surrogate mother).
f. The fetus becomes a genetic copy which is exactly from donor cells.(2)

3. What is the advantages and disadvantages of cloning in human?

The cloning technology may have positive and negative effects with
advantages as well as disadvantages and even can be with fatal effects.
The most important advantages of cloning can be:
o Replicating and propagating plants and animals,
o Recreating and replicating extinct or going to extinct animals,
o Propagating genes and saving newborns from hereditary diseases,
o Helping to discover treatment methods of infertility,
o Dividing the developed embryo into several cloned embryos so
that in case of probable incidents happening to one of them, the other
clone can replace it,
o Using it to reproduce the ambulated limbs and replicating them to
culture and replace the destroyed organs such as liver, heart. One of
the advantages can be that the cloned limbs have full genetic

12
adaptation with the recipient individual who is the donor of the stem
cells,
o Helping to control population regarding shortages of male or
female sex due to incidents such as war and earthquake, and
o Helping to reduce sorrows and pains of people suffering from the
death and absence of their loved ones by cloning them
Because this technology is new and its outcome is not public and
common yet, the damages and losses are sometimes resulted as
internal damages by nature of the operation and the process of cloning.
Sometimes, there are external damages imposed on the cloned society
or individual after the cloning operation. Internal damages may be:
o The cloned living organism may encounter genetic problems and
complications in long term,
o The more the cloned people are in the society, the more their
extinction probability will be; because there are about one million four
hundred thousand nucleotides in the body of every human and this
remarkable variety is the origin of human generation survival; while
the decrease in the genetic variety of individuals in a society, which is
the result of cloning– highly increase the probability of their death by a
special virus or a pathogen,
o 99% of attempts to clone human may result in creation of
monsters,
o Biological disorders such as cancer,
o Premature aging: Dolly, the sheep, aged soon after cloning and the
cloned baby will age at birth; because if the genetic donor is fifty-year-
old, the new born will be a fifty-year-old one, thus, it will be suffering
from premature aging like Dolly.
External damages can be:
o Belief damages,
o Human moral damages,

13
o Cloning propounds a way to stop family establishment and
perseverance against the related difficulties and it leads to satisfying
sexual instinct and contenting oneself with cloning to have a child,
o Cloning is against divine nature. The nature of human and other
living things is based on marriage tradition and the Holy Quran
frequently emphasized on the creation of human based on the marriage
tradition, but cloning is independent of either one of the couples.
Besides, marriage has advantages and useful effects such as comfort,
friendship, kindness and love in addition to reproduction and
propagation of generation and such emotions ruins in cloning
o Cloning can result into harmful side effects for the individual like
other unnatural methods in medicine. The use of powder milk for
breast milk, Caesarian operation for natural delivery, etc. has brought a
lot of problems for the individuals and they are not recommended
unless required. Cloning will have the same side effects and problems
and because there is not a necessity for its operation, and bearing such
health and social damages are not scientifically justifiable. A healthy
body can affect mental health as proper nutrition does on physical
health too. Therefore, regarding children nutrition, it can indirectly be
useful to improve mental and spiritual health. It is very important to
consider breast feeding for children because breast milk has lots of
antibodies and it is easily digested by the newborn increasing the
chance of her or his survival. In the verse 233 of Baqarah, Holy Quran,
it is stated: mothers should feed their children two years.
o Development of cloning and existence of the cloned people in the
society can lead to complications arising from the failure to recognize
and distinguish; such as failure to recognize students, distinguish
criminal from innocent, or recognize wife and husband among similar
people and it is obvious that such complications result in anarchy and
legal difficulties, and.(3)

