First Mid-term Exam

Wed, October 25
Locations for exam:
Chem 1171: Most students, exceptions below
PSBN 4606: Students whose last name begins
with the letters A-C
• If you are unfamiliar with the room location,
make sure you locate the room prior to the
exam time
• Come 5 minutes early and relax prior to the
exam.
 Coverage of Material Mid-Term
Exam 1, 10-25-06
• Chapter 13, Bonding Concepts
• Chapter 14, Covalent Bonding, Orbitals
• Chapter 16, Liquids and Solids
Sections 16.1 – 16.7, pp 765-801
Lecture notes for today and Monday will be posted
this afternoon.
Information sources used for exam will be
1) Lectures
2) Text Reading Material
3) Assigned Homework Problems
 CLAS Review Session
• I got back my room request, and the time was changed
to 6:30-9:30
• (though again, it won't necessarily take that long). The
day is still
• the same; Monday the 23rd of October (2 days before
the midterm). The
• review will be held in LSB 1001, and seating will be first
come first
• served, with preference given to those enrolled.
•
--
• Kyle Jacoby
• kjacoby@umail.ucsb.edu
Camels in the Desert. What do you see?
 Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
• Special case of dipole-dipole forces.
• By experiments: boiling points of compounds with H-F, H-O,
and H-N bonds are abnormally high.
• Intermolecular forces are abnormally strong.
• H-bonding requires H bonded to an electronegative element
(most important for compounds of F, O, and N).
– Electrons in the H-X (X = electronegative element) lie
much closer to X than H.
– H has only one electron, so in the H-X bond, the δ+ H
presents an almost bare proton to the δ- X.
– Therefore, H-bonds are strong.
 H-Bonding

Occurs when Hydrogen is attached to a

highly electronegative atom.

N-H… N- O-H… N- F-H… N-

N-H… O- O-H… O- F-H… O-
N-H… F- O-H… F- F-H… F-
δ+ δ-
Requires Unshared Electron Pairs of Highly
Electronegative Elements
Hydrogen Bonding in
Water Molecules
 Structure of Ice
Observe the orientation of the
Hydrogen Bonds
 Why Does Ice Float?

D2O(s) H2O(s)
 Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bonds are responsible for:
– Ice Floating
• Solids are usually more closely packed than liquids;
• therefore, solids are more dense than liquids.
• Ice is ordered with an open structure to optimize H-bonding.
• Therefore, ice is less dense than water.
• In water the H-O bond length is 1.0 Å.
• The O…H hydrogen bond length is 1.8 Å.
• Ice has waters arranged in an open, regular hexagon.
• Each δ+ H points towards a lone pair on O.
• Ice floats, so it forms an insulating layer on top of lakes, rivers,
etc. Therefore, aquatic life can survive in winter.
The Boiling Points of the Covalent Hydrides of the
Elements in Groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A
DNA Double Helix-Held Together with
H-Bonds
Three Components of DNA Structure

base: thymine
monophosphate (pyrimidine)

α sugar: 2’-deoxyribose

5’

4’ 1’
(5’ to 3’) 3’ 2’
3’ linkage

base:adenine
(purine)
5’ linkage

no 2’-hydroxyl
Pyrimidines used in Base Pairs,
DNA

6-membered rings only

Purines used in Base Pairs, DNA

Fused 5 and 6 member rings

 DNA Base Pairing

A-T pairing
2 H-Bonds

G-C pairing
3 H-bonds
A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the
DNA helices together
Base Pairs Double Helix
Hydrogen-Bonding’s Role in DNA Structure
Intermolecular Forces Summary

Intermolecular Intramolecular
Some Properties of Liquids
Viscosity
• Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow.
• A liquid flows by sliding molecules over each
other.
• The stronger the intermolecular forces, the
higher the viscosity.

Surface Tension
• Bulk molecules (those in the liquid) are
equally attracted to their neighbors.
Some Properties of Liquids
Surface Tension
Some Properties of Liquids
Surface Tension
• Surface molecules are only attracted inwards
towards the bulk molecules.
– Therefore, surface molecules are packed more
closely than bulk molecules.
• Surface tension is the amount of energy
required to increase the surface area of a
liquid.
• Cohesive forces bind molecules to each
other.
• Adhesive forces bind molecules to a surface.
Some Properties of Liquids
Surface Tension
Surface Tension Mercury
Some Properties of Liquids
Surface Tension
• Meniscus is the shape of the liquid surface.
– If adhesive forces are greater than cohesive
forces, the liquid surface is attracted to its
container more than the bulk molecules.
Therefore, the meniscus is U-shaped (e.g. water
in glass).
– If cohesive forces are greater than adhesive
forces, the meniscus is curved downwards.
• Capillary Action: When a narrow glass tube
is placed in water, the meniscus pulls the
water up the tube.
Water (left) has a downward curving meniscus.Mercury (right)
has an upward curving meniscus
 Capillary Action
The tendency of certain liquids to rise in a
narrow tube.

There is a
competition
between
adhesive and
cohesive
forces.
To receive attendance credit you must mark your
correct perm number in the first seven columns of the
ID number box. This is worth 5 points credit

1) Write your perm number in

the first 7 columns of the ID
number section.
2) Mark the bubbles in the first 7
columns with your perm
number
3) Use a soft pencil to assure the
reading machine will read your
perm number