Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Clean Oil Guide
Clean Oil Guide
TANK S T R A P P IN G .*
By P . K err, M.A., B.Sc., A.I.C. (Member).
S y n o p s is .
P r e l im in a r ie s .
water. On the other hand, if a ta n k tab le is to rem ain in use for several
years, it m ay pay to avoid even small errors. The to ta l effect of these
might ultim ately add up to a considerable cash value, even w ith a relatively
cheap product.
I t is sometimes argued th a t since it is im practicable to m easure the
am ount of oil in a ta n k exactly, and since th e un certain ty of a single measure
m ent m ay represent a large num ber of gallons, it is therefore unnecessary to
aim a t high precision in tan k tables. In th e w riter’s view, th is is incorrect.
First, the unavoidable errors in m easuring oil quantities are often over
estimated. Again, if gauging is properly carried out, th e m easurem ents
will sometimes slightly over-estim ate, som etim es under-estim ate, th e oil
quantity. Taken over a sufficient series of m easurem ents, such fortuitous
errors tend to cancel out in percentage. I f th e ta n k tables contain any
given percentage inaccuracy, this error will be present in all quantity
calculations. The error is system atic, and does n o t ten d to cancel out in
percentage, no m atter how m any consecutive m easurem ents are averaged.
The u tility of good ta n k tables in controlling w orking losses is obvious.
Technical considerations also bear on th e selection of tolerances. Meas
urem ent difficulties increase rapidly as th e error allowable is reduced.
The precision with which m easurem ents m ust be tak en increases. Cor
rections negligible for rougher work m ust be included in finer calibrations.
To a great extent, therefore, details m ust depend on th e circumstances of
the case. To be of general use, this note necessarily describes m ethods of
high accuracy. Those who feel th a t too m any corrections and precautions
are included are rem inded th a t by choosing lower standards of accuracy,
m any of these m ay be neglected.
C a l ib r a t io n by F il l in g .
C a l ib r a t io n from D r a w in g s .
Tanks are now usually made in standard sizes, and th e accuracy of their
construction is much greater th a n formerly. The plates for any one course
are usually interchangeable. Such tanks approxim ate very closely to the
KERR : TANK STR A PPIN G . I ll
R e c a l ib r a t io n .
is well to verify local m easurem ent procedure on all th e sim pler points in
which faults are likely to he found. I f visual inspection of a ta n k shows
it to be well made an d free from flats or deform ations, m easurem ent of a
single circumference a t some convenient level, usually near th e bottom of
the second course, taken in conjunction w ith external m easurem ent of the
plate thicknesses, overlaps and heights for all courses, is usually sufficient
to show whether th e cost of recalibration is or is n o t justified. The course
heights used in calculating the ta n k capacities m u st natu rally be th e internal
heights, b u t one can usually estim ate these w ith sufficient accuracy from the
external course heights and th e seam overlaps. Much depends on the
condition of the tank, b u t for tan k s w ithout visible irregularities an
excellent check is often obtained.
F urther check on th e accuracy w ith w hich th e final tables have been
constructed is often obtainable from oil transfers. The m easurements
made in another ta n k from which th e newly calibrated ta n k is filled, or
into which it is emptied, are com pared w ith those tak en in th e ta n k under
check. Auxiliary tanks used for this m ust them selves be know n to be well
calibrated. The precision w ith which such m easurem ents, purely internal
to the installation, are m ade in ordinary routine is sometimes no t very high.
I t m ay be necessary to average a sufficiently long series of transfers before
a good comparison is obtained. The greater th e variation in percentage
difference between separate comparisons, th e greater th e num ber of
individual cases which m ust be averaged before th e com parison is relied on.
This comparison is affected by pum ping losses in th e case of volatile
products. Some compensation for this evaporation m ay be obtained by
taking comparisons both into and out of th e ta n k concerned. I f the pum p
ing operations are reasonably similar, then th e shortage due to loss in
receipts will be balanced, a t least to some extent, by th e shortage due to
loss in deliveries, both losses being best expressed as percentages on the
quantities handled.
S t r a p p in g L e v e l s .
“ Referee ” m ethods for strapping tan k s usually call for a t least one
circumference to be m easured on each course. I f there is sufficiently close
agreem ent betw een th e observed m easurem ents and those calculated from
th e drawings, th en some of th e courses— say, every second—m ight reason
ably be om itted from m easurem ent. A ppropriate rules for such omissions
are, however, a little difficult to form ulate in a m anner suitable for use by
th e strappers. I t m ay aLso be doubted w hether such rules would effect
su b stan tial economies. Once th e expense of getting th e stra p p er’s crew
an d gear to th e ta n k has been faced, th e additional cost of strap p in g a
few m ore circumferences is not very great. The saving m ight be useful in
th e case of a very busy crew. Those m ethods in which a smaller num ber of
courses to be strapped is laid down in advance of an y inform ation as to th e
regularity of th e tan k , leave one som ew hat uncertain as to th e real accuracy
of th e resulting tables, if n o t of th e results them selves.
I f th is view is accepted, th en a circumference is m easured near th e bottom
of each course of th e ta n k , w ith another near th e to p of th e to p course.
These circumferences should n o t be m easured too close to th e joints, b u t
should be tak en , say, four to six inches above horizontal seams. The
exact levels used are chosen so th a t th e tap e passes w ith a m inim um am ount
of interference betw een th e rivets of th e vertical seams.
S t r a p p in g T a p e s .
found necessary are given is now always 68° F. (20° C.) • I f errors are present
in the tape itself, the ap parent circumference figure is corrected for their
effect, the corrections being given on th e calibration certificate.
T a pe T e m per a tu r e.
T a p e D is p l a c e m e n t s .
rapidly if the tan k is of small diam eter. I f th e linear distance betw een the
points is measured j it is easy to calculate th e effecti\ e length for any course
radius. I f preferred, th e value of th e gap m ay be determ ined on th e course
itself. For this, the tap e is stretched out on th e course exactly as if a cir
cumference were being measured, though it is n o t necessary th a t th e tape
should encircle the tan k completely. The step-over is th en applied to the
tape where it lies in good contact w ith th e ta n k surface— th a t is, usually
about the middle of a plate. The distance read off on th e tap e between
the scribing points is then th e effective length of the gap for th a t course.
I t is best to repeat this m easurem ent a t several points around th e tank
circumference, and to take the average of th e results as th e value for the
gap. This is esssential if the course is ou t of round—say, elliptical—in
section.
Alternatively, the circumference m ay be strap ped over th e obstacles, as
if they were not there. This is th e more convenient m ethod for a series of
small similar obstructions—say, vertical seams an d th eir rivets, or hutt-
straps. W ith the tape still in position under tension after strapping, the
step-over is applied across the obstacles, and th e ap p aren t distance between
the points is read off on the tape. The tru e value of the gap for the par
ticular circumference being known, the difference between this and the length
read off on the tape is the effect of th e obstacle on th e circumference
measured.
The tape will norm ally pass in th e same w ay through all vertical seam or
bu tt-strap rivet-heads on any one course. The effect of one obstacle will
then be the same as th a t of another of the same type. I t is then unneces
sary to apply the step-over across each obstacle. A sufficient number of
corrections are obtained to verify th a t th e obstacles are really similar in
effect, and to give a fair average figure for the correction. In correcting
the circumference, this average is m ultiplied by th e known number of
obstacles. Since the average is to be m ultiplied, often by a considerable
number, great care should be taken in the individual observations. The
average m ay usefully be calculated a decimal place fu rth e r th a n is obtain
able with the individual measurements, to avoid arithm etical error from the
subsequent multiplication.
B utt-strap corrections naturally v ary w ith th e size an d thickness of the
butt-strap. Even for vertical seam corrections, th e average correction for
one course should not be applied to correct circumferences on another
course, unless the courses are sim ilar and th e tap e passes in the same
way through the rivet-heads.
W hen the types of tan k calibrated are standard, it is possible to tabulate
adequate corrections, best by averaging previous m easurem ents made on
similar tanks. This obviates much of the need for th e step-over, especially
on the higher parts of the tan k , which are usually troublesom e to reach.
The width of the tape used in strapping m ust also have been standardized
before such tables can be applied, since in general this w idth will affect the
amount by which the tape is raised from th e ta n k surface in passing through
vertical seam or b u tt-strap rivet heads.
On tanks which are not standard, or no t to the same standard, tape paths
across vertical seams m ay vary, altering th e value of th e correction applic-
a j c. ie edge of a seam norm ally projects above th e cylindrical surface of
KERR : TANK STR A PPIN G . 117
Oval and C o n ic a l Co u r s e s .
E x p a n s io n under O il H ead.
W hen tanks are strapped full of oil, slight conicity of th eir courses is
always present. The m etal of the plates expands under th e oil head, and
this effect is greater a t the bottom of a course th a n a t th e top. The
procedure just given is sufficient to allow for this conicity, except some
times for the bottom course.
The bottom plates stiffen the resistance to expansion of th e lower part of
the bottom course. I t is usually impossible to detect any expansion under
oil head near the bottom angle iron. Higher up th e course th e resistance
lessens, until a t the top, if not before, the expansion under oil head is very
closely th a t calculated from theory. The shape of th e bottom course is
then roughly th a t of an inverted conical frustum , b u t th e sides of this
frustum are slightly convex outwards. To allow properly for this effect
in the tables, it m ay be necessary to measure a circumference near the
middle of the course, in addition to th a t near th e bottom . The bottom
course is then treated in calculation as if it were two courses, each of slight
conicity.
T il t .
C o r r e c t io n for O il T em perature.
C o r r e c t io n for E x p a n s io n u n d e r O il H e a d .
the suffixes being inserted as a rem inder th a t all th e quantities will vary
from course to course.
Summarizing, the general constant for th e tan k , R = C F / l ,500,000 is
first calculated. The course constants Qn are th en calculated by dividing
R by the known plate thicknesses for each course. W hen H n, which will
vary from course to course, is known or assum ed, m ultiplication of Qn by
H n for all the courses which are completely full of oil, and sum m ation of the
resulting values of vn, gives the to ta l expansion of th e ta n k under the head
of oil considered.
The units of volume in which th e ta n k expansion is obtained are of
course those in which V has been expressed. The units in which C, H and
t are to be taken are given above. The calculation does n o t consider the
expansion of courses which are not completely full, b u t tables m ay be
satisfactorily corrected w ithout this, as explained below.
I t is usual to strap tanks full, and to tak e this as correcting the tables
sufficiently for the expansion of the ta n k under oil head. W hen relatively
small quantities of oil are delivered from a large ta n k which is nearly full,
however, the removal of the oil reduces the oil head on all courses below.
