ENERGY THEOREMS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS A Generalised Discourse with Applications on Energy Principles” of Structural Analysis Including the Effects of Temperature and Non-Linear Stress-Sirain Relations. by J. H. ARGYRIS, D.Sc. (Eng) Profesor of Aeronautical Structures, ‘University of London, Imperial College of Scence and Technology Co-author of Part II S, KELSEY, BSc. (Eng) Lecturer in Aeronautleal Structures, Imperial College of Seience and Technology NEW YORK PLENUM PRESS LONDON BUTTERWORTHSPublished inthe US.A, by PLENUM PRESS ‘dion of| PLENUM PUBLISHING CORPORATION 227 West 1th Suet, New York,NY.) Fis published by Buwerworth & Co, (Publahec Lid, Reprinted 1968 Originally published in a series of articles in ‘AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING Ost. Nov., 1954; Feb, March, April, May, 1955, JO, Arayee 1960 ‘Reprinted in rest Brian photo io by Page Bros (Norwich Lid.En Lg arto 29/323 239 PREFACE T Present work was originally published as a series of articles in Aircraft Engineering between October 1954 and May 1955. ‘The ‘purpose of these papers was two-fold. Ftsly to generalize and extend but atthe same time alio to unify the fundamental enerey principles of | analysis of elastic structures. Although much of the corresponding theory has been available fora numberof years, to the best of the author's knowledge it has not besa given before in such generality. Asan example, ‘whilst keeping within the small daection theory the arguments have been developed ab initio to include nonlinear elasticity and arbitrary initial strains eg. thermal strains. The first assumption introduces naturally the twin concepts of work and complementary work frst put forward bby Engeser. The author has attempted in this connexion to refer fall relevant and historically important papers. Since the appearance of the present articles, afew papers have been publithed which touch upon the same subject but suffer, unfortunately from a rather incomplete list of references. Seconaly, the writer developed in considerable detail practical methods ‘of analysis of complex siructures—in particular for aeronautical engineer- Jing applications. The most important contributions are the matex methods ‘of analysis. Since they are only edrsorily refered to in the Introdsetion, it may be appropriate here 1o describe their use and origin in greater detail. The matrix formulation besides providing an elegant and concise expression of the theory of such structure, is ideally suited for modern automatic computation because of the systematic ordering of numerical operation which the matrix ealeuls aflords. The necessary programming or the digital computer is simplified since it can be preprogrammed to carry out matrix operations with only simple orders as to location and size of the matrix concerned and the operation ¢0 be performed. The specific programming fora particular problem may therefore be written comparatively quickly and easily and, moreover, follows closely the algebraic analysis [As developed here, the matrix methods of analysis follow from particular forms ofthe two fundamental energy principles applicable to structures ‘made up as an assembly of discrete elements. The one principle leads to ‘an analysis in terms if displacements as unknowns (displacement method), while the second leads to an analysis in terms of force (force method) Besides revealing more ciearly the duality of the two methods, this erivation shows also the close connexion between the aproximate ‘methods (like the Rayleigh-Ritz method) for continuous systems and the matrix methods for finite assemblies This ie partculaly valuable in providing suitable techniques for establishing the basic properties — stiffess and fexibilty—of the individual elements ofa complex structure Where these elements have to be assigned simplified stress or strain patterns. But in stressing the advantages of a unified approach to these diverse problems, a word of caution is necessary against cacrying over into the modem methods too many ideas associated with practical calculations by the established or classical methods, The ability to tackle succesfully problems in which the number of unknowns is measured in hundreds carries with it the necessity of rethinking one's practical approach if maximum advantage is to be gained from modern computational teche niques. Inthe force method of analysis the choice of basi sytem and ofthe redundant forces must be governed primarily bythe requirements of simplicity and standardization, in orger to reduce the manual preparation of data toa minimum, and reduce the probasility of errors At the time of publication of the original articles it was intended to reprint them a a single volume and to follow up the Parts | and if, contained here, with further parts dealing specifically with the practical pplication of the matrix methods. Unfortunately it was not posible, for ‘a number of reasons, to complete this plan and the acticles have for some time teen unavailable. ice there appears to be @ persistent interest in them the present reprint has been produced to mest the deficiency Grateful thanks and acknowledgment are due to the Fitor of direraft Engineering for permission to reprint the articles in this form. The method fof reproduction has not permitted complete rearrangemnt of the text {nto book form, so thatthe divisions into monthly instalments are stil marked by blank spaces. However, errors in the text ave been corrected as far a5 possible, and the pages have been renumbered consecutively ‘to make for easier reference. Grateful thanks are du to Miss J. A. Bereg for her care and skilinffecting these changes. The author would also like to thank here those correspondents who have writen 10 point out textual errors and misprints A list of references to further work is also appended. These are all concemed with the matrix methods of analysis whose basie theory is developed here. In particular, Ref. 6 is an expanded and developed orm of part of the work which was initially planned for the original FURTHER REFERENCES TO RECENT WORK 1,3. H. Argyrie and S. Kelsey. "Structural Analysis by the Matrix Fores Method, with applications to Aircraft Wine”. Wssenschft= Miche Gesellchaf fur Lififaher, Jahrbuch 1936, pT. 2. J.H. Argyris and S. Kelsey. "The Matrix Foree Method of Structural ‘Analysie and some new applications". Bri. eon. Research Counet, RU&'M. 3034, February, 1956 3. 4.H. Argyris, “Die Matrizen-Theorie der Statik”, Ingeniur Archin, Vol. 25, No.3, p. 174, 1957 4, JM. Army. “On the Analysis of Complex Elastic Structures” “Applied Mechanics Reviews, Vol 11, NO. 7, 1988. 5, J. Hi Atgyels and S, Kelsey: “Note on the Theory of Aircraft Structures". Zettschit fur Fligwissenschafien, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1938, J. H, Arayrs and 8, Kesey. “The Analysis of Fureages of Arbitrary GrossSeetion and Taper. aircraft Engineering, Vol. XXX, No. ‘6h p62; No. 362, pr IO; No. 363, p.135: NO, 364, p. 169: No ‘368, p 192; No. 366 ps 244; No. 367, . 272; 1999.” (To be pubished Jn Book form by Butterworths Seientine Publications)