14
4. How the cloning technology viewed from different points?
As the cloning method brings so much change in civilization, society keep
on arguing is it wise to continue or no the method especially human
cloning. Social observers themselves, including religion, law, ethics, and
sociological agree that human cloning brings bad influence in social life.
On the religion side, based on the Decision of the National Fatwa
Assembly VI of the Majelis Ulama Indonesia (number: 3 / MUNAS VI /
MUI / 2000) about cloning of the national deliberation VI of the clerical
councils held on 23-27 Rabi-Al-Thani 1421 H / 25-29 July 2000 M,
stipulates that cloning against humans in any way possible that results in
the multiplication of human law is haram.
In its consideration, cloning of human beings can cause mafsadat (negative
impact) which are:
Resulting loss of many children's rights and the neglect of a number of
laws arising from nasab
The institution of marriage which has been approved as a legitimate
hereditary medium is no longer necessary, since the reproduction process
can be performed without sexual intercourse.
A family institution (built through marriage) will be destroyed, and in
addition there will also be moral destruction, culture, law and other Islamic
shariah
There will be no more mutual love and mutual need between men and
women
Loss of maqashid shari'ah from marriage, both maqashid awwaliyah
(primary) and maqashid tabi'ah (secondary).
As for which became the references of the MUI decision related to the
haram of human cloning are
QS Al-Jatsiyah (45):13
QS Al-Isra (17):70
QS Al-Ra’d (13):16
QS Al-Mu’minun (23):12-14
15
Meanwhile, on the law side, the declaration of the 23rd IDI conference in
1997 in Padang has issued a statement one of which is refusing to do
cloning in humans. Because, cloning in humans is an effort that reflects
the degeneration and dignity of human beings to the level of bacteria,
which then will produce humans who have no father and mother or
genetic, which will further damage the system of legal and society.
Since the IDI declaration until now there seems to be no signs to
comprehensively regulate the problem of human cloning in Indonesia. IDI
insistence that prohibits human cloning should be immediately responded
by those who has the authority to make the law, namely the executive and
legislative to prepare the law used as a binding guidance in science and its
application in the field of technology. But, as IDI refuses to clone humans
then that is the way it works.
On the ethic side, consider the relationship between ethical positions on
the moral status (or dignity) of the cloned embryo. The cloned embryo
could be considered to have full, no, or limited moral status. The full status
position would grant the embryo the same level of moral duties as the
other people but with conditions. The no status position would grant the
embryo no more status or dignity than other people’s hair or nails. The
limited status position would grant the embryo a fixed or gradualist level
of intrinsic moral value between these two extremes. In sum, as this could
happen, cloned human will get no advantages in society which makes ethic
does not agree with the cloning of human.
From a sociological point of view, human cloning is feared to threaten the
social order that humankind has built since its existence on earth. If this
technology had "plagued" scientists, it is inconceivable how many cloned
human beings would govern all dimensions of life. There is no concrete
guarantee from cloning experts who claim that cloned humans will still
have civilization as any other normal human being. It could be that cloned
humans who are engineered to be superpower soldiers have no civilization
at all because they are ordered only to kill and subdue their opponents. So
16
are those who are cloned to become nuclear experts and atomic physics.
They will compete to produce weapons of mass destruction that are always
ready to destroy the joints of human civilization. If this happens, indirect
cloning technology also has a negative impact on social institutions and
social interaction that has been believed to be the basis of harmony and
peace among human beings.
On the other side, whereas bioethics side as one of the new branches of
“applied normative ethics” is a new field of research which reviews and
analyzes challenges caused by using innovations and technologies in
bioscience and biomedicine, and also regulates the does and does not in
this area in the interdisciplinary space systematically. Considering
bioethics in cloning, it refers to different ethical issues especially from
religious and secular points of views even human therapeutic and
reproductive cloning are not presented commercially, but animals are
currently cloned and the technique is used in livestock production. In
therapeutic cloning, generate tissue generation takes place to treat patients
who cannot obtain transplants, resulting to avoidance of the need for
immunosuppressive drugs, and to stave off aging effects. In reproductive
cloning, parents who cannot procreate are advised to have access to the
cloning technology.
The protest against therapeutic cloning is just on the use of embyronic
stem cells, which is related to the abortion debate. Regarding reproductive
cloning, there are concerns that cloning is not yet highly developed to
confirm the safety of the technology, and could be prone to abuse and
concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with the society. In
2015, about 70 countries declared banning of human cloning. Considering
human cloning, it is believed that the only type of cloning that may
eliminate these harmful effects can be therapeutic cloning. In other words,
the principle of elimination of harm states that the researches on cloning
should not harm other humans and or cloned individual. Although cloning
may have advantages to human generation such as prevention from genetic
17
 disorders and diseases, it may also result in reproduction of humans with
specific capabilities and cause the abuse of the cloned individuals by
others and its producers as tools. In this way, the cloned individual may
suffer from unwanted harms while he basically plays no roles in accepting
or refusing the harms.
Therefore, the cloning is forbidden to reproduce and replicate a large
group of the cloned humans for the purposes of war or in peace time, such
as: hard and overwhelming works, reproduction of useful humans for the
society such as the genius of science, politics, and military, and to
reproduce children of desired genotypes, and to replace newly-dead
spouse, children or relative. In such cloning, humanity of the reproduced
humans is not the purpose, but the developing of the society and the
meeting of demands of other humans. It seems that the cloning to
reproduce a child for infertile couple and the therapeutic cloning
(providing that the beginning of humanity and human dignity is not
considered from the time of fertilization and conception) to reproduce
transplanted organs, is authorized because humanity is not a mere means.
Meanwhile, on the scientist point of view, the advancement of technology
in the field of science in this case, cloning, is the greatest achievement. As
for humans cloning, according to scientists is the most powerful and
advanced way to learn more deeply about man without having to sacrifice
other native people. In the presence of human cloning, there will be no
bodies that are not buried properly or even buried altogether because they
are used as cadavers. Human cloning is also one way to research and learn
more about the diseases that until now there is no cure found yet(6).