These lower courses contract as a result of this. A n error in th e quantity
calculated as delivered therefore arises when th e ta n k tables have been made
on the assumption th a t the plates of all courses are always fully expanded.
Calculated as a percentage of the q u an tity delivered, th e effect may be
substantial, over 0-1 per cent. In the case ju st m entioned rather more
oil is delivered th an the usual tables indicate. Since th e tables give the
full capacity of the tan k correctly, it follows th a t if relatively small quanti
ties of oil are delivered from the lower courses, th e am ounts delivered are
overestimated. Corresponding effects are shown when relatively small
quantities are received into large tanks.
By calculating the to tal expansion of the tan k when th e oil surface is at
the top of the top course, the top of the next course, and so on down the tank,
the variations in capacity are obtained a t a sufficient num ber of levels to
allow correction of the tables. The way in which this correction is most
conveniently incorporated depends on the m ethod adopted for calculation
of the tables.
If the tank has been strapped full of oil, all circumferences will have been
fully expanded. Course capacities calculated from these effectively contain
the corrections applicable when the tan k is completely full. Correction at
any oil level then involves applying the difference between th e correction
already contained in the tables, and th a t properly applicable when the
tank is filled only to the level under consideration.
If the tank has been strapped em pty, the corrections are simply additive
to the capacities calculated w ithout them . I t is useful to m ake the rule
th a t a complete gauge of the oil in the ta n k is taken a t th e tim e of strapping.
Tanks m ay have to be strapped p artly full, when th e d a ta so given allow
adequate correction of the resulting tables. W hether th e tank has
een full, partly full, or em pty a t strapping, convenient methods for
incorporating the appropriate corrections are no t difficult to devise.
ver aps a t horizontal seams strengthen th e ta n k against this expansion,
an s are less expanded by oil pressure near these seams th a n above or
e ow em. In those few cases which have been carefully examined by
KERR : T A K E STR A PPIN G . 123
H a n d l in g of C o r r e c t io n s .
T a n k -B o tto m Ca l ib r a t io n .
tank will however contain an error owing to this neglect. W here this is
im portant, it m ay be necessary to correct th e tables for the irregularity of
the bottom. The m ethod of filling is usually used in such cases.
In the simplest m ethod m easured quantities of w ater are filled into the
tank until all bottom irregularities are fully covered, when th e resulting
depth of water is measured. This gauge or dip and th e corresponding
measured volume form the first entries in th e ta n k table, no good m easure
ments below this being possible. I f a t th e same tim e th e level of th e water
relative to the under side of th e bottom angle iron, or to th e first horizontal
seam, is measured, the ta n k table m ay be com pleted to th e to p of the tank
by the m ethod of strapping. The volumes deduced from th e strappings
are added on to the first volume determ ined by filling.
A more thorough m ethod is to fill th e ta n k w ith w ater till th e point on
the bottom which will later be touched by the dip-weight in routine dipping
is j ust wet, the volume of w ater necessary for this being m easured. Measured
volumes of water are then added, a w ater gauge or dip being taken after
each addition, until bottom irregularities are fully covered. From the
tabulated results a suitable table for the irregular p a rt of th e ta n k is readily
formed.
M e n is c u s C o r r e c t i o n .
This paper covers the results of work done for the M easurement and Loss
D epartm ent of the Asiatic Petroleum Company, whose permission to
publish the writer gratefully acknowledges.
125
ttúií
titji
T H E IN S T IT U T E O F P E T R O L E U M .
Slli
)®íe.; T h e One H undred and E ig h ty -F ifth Meeting of th e In s titu te was held
a t th e R o y al Society of A rts on Tuesday, Ja n u a ry 10th, 1939, following
the Special General M eeting a t 5.30 p.m . T he President, Lt.-Col. S. J . M.
Auld, O .B.E., M.C., D.Sc., occupied th e Chair. Mr. P. K err, M.A., B.Sc.,
A.I.C. (Member), presented th e paper on T an k Strapping (pp. 109-124).
D ISCUSSIO N ON “ T A N K S T R A P P IN G .”
Mb . J . K e w l e y said th a t he h a d w orked in close c o n ju n c tio n w ith Mr. K err for
m any years, so t h a t Mr. K e rr’s views were n a tu ra lly his view s.
H e would like, in th e first place, to a c t as spokesm an for th e num erous people who
were going to ask Mr. K e rr questions in th a n k in g h im for th e excellent p ap er he had
w ritten. The whole subject of th e m easurem ent of oil w as one of v ery g re a t importance.
Vast quan tities were involved. V ery often in th e p a s t m easu rem en t h a d been done
in a slipshod fashion, sta n d a rd in stru m e n ts n o t h a v in g been used. W hen one looked
into th e subject, one was surprised a t th e large n u m b er of p itfa lls t h a t existed. For
exam ple, a ta n k of oil w hen m easured e m p ty h a d a sm aller c a p a c ity th a n when
m easured full, because of its expansion u n d e r th e h e av y liquid. T here were many
points like th a t w hich were of im portance.
Ho th o u g h t t h a t th e subject of th e paper, w hich h a d arisen in connection w ith the
work of Com m ittee 10, of w hich Mr. K e rr w as a n a c tiv e m em ber, w as one which
s ould be followed up and one w hich gave th e In s titu te a n o p p o rtu n ity of taking a
definite lead, because, as far as he knew , very little h a d been pub lish ed on th e question
of ta n k m easurem ent and m easurem ent of oil generally. H o hop ed t h a t eventually
om m ittee 10 and th e A m erican P e tro le u m In s titu te , for exam ple, m ight come
together and try to arrive a t some general agreem ent on m eth o d s of m easurem ent.
o far success had n o t been achieved b y th e a tte m p ts to o b ta in in te rn atio n al agree
m ent even on testing m ethods,
DISCUSSION ON “ TANK S T R A P P IN G .” 127
W ith reference to th e s ta te m e n t in th e second p a ra g ra p h of th e p a p er, “ I t is difficult
to m easure th e effect of corrosion in th e p la te s of old ta n k s w ith o u t th is ,” i.e., w ith o u t
e m p ty in g th e ta n k com pletely, h e h a d seen a t th e P h y sic a l E x h ib itio n tw o years ago
a sm all a p p a ra tu s w ith w hich th e th ick n ess of a p la te of iro n could b e m ea su re d b y
m eans of changes in m ag n etic flux, a n d he th o u g h t t h a t possibly one could explore
th e o u tsid e surface of a ta n k in t h a t w a y a n d g e t som e idea of th e e x te n t to w hich
corrosion h a d been ta k in g place.
M e . H . H y a m s , referring to th e s ta te m e n t m ad e b y M r. K e rr in his re m a rk s t h a t
evening, t h a t w ith his m eth o d of ta n k stra p p in g he could o b ta in a n a ccu racy of 1 p a rt
in 10,000 in th e case of large ta n k s , sa id i t w ould be in te re stin g to know w h a t evidence
Mr. K e rr could b ring forw ard in su p p o rt of t h a t claim .
accuracies b y stra p p in g . I n th ese cases c alcu la tio n from th e draw ings w ould alm o st
certain ly be m ore sa tisfa c to ry th a n stra p p in g .
H e w as e n tire ly in agreem ent w ith M r. D ouglas as re g ard s t a n k ta b le s. T hese
s ta te a g ain st th e dips th e c alcu la te d volum e of oil in th e t a n k ; in his opinion, th e
volum e figures given sho u ld a lre a d y c o n ta in all corrections considered desirable.
F o r th e ty p e of ta n k considered in th e p a p er, a n y desired co rrectio n could be in co r
p o ra te d in c alcu la tio n in to th e volum es given, th is leaving one co m p letely free to se t
o u t th e ta b le in a n y desired fo rm ; he agreed w ith M r. D ouglas t h a t th e u se r should
be given as sim ple a ta b le as possible.
M r. A. P . C a t h e r a i a sa id h e h a d s tr a p p e d a c o n s id e ra b le n u m b e r of ta n k s w ith
500-ft. ta p e , I in . w ide, a n d u sin g co lo u re d la b o u r, h e h a d h a d n o d iffic u lty a t all in
keeping th e ta p e o n th e t a n k a t th e re q u ire d te n s io n b y t h e m e th o d su g g e ste d by
Mr. K err.
M r . K e r r said t h a t th e m e th o d of s tr a p p in g m e t h is o w n n e e d s so m u c h more
osety th a n th e m e th o d of m e a s u rin g in te r n a l d ia m e te r s t h a t h e h a d n o t h a d m uch
DISCUSSION ON “ TANK S T R A P P IN G .” 135
experience of th e l a tte r m eth o d . H e saw no reason, how ever, w hy th e m easu rem en t
of in te rn al d iam e te rs should n o t give one a n excellen t ta n k -ta b le . I t w as clear t h a t
if a ta n k w as m easu red e m p ty th e d iam eters o b tain e d d id n o t co n ta in th e correction
for ta n k exp an sio n w hich he p referred should be ad d ed in th e case of large ta n k s , b u t
t h a t could be c alcu la te d a n d allow ed for. H e believed t h a t v e ry close agreem ent
would be o b tain e d betw een th e tw o m ethods.
The vote of thanks was accorded w ith acclam ation, a n d th e m eeting th e n term inated.
E N G IN E K N O C K A N D IT S E F F E C T ON F U E L
D E V E L O P M E N T .*
B y Professor D. M. N e w i t t , M.C., D.Sc., D .I.C., A.R.C.S.
G R A P H IC A L P I C T U R E O F F L A M E IN ' A M IX T U R E O F 2 C 0 + 0 2 I X A CL JS E D
T U B E 1 - 6 m . L O N G I G N IT E D C E N T R A L L Y .
[T o face p 138.
P la te I (6 ).
D E TO N A TIO N IN A CARBON IC O X ID E -O X Y G E N M E D IU M .
P la te I I (a).
TH E SP IN N IN G D E T O N A T IO N W AV E I N A M IX T U R E OF 2 C O -j- O a I N A T U B E 1*3 Cm .
D IA M E T E R . ROTA TIO NAL SP E E D 44,000/sec. D E T O N A T IO N S P E E D 1760 I t I . / s e C .
P la te I I 'b).
FLAM E T R A V ER SIN G AN
IT S E FF E C T ON F U E L D E V ELO PM EN T. 139
amount of work has been done in recent years in attem pts to identify them.
The problem is by no means an easy one. The slow combustion of any of
the higher hydrocarbons leads to the formation of a very complex mixture
containing aldehydes, alcohols, peroxidic bodies and acids in varying pro
portions, and the chain-carrier may be present amongst them in quantities
so small as to defy detection by ordinary analytical methods. I t is possible,
however, to narrow the field. The dependence of knock on pressure,
temperature and time suggests th a t the substance we are looking for must
be relatively unstable under the working conditions and m ust be capable
of breaking down to give active radicals which can act as chain-carriers.
The fact th at very small quantities of inhibitors (e.g., 1 vol. of lead tetraethyl
in 1300 vols. of fuel), are effective, indicates th a t it need be present
only in low concentrations, and it is also reasonable to suppose th a t it
would belong to the class of promoters and, when added to a fuel, would
act as a powerful knock-inducer.
The substances which might be formed during slow oxidation and which
conform to the above specification are alkyl-, alkyl hydrogen- and alcoxy-
peroxides, aldehyde peroxides and peroxides of oxygenated ring compounds
(e.g., vinyl ether peroxide). Oxides of nitrogen which are also present are
not pro-knocks. The presence of one or more organic peroxides in the
exhaust gases of an engine has been demonstrated by Dumanois, Mondain-
Monval and Quanquin,5 and they have also been detected by Egerton,
Smith and Ubbelohde 4 in the gases extracted from an engine just prior to
knock.
On examining the “ promoting ” characteristics of typical members of
each of the above classes of peroxide it is found th at whilst define peroxides
have only a slight effect, acetyl-, ethyl hydrogen- and diethyl-peroxides
are powerful pro-knocks. The results as a whole suggest th a t only those
peroxides are effective which decompose to give -O R and -O H radicals,
the former most probably acting as chain-carriers. In this connection
mention may be made of a recent detailed study of the decomposition of
diethyl peroxide by Harris and Egerton.6 They find th a t whilst the slow
decomposition takes place according to a unimolecular law there is a certain
critical pressure above which it becomes explosive; the stabilized products
in the former case are acetaldehyde and ethyl alcohol and in the latter
formaldehyde and ethane.
Having inferred something about the type of reaction which is or may be
responsible for knock we may now attem pt to find a correlation between the
tendency to knock and the chemical reactivity of the fuel. I t is knowm
th a t all straight-chain paraffins, with the possible exception of methane,
knock readily, whilst branched chain paraffins, defines, diolefines and the
simple aromatic hydrocarbons have comparatively high knock ratings.
Generally speaking, the more compact the structure of the molecule the less
likely is it to knock. Now, a convenient measure of the chemical reactivity
of a fuel is its spontaneous ignition tem perature, and the latter should,
therefore, be closely related to the knock rating.
M. Prettre ' has measured the ignition tem peratures of a wide range of
hydrocarbons a t atmospheric and reduced pressures, and D. T. Townend 8
has investigated the relation between the spontaneous ignition temperatures
and pressure up to pressures of about 15 atmospheres. We may refer to
]^ 0 N EW ITT : E N G IN E KNOCK AND
F i g . l.
(1) 1 3 % Methane.
(2) 1-3 6 % Benzene.
(3) 1 0 % Ethylene.
F i g . 2.
C O R R E SP O N D IN G M IX T U R E S W IT H A IR O F ( 1 ) n -O C T A N E ; ( 2 ) « -H E P T A N E ;
(3) ISO -O C T A N E .
(Figures along curves denote tim e-lags (seconds)).
Methane . 14 0
Propane . 6-8 120
Butane . 3-2 6-4
Pentane . 2-2 3-8
Heptane . 1-58 2-8
Octane . 1-3 2-8
isoOctane 4-85 7-6
F ig . 3.
SPO N T A N EO U S IG N IT IO N T E M P E R A T U R E S O F A C 3H g + 0 2 M IX T U R E .
system. Newitt and Thornes 9 have examined propane in detail and have
made careful analyses of the products from combustion in the cool-flame
region and in the slow-combustion zone immediately above it. The
ignition temperature-pressure curve (Fig. 3) for an equimolecular propane-
oxygen mixture resembles th at for iso-octane, inasmuch as there is only
one pressure minimum situated a t about 0-5 atm . The c o o l- f l a m e region
is also veil defined, and there are zones within it in which two o r more
separate cool flames traverse the medium a t intervals o f s o m e 7 0 seconds,
IT S E FF E C T ON F U E L D EV ELO PM EN T. 143
Time, mins.
F i g . 4.
P R O D U C T S PR O M T H E R E A C T IO N O P A C3H 8’ + 0 2 M E D IU M A T 400 MM. AND 294°.
F i g . 5.
PRODUCTS FROM TH E CO M BU STIO N OF A C 3H S - f 0 2 M E D IU M AT 3 6 0 MM. AND 4 0 0 °.
© O O O C i;O C :x » Q
C !N C<l !N
> © i o © so
00
g
C >l-: -«t c; w c; N Tj-
o s
r CO
•“Q II
e
C
e _o
o V>
•_
© ~
Cl ■-
e U
-A
0
3 o
«! 3
=. -3
° T
I X
+ 3 0 0 0 i ' C C i (,# 0
w 1
dr-
e
ei
.2
fl h C X X o , oi
iC r t o o o M « '£ g o
3
■p.........................
OQ
§ -
f i ^ l o o ..................
:« 0 0 0
00 *-« v v * ’S
w ftj o ©
* I §>£ • • • • £
.3 8 « ^ |
• o c
t£ o O . oo . . O
c 1^2 P
.5 ^ o nfl "S ©
Co Ti ©
« C ir © *
p . o cu-g 3 b - a a
£ fl ® c3^ . © >i. «
§ o « o ® -n-ao
m o 5 ® s
■g 3 -g Js 5 "3 , . •§
2 3®0
e> 8)5 ^ ° 2 j : a S 2
£ S 'S 'S fc
.5 X S
S H E g ‘5
h » 3 o e f
E-iQPM < K fe p H P i
NEW ITT E N G IN E KNOCK AND
146
acO M '^Nt'O M LO HW CC
.......................................................... < 6 c D H H
OOCOO<MI>»OCO?Ot^(NC<JCp
(C O iO X O M H O N Q f'
.................. <(NO^COrH
^■^Xt>)COOCDO(MlO
W
n +
H W„ Ot^rH0cDoo^ooOOOlO(N
o ^
iocopyicoa>'^t>coc5^t^t'-
3 CO CO <
—i l i 5 0 o b H ^ H ' 2 ( O Q
TJ CO TH CO .—I —i S
.3
c3
4 3 .................................
0} ....................................
fl£ « ®
I ^ W H o o V ....................
: ¿poooo
S f 'T i ' 1
Ӥ ..............i
■5„•«s 1fl «o Id
c -p ® a -g 8 • • • •8
11, § & .£ 5 U® o| h
3a s 3 -° - s U .'g 'g 11!
do 03oo -d,d o S o
-S®S
Og p « .'2 'r “ o
§ S s | a 8 |\3 .s
| M* s ° # § gS.SP S
B O Ph W puFm^ M P h
IT S E F F E C T ON F U E L D E V ELO PM EN T. 147
after 11 mins. The chemical changes occurring during this reaction are
rather complex, b u t it is possible to correlate them to some extent with the
cool-flame phenomena. Thus the analytical figures show th a t higher
aldehydes, acids, propylene and carbon monoxide are present in detectable
quantities a t the outset of the reaction, but no peroxides, or formaldehyde,
and only a trace of carbon dioxide. The higher aldehydes rise to a maxi
mum 45 secs, after reaction starts, and a t this point the first cool flame is
observed. During its passage through the reacting medium the percentage
of higher aldehydes diminishes whilst peroxides and formaldehyde make
their appearance; the rate of oxidation of the propane also increases.
Shortly after the extinction of the cool flame, the peroxides reach a maxi
mum and the higher aldehydes a minimum. A little later the aldehydes
again increase rapidly to a second maximum, higher than the first, whilst
the peroxides simultaneously decrease; the second cool-flame ignition then
takes place and is accompanied by changes in the products similar to those
noted with the first flame. The rate of formation of propylene appears to
follow th a t of the higher aldehydes a t all stages, whilst carbon monoxide
increases fairly uniformly throughout.
On the basis of the above experiments it may be concluded th a t a neces
sary condition for cool-flame inflammation and for ignition in the lower
region is a critical high concentration of higher aldehydes. During the
passage of the flame the aldehydes are further oxidized to give aldehyde
peroxides and/or per-acids and ultim ately formaldehyde. The reactions
by which propylene and the higher aldehydes are formed also appear to be
related.
Now although the conditions in these experiments differ in some material
respects from those in an engine, particularly as regards the time factor,
there is reason to suppose th a t the mechanism of the combustion is essen
tially the same in the two cases. I t may, indeed, be assumed th a t the
sensitized mixture in which knock originates is one having a composition
not very different from th at of a m ixture in which cool-flame inflammation
is about to take place. And if such a mixture were ignited by an external
source there is little doubt but th a t a rapid combustion closely resembling
th a t associated with knock would occur.
The products of the combustion of all the higher hydrocarbon fuels
including branched-chain paraffins and defines are similar to those of
propane in the sense th a t aldehydes, alcohols, peroxidic bodies and acids
are always formed. The proportions in which they survive a t any par
ticular stage of the combustion, however, varies from fuel to fuel and
depends upon temperature and pressure; and it is this circumstance
perhaps more than any other which constitutes the difference between a
low and high knock rating fuel. I t will be recalled, for example, th a t
although a striking similarity exists between the ignition tem perature-
pressure curves for w-octane and iso-octane a higher pressure is always
required to affect the ignition of the latter at any given tem perature in the
ignition range. This may be interpreted as indicating th a t a higher pres
sure is required to stabilize the initial products so th a t concentrations
adequate to initiate cool flames may be built up.
The same considerations apply to the knock ratings of some of the more
recently tested high-duty fuels such as acetone and diisopropyl ether ;8 in
148 EN GIN E KNOCK AND ITS E FFE C T ON F U E L DEVELOPM ENT.
References.
1 Bone and Townend, “ Flame and Combustion,” Longmans, 1927.
2 Fraser, “ Science of Petroleum Bone and Fraser, P hil. T rans., 1935, 235, 29.
3 Withrow and Rassweiler, Auto. Eng., 1934, 24. 281, 385.
4 Egerton, Smith and Ubbelohde, P hil. Trans., 1935. 234, 433.
5 Dumanois, Mondain-Monval and Quanquin, Ann. Chim. P h ys., 1931, 15, 309.
6 Harris and Egerton, Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 1938, 168, 1.
7 Prettre, Ann. Comb, liq., 1931, 6, 7, 269, 533 et seq.
8 Townend, “ Science of Petroleum,” Proc. Roy. Soc.., A , 1936, 154, 95: J . Chem.
Soc., 1938, 238.