2.4 Learning Objective

1. To know about history of cloning
2. To know how implement cloning in human
3. To know the advantages and disadvantages of cloning in human
4. To know the cloning technology viewed from different points
18
19
 BAB III
CONCLUSSION

Cloning in humans is very promising for the development of science and

has several advantages in it. But not all countries can accept the application of
cloning to humans because it is contrary to some aspects of life, such as
Indonesia. Indonesia recognizes 6 religions and religions that no one supports
cloning in humans because it is considered to violate the nature of God. in
addition Indonesian law is not in line with cloning because the law will
sanction pregnancy efforts that use cells only from one party only. so until
now cloning is still a controversy.

BAB IV
ADVICE

There are still many ways to advance the quality of future generations,
not only by cloning. for example by improving the quality of education and
supporting the self-development of the young generation
.

20
 REFERENCES

1. Brock, Dan W. 2012. “Cloning human beings: The science and application of
cloning”Wali songo. “Kloning pada manusia”.
http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/3721/4/102111056_Bab3.pdf (diakses tanggal 1
januari 2018)
2. Risalahwati, Desy Sukma. 2015. “KLONING MANUSIA DAN TINJAUAN
FILSAFAT”https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=we
b&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiwiO-
6sMXYAhUS148KHUF0CzAQFggxMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fs2biologi.f
kip.unmul.ac.id%2Fdownload%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3D2729188660Des
y-%3D-Kloning.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3RyBadAws8FMm7YQXgoQdL (diakses
tanggal 1 januari 2018)
3. Wangkol dan Kristianto. 2017. “KLONING MANFAAT VERSUS
MASALAH” (diakses tanggal 1 januari 2018)
4. Universitas Islam Negri Maulana Malik Ibrahim. 2017. “Tinjauan pustaka
perilaku social” http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/1219/6/11410041_Bab_2.pdf
(diakses tanggal 1 januari 2018)
5. Jackson, Percy Ajis. 2011. “Pandangan Agama, Medis Dan Hukum Kloning
Terapeutik” http://paj89.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/pandangan-agama-medis-dan-
hukum-kloning.html (diakses tanggal 1 januari 2018)
6. Nabavizadeh, Seyedeh Leila; and colleagues. 2016. “Cloning: A review on
Bioethics Legal, Jurisprudence, and Regenerative issues in Iran” (diakses
tanggal 1 januari 2018)
7. Benatar, D. 2008. “Bioethics and health and human rights : critical view”
(diakses tanggal 1 januari 2018)
8. Cobb, Bryan. 2010. “DNA Technology”.
https://science.jrank.org/pages/2134/DNA-technology.html

21
9. Genetic science learning center. “The history of cloning”.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/ (diakses tanggal
1 januari 2018)

22