9 Newitt and Thornes, J . Chem. Soc., 1937, 1656.
T H E C O M P O S IT IO N O F SOM E R O U M A N IA N
S T R A IG H T -R U N G A S O L IN E S .*
By C. D. N e n it z e s c u and A. C o n s t a n t in e s c u .
S y n o p s is .
F r a c t io n a t in g Colum n.
H .E .P .T . = = 10-2 cm.
60-1
After taking the two samples under total reflux, the product line was
opened and the liquid distilled a t the rate of approximately 0-8 ml. per
SOME ROUM ANIAN STR A IG H T-RU N GASOLINES. 1 51
6*
C 60
■ ft 5 6
distillation process was then interrupted when the boiling point of the
fractions attained 100-3° C. The residue amounted to 102 ml. The com
position of each fraction was then determined by the above-mentioned
method.
152 NENITZESCIJ AND CONSTANTINESCTJ : T H E COMPOSITION OF
An a ly sed G a s o l in e s .
Ar,
Gasoline of : ^15- O.N. Engler Distillation.
% vol.
Meritor . . . . 0-7362 6-5 63-0 I.B .P . 60° C .; 40-5% at
100° C .; F.B .P. 173° C.
Bucsani . . . . 0-7365 10-8 51-5 I.B .P . 68° C .; 29 % at
100° C .; F.B .P. 182° C.
Gura-Ocnifei 0-7435 7-5 76-0 I.B .P . 53° C .; 5 3% at
100° C .; F.B .P . 136° C.
Bucsani (aromatic-free) 0-7262 0 48-0 I.B .P . 68° C .; 26-5% at
100° C .; F.B .P. 185° C.
Gura-Ocnitei (aromatic-free) 0-7350 0 75-0 I.B .P . 53° C .; 50% at
100° C. ; F.B .P. 140° C.
The gasolines were then distilled in the column a t the rate of 0-7-0-8 ml.
per minute. Eight to nine litres were distilled, and a complete distillation
lasted 8-10 days. The distillation was interrupted for only a very short
time, sometimes being kept working continuously for 50 hours. During
the interruptions the heat of the column was kept constant, whilst the
heating of the still was interrupted. At each new start the column was
worked under total reflux until a perfect equilibrium was established.
n order to avoid auto-oxidation, a small quantity of diphenylamine
was added to the gasoline.
r.„PpI'^nS ^ le distillation process we collected first a top fraction up to
G, then 100 fractions, each distilling a t intervals of 1° C., with the only
SOME ROUM ANIAN STR A IG H T-RU N GASOLINES. 153
2 .-MERISOR GASOLINE
teensny ow
7uxaput dAtpeJ/a//
g rretgnr tgg rererrea wo we total wsn/ '/are
Percentage D
154 NENITZESCÜ AND CONSTANTINESCTJ : TH E COM POSITION OP
Fractions Sum of
D istil Residue, Losses,
Gasoline of : Ml. below
50° C. late, % . %• %•
As will be seen from Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5, the various fractions have very
unequal weights, whilst the distillation curve has very sharp maxima and
minima.
I n v e s t ig a t io n o f t h e F r a c t io n s O b t a i n e d .
For each fraction obtained we first determined the density and the
refractive index. The former was measured with a picnometer at
20 + 0-05° C., and was then reduced to water a t 4° C. The refractive
index was measured with a Pulfrich refractometer as explained above.
In the case of gasolines still containing aromatics, we then proceeded to
estimate and remove these hydrocarbons. In the aromatic-free fractions
obtained we then estimated the naphthenes and paraffins.
Before showing the results of these estimations, we must state briefly
the reasons which guided us to select the various methods adopted.
T h e E s t im a t io n o f A r o m a t ic H y d r o c a r b o n s .
E s t im a t io n o f N a p h t h e n i c H y d r o c a r b o n s w h e n M i x e d iv it h
P a r a f f in s .
Naph. * = lO o g g
3 -BUCSANI GASOLINE
l i i i i i f i l i i i i i i i i i
SOME ROUM ANIAN STR A IG H T-RU N GASOLINES. 159
of hexanes, heptanes, octanes and nonanes are the same for all gasolines,
if the distillation column has sufficient separating power.
Consequently the above-mentioned formula may be applied by making
use of the specific refractions of paraffins calculated from Eisenlohr’s
increments, as shown in Table III.
T a b l e III.
Specific Refractions of Paraffins (R p ) Contained, in Various Gasoline Fractions.
Fractions. + 2* R p.
E xam ples of C a l c u l a t io n .
Total Total d T,
Gasoline of : Volume, ml. Weight, gms. average.
Meritor 5871 4357 0-7421
Bucsani 4519 3318 0-7343
Buesani (aromatic-free) 4438 3206 0-7224
Jura-Ocnfiei (aromatic-free) . 5589 4135 0-7398
160 NENITZESCU AND CONSTANTINESCU : T H E COM POSITION OF
* *!S
ïTfïïïTTïn
Refractive index n„’°
ParaffinieHydroa/im
ü t Piphtmicdi/droaríxxn
■z£ l .Density
Pefrediveindex
't :
' I
162 NENITZESCU AND CONSTANTINESCU : TH E COM POSITION OF
From the above it follows th at for each fraction a table has been drawn
up containing the following data, for the fraction 97-98 of Bucsani gasoline :
T a b l e IV .
Original.
Fraction.
ml. Gm. Q- D 4f . "d - A r, % vol.
In order to avoid making our present paper too long, and in view of the
fact th at figures for all fractions have been published in extenso in Mr.
Constantinescu’s thesis, we shall not reproduce here the tables.
T a b l e V .
Boiling
Intervals. Nature of Hydrocarbon.
Paraffins
50-65 isoHexanes(2- and 3-methylpentane).
65—75 n-Hexane.
75-95 isoHeptanes(2- and 3-methylhexanes).
9.5-103 n-Heptane.
103-120 ¿soOetanes (a dimethylhexane in fract. 10 3 -110 ° C. and 2- or 3-m ethyl-
heptane in fract. 1 1 7 -1 2 0 ° C . ).
120 -128 n-Octane.
128-145 isoNonanes.
145-150 n-Nonanes.
Naphthene
50-57 cycZoPentane.
65-75 Methy IcycZopentane.
75-85 cycZoHexane.
85-95 DimethylcycZopentanes.
95-104 Methylcyctohexane.
10 4 -113 Naphthene non-identified (ethylcycZopentane, trimethylcycZopentanes).
113 -12 6 DimethylcycZohexanes.
126-133 EthylcycZohexane and a nononaphthene with a 5-carbon cycle.
133-145 Nononaphthene in which trimethylcycZohexanes predominate.
* It will be seen that in the case of the Bucsani gasoline, which was distilled, both
in the aromatic-free state as well as with the aromatics, it contained the figures
obtained for paraffins, isoparaffins and naphthenes show differences ranging from 1
to 2 per cent. Most of these differences are doubtless due to systematic errors during
the estimation of aromatics.
NENITZESCU AND CONSTANTINESCU : TH E COMPOSITION OF
5 - C U R A O C N I T E I G A S O L I N E , D E - A R O A 1 .A T I Z E D
/.jęto ;
11900 "g
<s/ooQ:
Arrío
/.i/OO
P a r a f fin ic H y d ro c a rb o n s
N a p h t h e n ic H y d r o c a r b o n s
D e n s i t y ( 0/ aromatk-fn*frwctknt)
R e f r a c tiv o In d e x
SOME ROUM ANIAN STR A IG H T-RU N GASOLINES. 165
T a b l e V I.
Composition of Fractions 50 -150 ° C. of Gasoline Derived from :
Aromatic- Aromatic-
Merisor, Bucsani, free free *
O.N. = 63. O.N. = 51-5. Bucsani, Gura-
O.N. ’= 48. Ocnitei,
O.N. = 75.
n-Paraffins :
n-Hexane 5-4 5-3 6-5 30
n-Heptane 4-8 8-3 8-8 31
n-Octane 3-2 3-2 8-1 _
n-Nonane ( —150°) . 1-2 1-2 6-0 —
Total 14-6 (15-8) 23-9 (31-2) 29-4 61
¿soParaffins .-
isoHexanes 5-4 5-1 5-7 9-4
¿soHeptanes 6-9 7-7 8-6 10-9
isoOctanes 6-4 9-1 10-3 9-6
iaoNonanes 5-2 8-4 9-2 —
Total 23-9 (*25-9) 30-3 (34-4) 33-8 29-9
Naphthenes :
cycZoPentane 0-4 0-1 0-1 0-2
MethylcycZopentane . 3-7 2-0 2-4 7-1
cycZoHexane 35 2-7 3-6 9-1
DimethylcycZopentane 60 2-7 3-4 10-8
Methylcycfohexane 9-3 7-3 9-2 20-4
Naphthene tract. 10 4 -113 ° C. 3-6 1-2 1-5 4-9
DimethylcycZohexane 110 5-7 7-0 11-6
Naphthene tract. 126 -15 0 ° C. 16 1 8-4 9-6 —-
Total 53-6 (58-2) 30 1 (34-3) 36-8 64-1
Aromatics :
Benzene . . . . 1- 7 2- 0 — _
Toluene . . . . 2- 1 3- 6 _ _
Ethylbenzene. Xylene 4-1 6-5 — —
Total 7-9 12-1 — —
Literature Cited.
1 F. D. Rossini, Refiner, 1935, 14, 255.
2 M. R. Fenske, D. Quiggle and C. O. Tonberg, In d. Enq. Chem., 1932, 24, 542, 814;
19 36 ,28,20 1,6 44; 19 37,29 ,70 .
3 M. R . Fenske and co-workers, ibid., 1932, 24, 4 12 ; 1934, 26. 116 9 ; 1936, 28, 645.
4 S. T. Sehicktanz and J. H . Bruun, E at. Bur. Stand. J . Res., 1931, 7, 851 ; See also
Ref. 6.
«™ Bromiley and D. Quiggle, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1933, 25. 1136.
M. R . Fenske, C. O. Tonberg and D. Quiggle, ibid., 1934, 26, 1169.
H . A. Beatty and G. Calingaert, ibid., 1934, 26, 504
9 Mareusson, Chem. Ztg., 1909, 33, 987; Halphen, M atières Grasses, 19 11, 3, 1987;
R . Zaloziecki and Haussman, Z. angew. Chem., 1906, 20, 1761 ; D. Florentin and
Vanderberge, Bull. Soc. chim., 1920, 27, 204; M. Heyn and Z. Dunkel, Brennstofi-
Chem., 1926, 7, 245; G. Egloff and J. C. Morrell, In d. Eng. Chem., 1926, 18. 354;
inoon,m J ' lnsL PetroL Techn., 1928, 14, 695; A . B . Manning, J . Chem.
ooc., ly#29. 1014.
10 w Blesenfeld ancl G - Bandte, Erdôl und Teer, 1926, 2. 491.
2 18 ara er’ G' Morrell and J. M. Levine, In d. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 1930,
SOME ROUM ANIAN STR A IG H T-RU N GASOLINES. 167
S u m m a r y .
(i) H ot E x t r a c t io n Metho d s.
completed by soldering 85 B.S. wire gauze around the outside of the frame-
work If desired, the top portions of two tins may be employed and a
reversible basket made with a lid at the top and bottom. The basket is
suspended by a wire passing around the rim of the beaker and attached to
two hooks on the top of the basket.
The condenser is made from lead compo’ tubing J in. external diameter
wound in the form of a spiral and wired to a disc of perforated zinc. The
spiral is made to fit inside the beaker and is provided with a few extra coils
on the outside rim to give it the shape of a shallow trough.
Method for Stone-filled Asphalt.
A representative sample weighing a t least 1 kgm. is obtained by the usual
quartering procedure and dried in an oven a t 105° C. The sample is then
SOLUBLE B ITU M EN IN BOAD CABPETS. 1 71
The sample is warmed and pulled apart into pieces as small as possible
and introduced into the basket as follows :—the first section is screwed to
the bottom of the basket and approximately quarter of the sample added.
The first disc and second section of rod are fitted into position and another
portion of sample transferred to the basket. The process is repeated with
the second and third discs and subsequent procedure is the same as that
described for rolled asphalt, except th a t a longer period of extraction is
usually necessary. If circumstances permit, the extraction may be allowed
to proceed overnight.
The foregoing methods give results in good agreement with those for the
standard procedure described in B.S.S. 598.4
Some typical figures obtained with samples of steam-rolled and mastic
asphalts are shown in Table I.
T a b l e I.
Soluble bitumen.
Sample. A .C.
H ot extrac B.S.S. 598,
tion, per cent. per cent.
(ii) C o l d E x t r a c t i o n M e t h o d s .
A feature of the majority of these methods is th a t a known volume or
weight of solvent is added to the weighed sample and after taking suitable
precautions to secure complete solution of the bitumen and the removal of
the bulk of the mineral m atter, an aliquot portion of the solution is evapo
rated to dryness. The automatic burette m ethod described by D. C.
Broome,5 and designed for use with mastic and rock asphalts follows these
lines, as does th at put forward by I. Hvidberg.6 The m ethod described
below is based on similar principles, but incorporates certain modifications
which give improved accuracy and renders the m ethod of more general
utility. The method is suitable for all types of bituminous road carpets
and can be recommended for routine control purposes. I t is extremely
simple, requires no elaborate apparatus and can be completed in approxi
mately 3 hours.
Method. (Applicable to B.S.S. Nos. 347, 348, 594, 595, 596 & 597.)
The sample is warmed in an oven until soft and, if present, precoated
chippings are removed and discarded. The sample is then pulled apart
into pieces as small as possible and quartered to the approximate weight
git en in Table II. A sampling procedure is employed and no attem pt is
made to adjust the weight of the sample to the exact figure shown in the
table.
SO LU BLE BITU M EN IN ROAD CARPETS. 173
T a b l e II.
M inim um Weight of Sam ple.
Mastic asphalt, ungritted . . . . . . . 100 gms.
Mastic asphalt containing aggregate passing 1 in. . . . 100 ,,
Mastic asphalt containing aggregate J—f in. . . . 250
Sand carpet . . . . . . . . . . 100
Rolled asphalt containing less than 25 per cent. } in. stone . 500
Rolled asphalt containing more than 25 per cent. \ in. stone . 1000
Rolled asphalt, binder course . . . . . . . 1000
Compressed rock asphalt . . . . . . . 100 ,,
a j. 100 A D ( . .
ana percentage soluble bitumen = — — (1 + q)
100 ED
The percentage ash given by — — should not exceed 1 per cent.
EL/
N
174 chalk : the r a p id d e t e r m in a t io n of
T a b l e IV .
Soluble bitumen.
T a b l e V.
Perchlorethylene . 0003 0 11 Jt
D rying period.
Change in
Bitumen. 105° C., 16 0 -170 ° C., weight,
hrs. hrs. mgms.
Mexphalte 65 2 __ + 1-0
,, . . . — 1 N il
— 4 - 20
Mexphalte 80/90 . — h - 0-4
Texaco E flux oil . _ I - 1-6
Shell flux oil . . . 2 — 2-9
,, »» »» — h - 15-8
1 6 % Shell flux oil, 8 4 % epure 1 Nil
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 2 — - 0-6
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, — - 1-3
’* »» >> M »» 4 — - 1-3
” — è - 5-2
SOLU BLE BITU M EN IN ROAD CARPETS. 177
References.
1 D . M. W ilson, J .S .C .I ., 1931, 50, (28), 599-600.
2 B ritish Standards Institution, B .S.S. 598, 1936, “ Methods for the Sampling and
Exam ination of Bituminous Road Mixtures.”
3 D . M. W ilson, J .S .C .I ., 1933, 52, (28), 597-81.
4 B ritish Standards Institution, B .S.S. 598, 1936, “ Methods for the Sampling and
Exam ination of Bituminous Road Mixtures.”
5 D . C. Broome, “ The Testing of Bituminous Road Mixtures,” Arnold, London
(1934).
6 I. Hvidberg, B it., 1936, 6, (8), 169.
178
T H E IN S T IT U T E O F P E T R O L E U M .
A Special General Meeting of the Institute was held a t the Royal Society
of Arts, John Street, London, W.C.2, on Tuesday, 10th January, 1939, at
5.30 p.m., for the purpose of considering and, if thought fit, passing with or
without amendment certain Temporary Regulations relating to the Transfer
of Members, Associate Members and Associates.
T h e P r e s i d e n t , L i e u t .-C o l S. J . M. A u l d , O.B.E., M.C., D.Sc., occupied
the Chair.
T h e S e c r e t a r y (M r . S . J . A s t b u r y ) read the proposed Temporary
Regulations, as under :
T E M P O R A R Y R E G U L A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO T H E T R A N S F E R OF
M E M B E R S , A S S O C IA T E M E M B E R S , A N D A S S O C IA T E S .
(d) A Member of the Institute of Petroleum whose name was on the register as
such on the 31st December, 1938, is entitled to apply for transfer to the class of
Fellow, and the decision of the Council on his application shall be final. No
Transfer Fee shall be required.
A s s o c ia t e M e m b e r s .
A s s o c ia t e s .
P u b l ic a t io n or T ra n sfers.
(g) Notification of applications for transfer w ill not be pubbshed in the Journal,
but all transfers w ill be announced in the Journal as and when they become
effective.
ERRA TU M .
Physical and Chemical Constants of N orm al Paraffins by D . J. W . K re u le n .
Journal, Vol. 24, No. 180, October 1938, p. 557. Table I I last column. Values
for W p should be 0-95, 0-85, 0-77, 0-61, 0-30, 0-18, 0-13, 0 04 for molecular weights
from 481 to 206.
73 a
ABSTRACTS.
PA G E PA G E
A U T H O R IN D E X .
The numbers refer to the Abstract Number.
Adams, E., 314 Cox, W. F., 267 Harrington, P. J., 335 Lippincott, S. B., 317
Agde, G., 339 Cozzens, F. R., 245 Hartigan, A. W., 335 Livingston, H. K., 260
Albright, J. C., 258, 263 Crickmer, C. C., 267 Hass, H. B., 317 Lloyd, A. H., 332
Altman, B., 256 Crider, A. F., 216 Hawley, P. F., 233 Loomis, A. G., 254
Anderson, A., 267 Henderson, L. M., 285 Love, F. H., 259
Anderson, C. A., 289 Danforth, R. S., 290 Hendry, W. B., 335 Lyon, N. X., 251
Anderson, C. T., 267 Damielle, R. B., 269 Henne, A. L., 297
André, E., 328 Davidson, J. R., 267 Hewitt, J. C., Jr., 267 McCluer, W. B., 335
Archer, S., 312, 313, 314 Deambrosis, R., 288 Hiestand, T. C., 219 McDonald, A. T., 326
Auld, S. J. M., 330 Decker, E. L., 253 Hildorf, W. G., 287 McFarland, E. G., 335
Dehn, F. B., 335 Hjerpe, E. B., 335 Mair, B. J., 294, 295
Baker, C. L., 248 Denison, I. A., 269 Hodge, E. B., 291 Marker, R. E., 306
Baker, J. G., 292 Deussen, A., 229 Hoover, C. O., 321 Martin, E. J., 335
Ballard, N., 214 Diggs, S. H., 335 Hotine, L., 341 Martin, M., 261
Barnes, C., 276 Diwoky, F. F., 335 Houdry, E. J., 278 Marvel, C. S., 307
Barton, C. H., 325 Donnell, J. W., 284 Humphrey, G. T., 267 Mason, H. J., 333
Bass, E. L., 325 Dorn, N. L., 253 Hunter, T. G., 303 Merrill, D. R., 327
Bataafsche Petroleum Downey, V. I., 335 Hutchins, G. H., 335 Meyer, H., 336
Mij., N.Y. de, 321, 335 Dreyfus, H., 321 Migaux, L., 243
Ba Thi, M., 303 Du Pont de Nemours, I.G. Farbenindustrie, Miller, J. F., 331
Beckman, E. J., 250 E. I. & Co., 336 A.-G., 335 Mitera, Z. A., 231
Beeny, H. H., 332 Imperial Chemical Monroe, W. H., 220
Bignell, L. G. E., 268 Edeleanu Gesellschaft Industries, Ltd., 282, Montgomery, P., 252
Bishop, J. J., 254 m.b.H., 335 335 Moore, 0. C., Jr., 327
Boelhouwer, J. W. M., Egloff, G., 271 Ipatieff, V. N., 298, 309 Moos, J., 335
320 Elkins, T. A., 237 Morrell, J. C., 271
Boulter, G. M., 254 Evans, E. B., 316 Jenkins, R. D., 276 Murphy, W., 270
Bouman, C. A., 322 Johnson, 0. H., 234 Murray, G. H., 261
Boyd, W. B., 215 Fawcett, E. W., 282 Johnson, G. W., 281, 321, Muskat, M., 230
Bray, U. B., 327 Fenske, M. R., 335 336
Breth, F. W., 335 Fischer, F., 280, 338 Johnstone, R. G., 272 Nash, A. W., 262, 303
Bridges, C. H., 293 Flagg, R., 254 Jones, S. O., 299 Nay, B., 267
Brimsdown Chemical Foster, A. L., 277 Nissan, A. H., 262
Works, 336 Frenzel, W. G., 254 Katz, D. L., 318
Brooks, D. B., 301 Friedman, B. S., 298, 309 Kelly, S. F., 241 Oakwood, T. S., 306
Brown, A. B., 335 Fussteig, R., 319 Kendall, J. M., 254 Orem, H. P., 305
Brown, E. K., 335 King, H. H., 257 Otto, C.& Co., 274
Brownsdon, H. W., 335 Garrison, A. D., 248 Kinney, C. R., 315
Buchler, C. C., 335 Germe, A. E. J. L., 321 Kinsel, A., 335 Palmer, R., 272
Burch, E. A., 283, 284 Gillingham, W. J., 261 Kistiakowsky, G. B., 310 Park, T. S., 267
Burn, W. S., 341 Ginsberg, B., 335 Klaus, H., 232 Paton, J. G., 282
Byers, A. M., Jr., 296 Glavis, F. J., 307 Knox, G. S., 267 Pease, R. N., 296
Godlewicz, M., 335 Kreulen, D. J. W., 302 Penick, A. J., 267
Cerf, C. S., 273 Green, C., 341 Küster, V. E., 267
Chave, C. T., 335 Penick, K. T., 267
Green, C. H., 235 Pennington, H., 254
Clark, C. C., 213 Gruse, W. A., 335 Ladd, E. C., 297
Clark, C. L., 287 Perrin, M. W., 282
Gunness, R. C., 292 Launspach, E. H., 300 Pichler, H., 280
Clark, L. V. W., 262 Lawlor, R., 240
Conn, J. B., 310 Pilat, S., 335
Hammer, S., 237 Lee, J. W., 259 Pines, H., 298, 309
Cook, L. W., 335 Hanes, D., 267 Liberthson, L., 335
Cowles, L. G., 238 Hanson, V. F., 336 Pippin, J. W., 254
Liddle, J. C., 336 Plummer, W. B., 282
F
ABSTRACTS.
Geology.
212. Carterville-Sarepta and Shongaloo Fields, Bossier and Webster Parishes,
Louisiana. G. D . Thomas. B ull. Am er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1938, 22, 1473—1503.—The
sub-surface rocks of these fields consist of Tertiary sediments (Claiborne & Wilcox,
1150 ft., and Midway 500 ft.), and the Cretaceous and Comanche formations.
The Annona chalk is the most easily recognized chalk member of the Cretaceous,
having a thickness of 120 f t .; its base has been used as a datum plane on the structure
maps included in this paper. In the Comanche, no well at Shongaloo or Carterville
has yet penetrated below the Glen Rose anhydrite, which is approximately 500 ft.
thick at Shongaloo.
The Shongaloo field, discovered in March 1921, is an east-west elongate dome,
separated from the Carterville-Sarepta field on the west by a saddle and from the
Cotton Valley structure on the south also by a saddle. The only producing sand at
Shongaloo is the Buckrange of basal Ozan age. I t is found at an average depth of
2600-2650 ft. and is very variable in character and thickness. I t is thought that the
amount and extent of production is governed as much by the variable sand conditions
(porosity and thickness) as by structure.
The Carterville-Sarepta field appears to be a north-west to south-east extending
anticline on which six small local closures exist. The dip on the south side of the
anticline is apparently steeper than that on the north. A description of the six local
closures is given. Three producing sands occur, the Buckrange (oil), the topmost
sand member of the Tokio (gas) and the second sand member of the Tokio— 60 ft.
below the gas sand-—produces oil in the Carterville area.
The origin of the structures in both fields is uncertain, although it is generally
agreed that they are the result of a small amount of flowage of salt beds of Comanche
or pre-Comanche age which are thought to underlie most of North Louisiana and part
of Arkansas. G. S. S.
213. Sugar Creek Field, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana. C. C. Clark. B u ll. Am er. Ass.
Petrol. Oeol., 1938, 22, 1504-1518.—Th is field was discovered in March 1930 and has
a producing area of about 4000 acres. A generalized section is given of the formations
occurring in the field; these are : the Eocene (Claiborne), Upper Cretaceous (Gulf
Series) and the Lower Cretaceous (Trinity).
Structurally, the field is an anticline about five miles long by three miles wide.
At the surface it occurs as an imperfect inlier of the Cook Mountain formation sur
rounded by the overlying Cockfield. Two structure contour maps are furnished.
Gas is obtained from two reservoirs in the T rin ity series-—the K ilp a trick and
Darrett zones. O il is found only in economic quantities in the Darrett, where both
gas and oil occur in porous beds distributed throughout a thickness of 175—275 ft.
The total accumulated oil production on 1st January, 1938, was 86,000 brls., all from
the Darrett zone. g_
ABSTKACTS. 75 a
215. Jesse Pool, Pontotoc and Coal Counties, Oklahoma. W . B . Boyd. B u ll. A m er.
Ass. Petrol. Geol., 1938, 22, 1560-1578.—The Jesse Pool and the F itts Pool (one m ile
distant) are closely related both stratigraphically and structurally. The Jesse Pool
itself is about four miles long and one m ile wide.
The oldest formation drilled in the Jesse is the Arbuckle limestone, penetrating
it 87 ft. This is followed by rocks of the Simpson Group, Siluro-Devonian (Hunton
Limestone), Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Morrow Group and Des Moines Group).
The Jesse Pool lies on a large anticline which is faulted on the south side. The
faulting has a maximum throw of 1300 ft. and occurs in a series of step faults, a ll of
which are normal.
Production may be generally divided into four zones and areas : “ W ilco x ,”
Bromide, Hunton and Pennsylvanian. The best production is found in the “ W ilcox,”
which is confined to a small area on the crest of the anticline. The average in itia l
potential gauge was approximately 4000 brls. a day, the estimated ultimate production
being 6,650,000 brls.
From the Bromide sand, the average in itial production was 1800 b r ls .; the estimated
ultimate yield is 1,680,000 brls. Production from the Hunton is erratic, the in itia l
yield ranging from 63 to 3480 brls., and an estimated ultimate production of 4,000,000
brls. from the present developed area.
From the Pennsylvanian, production is confined to the W apanucka and Atoka
formations. Three gas wells have been completed in the W apanucka sand, but no
showings of oil have been observed, and five wells have been completed in the
“ Gilcrease ” sand (Atoka) with an average production of 72 brls. a day.
On 1st January, 1938, the Jesse Pool had produced 1,704,164 brls. G. S. S.
as shown on Upper Cretaceous data, is about 1800 ft. and 2500 ft. on Lower Cretaceous
daO il is obtained from the Nacatoch sand at a depth of 300-400 ft., and gas and oil
from the junction of the Upper and Lower Cretaceous at 1800 ft.
Since its discovery in 1921 to 1st January, 1938, the field has yielded 9,860,430
brls., the peak production being reached in 1923 (2,250,057 brls.). The field was
closed during 1932-1933 owing to depression conditions. The producing area of the
field is 900 acres and the yield per acre to 1st January, 1938, is 10,996 brls.
217 Comparison of Upper Cretaceous Deposits of Gulf Region and W estern Interior
Region. L. W . Stephenson and J . B. Reeside, Jr. B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Geol.,
1938, 22, 1629-1638.—In the Gulf region the Upper Cretaceous sediments are chiefly
of marine origin. The most complete section is the classic example in east central
Texas, and this may be taken as a standard. The series includes the Woodbine
Sand, Eagle Ford shale, Austin Chalk, Taylor marl and the Navarro group, having
an aggregate thickness of about 3000 ft. Traced both south-west and north-east
from east central Texas, however, the sequence changes markedly.
In the Western Interior region the Upper Cretaceous deposits m ay be classified
into three types : (i) an eastern belt of marine fine sediments (Great Plains sequence);
(ii) a middle belt of mixed continental and marine sediments (Rocky Mountain
sequence); (iii) a western belt of sandstones and conglomerates m ainly non-marine,
an incomplete sequence.
In both regions fossils are abundant. Although numerous species are restricted
to either one region or the other, many of them are indentical or analogous to allow
of correlation. The ranges of some of these fossils are shown in a table.
G. S. S.
readily divisible from below upward into four formational u n it s ; the Tuscaloosa,
Eutaw, Selma chalk and Prairie Bluff chalk.
Deposition of the Upper Cretaceous was not continuous, sedimentation having been
interrupted from time to time. These breaks are recorded in at least four uncon
formities. The first of these is between the Tuscaloosa and the overlying Eutaw ,
and has been traced throughout the eastern G ulf region.
The next unconformity is that separating the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw
from the overlying Selma c h a lk ; the break is believed to be widespread in the area.
The third break is about 300 ft. above the base of the Selma chalk and a few feet
above the Areola limestone. The position of this break is marked by a thin band of
phosphatic fossil moulds.
The fourth break, separating the Selma chalk from the overlying Prairie Bluff
chalk, is an important one. I t has been traced for more than 300 miles in Mississippi,
Alabama and Georgia; in places it marks a northern transgression of the Prairie
Bluff chalk over a great thickness of older Cretaceous sediments.
The following fossil zones have been recorded through M ississippi and Alabam a :
the Exogyra ponderosa zone which includes the Tombigbee sand and the lower two-
thirds of the Selma chalk. A narrow and persistent zone in the Selma chalk about
180 ft. above the Areola limestone is characterized by D iploschiza cretacea and by
Terebratulina filosa. Th is zone has been traced from Montgomery County to Tupelo
(Mississippi), a distance of 220 miles. Including the upper third of the Selma chalk
and the Prairie Bluff chalk, the E xogyra costata zone can be traced, and the E.
cancellata zone can be followed throughout the area in the lower 200 ft. or less of the
E. costata zone. G. S. S.
output per well ranges from a few hundred to 3000 brls. per day of 45° A .P .I. oil, giving
5 0 % gasoline on atmospheric distillation.
The four R io de Oro wells yield 37-40° A .P .I. oil from a sandstone in the Catatumbo
formation at depths of 1200-1500 ft. (j, D . j j .
227. Petroliferous Beds of Egypt. V . Stchepinsky. A nn. Off. Corrib, liq., Sept.-
Oct., 1938, 13 (5), 823—874 (1 map).—The dj. Zeit seep has long been known, and the
search for oil began in 1868. Evidences of oil have been observed in the G ulf of Suez
zone, on the Red Sea coast and in north Sinai. The first producing field was opened
up at Djemsah in 1909, but from 1914 onwards Hurghada has been the main producer.
In late years the production has fallen off. New legislation was recently introduced
which has led to the taking up of m any permits, in regions from Sinai to Ras Benas
on the Red Sea, and west of the N ile between Alexandria and Cairo.
There are two main features in the stratigraphy of the Red Sea basin : (i) A big gap
between the Crystalline and the Miocene in the prim itive anticlinal zones, pointing
to intense erosion in Cretaceous, Eocene and Oligocene times, (ii) Lateral variation
of facies. There is also a lack of correlation between some areas, and altogether the
establishment of a general stratigraphic column is rather difficult.
The various stratigraphical horizons are briefly described. The term “ Nubian
sandstones ” has only a lithological and not a stratigraphical significance, for it has
been used for beds ranging from Carboniferous to Senonian in age. The Oligocene
is missing and the Jurassic is best known at d j. Moghara.
The principal earth movements took place at the end of the Eocene, and there were
accessory movements in Pliocene times. The oil-bearing beds are grouped as occurring
on (a) fundamental anticlines and (6) on superficial anticlines. The former have
crystalline cores and the latter lie in the synclinal areas between the former. In the
Cretaceous there was a transgression from north-west to south-east. A new trans
gression came from the same direction in the Miocene, which period ended in a long
lagoonal phase. The fundamental anticlines are suitable for testing Eocene and
Cretaceous beds, where present, but not so the superficial anticlines where the Miocene
is thick.
The beds and structure of the various areas with evidences of oil are described :
North Sinai, Habachi, B ir Abou K itifa , dj. Kochera, Oued Gharandel, dj. Tanka,
Oued Matulla, dj. Mezzazat, Abou Durba, R as Mohammed, Ras Gharib, Ras D ib,
Zeitia, Ranim Island, R as el Bahar, Ras Djemsah, islands east of Djemsah, Abou-
Chaar, Hurghada, Abou-Mingarh, Jiftoun K eb ir Island, and Dichet el Daarba. Many
beds show traces of oil, but few are important. Many seeps are associated with
faults and some with dykes. The Nubian sandstone is generally water-bearing. The
productive horizons are : (i) granitic sands of uncertain age between the granite and
the Campanian (Hurghada); (ii) Campanian (?) (Hurghada); (iii) base of Miocene
(Hurghada) and below the Lagoonal formation (Djem sah); (iv) Lagoonal formation
(Hurghada and Djemsah). A ll the present producing structures have a granite core.
The history of the oil exploitation is summarized. In 1931 a maximum output of
285,000 metric tons per annum was attained.
Several mother rocks m ay exist, amongst which the Cretaceous is prominent. As
yet the exploration has only been shallow. G. D . H .
between Stebnika Beds and the Tortonian. The gas-hearmg beds at Kosow are in
the form of gentle domes of a size and type not hitherto known in Poland. The
investigation of the Tortonian is in its infancy, but it m ay be said that the Carpathian
foreland is very sim ilar to the oil series of the outer Alpine arc, and the Tortonian
has all the characteristics of an oil facies. Although the gas at Daszawa is pure
methane, in other places it contains as much as 2 0 -3 0 % of ethane and higher homo-
logues Two problems now to be considered are the search for oil in the Tortonian
and the exploration of the older, underlying beds. A further problem is the explanation
of the oil shows in the Miocene in the Western Foreland. S. E . C.
229 Discoveries. A. Deussen. Oeophys., 1938, 3 (3), 17 7 -19 7 .—Estim ates of the oil
reserves of the U .S.A. have always proved to be too low' and the discovery rate higher
than anticipated. Since 1925 no estimates of undiscovered oil have been made because
previous figures were so inaccurate, and yet this is the most important aspect of
reserves. The Texas-Louisiana G ulf Coast may be taken as a type region for a con
sideration of this problem. The total number of known structures and fields plotted
against time shows that there is as yet no tendency for the curve to flatten and, hence,
on statistical grounds, the end of discovery in the G ulf Coast is far off. A s another
method of approach, a typical oil-producing county in the G ulf Coast, H arris County,
is chosen and the production and discovery rates examined. The discovery rate
curve for this county is sim ilar to that for the G ulf Coast as a whole and thus, whilst
the structures appear to be crowded, it seems that the lim it has not yet been reached.
In Harris County the area of oil land, assuming a ll the structures to carry oil, is
4 0 76%, and so a final figure of 5 - 6 % might be attained. Assuming an average of
1 % for the whole of the Gulf Coast and south-west Texas, 461 fields (average 500
acres per field) remain to be discovered. In terms of undiscovered oil this is ap
proximately 9725 million brls. S. E . C.
Geophysics.
230. Reflection of Longitudinal Wave Pulses from Plane Parallel Plates. M. Muskat.
Oeophys., 1938, 3 (3), 198-218.—A mathematical analysis is made of the reflection
of elastic wave pulses from plane parallel plates, the problem being restricted to the
case where the incident waves are longitudinal, and the discussion to the reflected
wave pulses. The treatment given resolves the reflected wave system into the various
individual reflection and refraction processes, and gives the resultant reflection co
efficients for the different types in a single step. Further, it shows that the reflected
pulses are of the same form as the incident pulse, but are characterized by varying
amplitudes and phase shifts. Numerical values are given for the expressions deter
mining the reflection coefficients obtained in the above analysis. These calculations
are restricted to the three strongest longitudinal reflected pulses, and the values are
represented in graphical form as well as being tabulated. The resultant wave
amplitudes, given by the combination of the individual reflected waves, are illustrated
graphically for cases where the ratio of the thickness of the reflecting plate to the length
of the incident pulse is 2, 1 and S. E . C.
sim ilar to the North German type. In the province of W ilno, data is now believed
to be sufficient to indicate new oil reserves in Palaeozoic and younger sediments
associated with the structural uplifts. The structural features may be better outlined
by geophysical methods. S. E . C.
C. H . Green. Geophys.,
235. Velocity Determinations by means of Reflection Profiles.
1938, 3 (4), 295-305.—I t can be shown sim ply that to measure the velocity down to
any particular horizon, it is only necessary to measure the reflection time for any
two different spreads. However, since the relation between V 2 (X = spread) and
ABSTRACTS.
82 a
5p2 i p = time) is linear, it is recommended that several corresponding values be
obtained and the best straight line drawn through the plotted data to average out
errors Although the method is indirect in dealing with second order quantities,
it is believed that good reflection data w ill give results w ithin 3% accuracy.
To obtain such accuracy several conditions must be fulfilled : (a) at least one,
and preferably several reflections must be known to be continuous over the coverage
of the proposed profile ; (6) weathering must be closely uniform for a ll the recorder
set-ups; (c) topographic changes must be a m inim um over the several recorder
positions; (d ) all depth shots should be in the same material and at the same ap
proximate depth, so as to minimize the effect of variable shot hole conditions upon
reflection reception times, as well as on character and frequency ; (e) reflecting horizons
should be “ flat,” or at least it is desirable to be able to shoot along the strike. In
order to gain the necessary information which w ill permit the choice of an area com
plying with the above conditions, prelim inary work is necessary which involves the
assumption of a depth-velocity relation. B y symmetrical disposition of shot and
recorder positions, the importance of a “ flat ” subsurface can be minimized.
Two examples are given with details of the m anipulation of the d a ta ; and the
results are compared with the velocities obtained from shots at the nearest wells.
The agreement is good, but it is admitted that the values are inferior to data obtained
from wells. G. D. H .
separation of two nearby bodies, at which their observed combined effect indicates
the presence of two separate bodies. Geophysical applications of the method are
illustrated by investigating the resolution of gravity and torsion balance data for
the two lim iting cases of spheres and infinite horizontal cylinders, the resolution of
the vertical magnetic intensity for infinite rectangular plugs and the direct inter
pretation of the infinite horizontal rectangular block. The horizontal gradient
profile does not satisfy the restrictions imposed by the derivations, and consequently
cannot be discussed by this general method. Indeed, the gradient is of little use as a
resolution criterion.
If the probable depth of the anomalies in an area to be surveyed is known, the
existence of a resolution lim it w ill yield a value of station spacing below which there
is no point in going, at least from the viewpoint of detecting individual anomalies.
The actual field data w ill never attain the theoretical resolving power, and allowance
must be made for the precision of practical data in applying the above analysis.
G. D . H .
240. NomogTam for Dip Computations. R . Lawlor. Geophys., 1938, 3 (4), 349-
357.—I t can be shown that the position, strike and dip of a reflecting bed are com
pletely determined by a, 8, T and V where : a = component of dip in wave travel
plane; 9 = angle between wave travel plane and vertical plane containing line of
exploration ; T = travel tim e ; V = average velocity of the seismic waves. The
chart is applicable to all problems in which geophones are arranged in two m utually
perpendicular bisecting lines, an in-line arm with geophones in the line of exploration
and a cross-line arm with geophones in a line perpendicular to the line of exploration.
I f no cross-line arm is used, a is the only dip component determinable. If both
lines are used, the chart m ay be employed to compute a and 9 from the A T ' b for any
spread, any geophone spread, any travel time and any velocity function provided
only that the following assumptions are sufficiently accurate for interpretation of
the data : (a) The average velocity is a known function of wave-travel time only,
and (6) the seismic waves travel in straight lines.
The principles underlying the construction of the chart are given. B y a simple
change of scales it can be adapted to all shot distances, geophone spreads and all
wave velocities which are functions of wave travel time only. G. D . H .
the gravimeter, the number of torsion balance parties showing a considerable decline.
The pronounced decrease in seismic crews suggests that the peak in seismic prospect
ing has been passed in the U .S.A. On the other hand the number of magnetic crews
for reconnaissance on oilfield structures shows a slight increase. Brief reference is
made to improvements in seismic instruments and to the new mobile electrode for
continuous electrical profiling of deep structures. Photographs of some of the latest
instruments are shown, including the electrical Echo-Meter which utilizes the principle
of sound-wave reflection for ascertaining fluid levels in oil wells. D. W.
of the drillin g mud, etc. Fo r ordinary correlation purposes this apparent resistivity
is sufficient. Spontaneous polarization is due principally to electro-filtration and
electro-osmose phenomena. In order to separate resistivity measurements from
spontaneous polarization measurements, an A .C. supply is connected to the current
electrode. Two P .D .’s are thus superimposed and picked up by the measuring
electrodes, one, alternating, which measures the resistivity, and one, continuous,
which measures the spontaneous polarization. These are separated and recorded
independently. The magnitude of the spontaneous polarization gives a measure of
the permeability of the strata. A n oil-sand gives high spontaneous polarization
and resistivity, whilst a water-sand gives high spontaneous polarization and low
resistivity. Strata such as dense limestones give low spontaneous polarizations and
high resistivities.
I t has been found that the conductivity of strata is always greatest in the direction
parallel to the bedding and the equipotential surfaces are ellipsoids. B y using two
sets of measuring electrodes at right angles to each other, and sym m etrically placed
with respect to the centre of the borehole, the shape of this ellipsoid m ay be deter
mined, and hence the direction of dip of the strata. The electrodes are orientated by
means of the magnetic compass, and a teleclinometer is also run with the instrument,
so that corrections may be made for deviation of the borehole from the vertical. A
set of measurements is made at intervals of 10 -20 cms. in order to reduce the effect
of small local anomalies.
Continuous temperature measurements in a borehole are made with an electrical
resistance thermometer. The temperatures obtained when the borehole fluid is in
thermal equilibrium w ith the strata, give useful data to the engineer and also show
the junction between strata of widely differing thermal conductivities. Measurements
made before thermal equilibrium is complete indicate the points of entry into the well
of water and of oil and gas. Electrical coring is impossible in cased wells and tem
perature surveys are the only means of getting information. The temperature
diagram is comparable with the resistivity-porosity diagram, although the details
are far less well defined. The thickness and position of cement are clearly shown if
a temperature survey is made several hours after completion of the cementing
operation. S. E . C.
244. Work of the State Geophysical Survey in German Petroleum Areas. H . Reich.
Oel u. Kohle, 1939, 15, 23-26.—An outline is given of the progress of the State Geo
physical Survey (which is stated to have already yielded very valuable results) under
four headings : gravimetric measurements, torsion balance measurements, seismic
measurements and magnetic measurements. Fo r technical reasons, the work done in
Austria is not included, though it is stated that a considerable amount has been carried
out.
Maps are given showing the areas already covered under the four headings in the
old Reich, the gravimetric and magnetic surveys being most advanced. Examples
are quoted showing that each method is liable to give apparently conflicting data,
and insistence is placed on the difficulty in correctly interpreting the results. For
this purpose a knowledge of geology as well as geophysics is necessary, and the author
stresses how essential it is that all geophysicists should also be geologists, and vice
versa. T. T D
Drilling.
245. Control of Heaving Shale by Blasting. F . R . Cozzens. Petrol. Engr, December,
1938, 10 (3), 46.—W axy shales that behave much like quicksands are encountered
at about 600 ft. in the Ohio, West V irg in ia and Kentucky fields. The moment an
opening is made the walls slip and crumble. The thickness of the shale ranees from
30 to 70 ft.
Explosives are being used in some oil-producing districts to control the grainless
shales. It is found that instead of crumbling the walls the force of the blast stiffens
them, permitting drilling to proceed without interruption.
A torpedo was made from an 8-ft. section of metal rain pipe, closed at the bottom
and provided with a bail in the top. Twelve cartridges of ammonia dynamite, 4 0 %
86 a ABSTRACTS.
in strength, were loaded into the shell. Into the top cartridge was inserted a No. 6
electric blasting cap, which was connected by an insulated copper wire sufficiently
long to reach to the firing battery.
The charge was fired and the débris was removed b y a suction bailer. D rilling
was continued for a further 15 ft. and a second torpedo containing ten cartridges was
then exploded. The walls stood up u ntil the casing was set.
The principle is to stem the charge in such a manner that sufficient force is exerted
against the side walls to make them firm and sear them for a short time.
L . V . W . C.
246. W orld’s Longest String of 9 |- in . Casing Set. K . C. Sclater. Petrol. Engr, January,
19 39 , 10 (4), 21.-—The longest string of 9 f-in . casing ever to be run in a well has recently
been set in the G ulf Coast. T h is string weighed approximately 253 tons at a depth
of 11,631 ft.
The well is situated in the shallow water on the Louisiana Coast and is being drilled
from the Texas Company’s specially constructed submersible barge, on which is
mounted the derrick and the d rilling rig, steam being used as a source of power.
Extrem e care was exercised in conditioning the mud and before pulling the drill
pipe the weight of the mud was 1 1 T lb. per gal. viscosity 5 1° A .P .I., sand content
2 % , salt 3150 parts per m il., temperature at flow line 123° F ., and solids 3 7 % by
weight.
The casing was set in less than 24 hrs., and with no serious trouble.
L . V . W . C.
250. Drilling with Reverse Oil Circulation in Wider Use. E . J . Beckman. O il W kly,
5.12.38, 91 (13), 19.—Considerable work has been done during the last two years in
developing the reverse circulation method of drilling. W ith this method it is possible
to (i) d rill new wells, (ii) d rill, plug and wash well, (iii) d rill out cement plugs, (iv)
underream while drilling, (v) underream and d rill new holes in salt water disposal
wells, (vi) clean out wells quickly and (vii) perform special jobs such as rolling out
collapsed casing, side tracking, etc. Many advantages are gained by its use.
The method is sim ply rotary d rilling using a pack-off head at the top of the casing
in order to circulate the drilling fluid in the reverse direction of conventional methods.
Accurate logging can be accomplished, and the velocity of the fluid up the d rill
pipe is greater than is possible with the normal method, and a sample of the cuttings
for observation is available in much less time. L . V . W . C.
251. Rotary Conquers M ichigan’s Traverse Lime. N . X . Lyon. Oil W kly, 12.12.38,
92 (1), 17.—The first deep well in Michigan to be drilled by rotary has recently been
completed and has shown a marked saving in d rilling time over cable tools. No
special drilling muds were used, and a density of 9-7 of 0-3 viscosity was carried on
this test. L . V . W . C.
252. Survey of Cementing Jobs to Shut off Salt Water in East Texas. P. Montgomery.
Oil W kly, 12.12.38, 92 (1), 34.—T h is article is an account of the various types of
cementing jobs used to shut off salt water in the east Texas oilfield.
These jobs are classified into four groups with a total of twelve different types or
methods and each is dealt with in some detail.
As a result of this investigation it may be stated that :
1. The method best adapted to the conditions should be used. There is no
one kind of job that can be recommended for any and all wells.
2. In wells making a high percentage of salt water, retainer squeeze and short-
string squeeze jobs are recommended.
3. The retainer squeeze job w ill be most used owing to the light-weight casing
used.
4. The braden head squeeze job has been successful where the cement job is
done shortly after the well has started to make salt water.
5. High-pressure squeeze jobs w ill be much more permanent.
6. Slow setting gel-forming cements have assisted considerably in improving
the method of shutting off salt water. L . V . W . C.
253. Care and Maintenance of Instruments Used on Drilling Rigs. E . L . Decker and
N . L . Dorn. Oil W kly, 19.12.38, 92 (2), 42.— D rillin g crews are unprepared to
handle the instruments necessary to progress w ith the advances made in rotary
drilling technique.
This article brings out the need for care and maintenance routines, and reports
are quoted to show the benefits to be gained from such programmes. Fixed re
sponsibility, instruction of crews and steps to m inim ize the occurrence and effects
of abuse are recommended. L . V . W . C.
Production.
255. Use of Gas Lift in Handling Small Allowables. S. F. Shaw. O il W kly, 19.12.38,
92 (2), 38.—Gas lift has now become a popular method of handling small allowables
in many fields and entails a low capital expenditure per well for installation of equip
ment, and reduces the lifting cost to a low point.
In new fields the method is favourable for the following reasons: (1) where high
flowing pressures are available, high fluid levels are found; (2) gas oil ratios obtain
that are at least as high as those originally associated with the oil before the reservoir
was tapped; (3) small allowables require low cost equipment; (4) centralized
machinery may be installed; and (5) infrequency of pulling and other well jobs.
L . V . W . C.
257. East Texas Experiment Shows Feasibility of Returning Salt W ater to Producing
Formation. H . H . King. Oil W kly, 28.11.38, 91 (12), 23.— Inp ut wells situated
on the water drive flank of the east Texas field may be used to take the huge volume
of salt water that must be handled in draining this field.
Steps are being taken to instal input wells in order to be prepared when the produc
ABSTRACTS. 89 A
tion of brackish water can no longer be accommodated in the surface pits. Facilities
for treating the water to cleanse it of foreign compounds that would clog the exposed
sand have enabled 3000 brls. of water d aily to be returned to the input well already
in existence. The brine flows by gravity from a gun barrel through a baffle tower
and thence to a receiving tank. The water is delivered to a filter box above the tubing
head on the well.
Experiments are now under way to coagulate the fine particles of foreign matter
carried by the brine to accomplish greater precipitation and at a faster rate. Tests
are to be made w ith slaked lim e and, also, chlorine. L . V . W . C.
258. Salt Water Disposal System in the Fitts Pool. J . C. Albright. Petrol. Engr,
December, 1938, 10 (3), 66.—A mutual co-operative association has been formed in
the Fitts Pool to deal with the quantity of salt water being produced in the field.
The first salt water produced was collected in large reservoirs and pools and per
mitted to soak into the soil and to evaporate into the atmosphere. Fear of polluting
the streams impelled the operators to develop the disposal system.
Core analysis of all the formations indicated that water could be pumped into the
Wilcox and O il Creek sands in large quantity, if filtered.
A gravity drainage system to transport the brine to a central reservoir was next
designed.
About 11,000 brls. of brine per day are pumped at a pressure of about 250 lb. No
pressure build-up has been noticed showing that filtration has clarified the water
sufficiently that the sand face is not plugged to any noticeable extent.
l. y. w. c.
259. Gas Lift Project in East Texas Utilizes Gas from Distillate Well. J . W . Lee and
F . H . Love. Petrol. Engr, December, 1938, 10 (3), 74.—The gas from a wildcat high-
pressure well has been piped to a nearby field for gas-lift purposes. Th is gas, which
would otherwise be v irtu ally useless, is made to produce oil economically.
The gas is separated from the distillate and metered before entering the line. The
well pressure, which is 1000 lb., is reduced to 350 lb. at the injection well by means
of high-pressure regulators. The gas is injected into the annular space between the
tubing and the casing.
Flow valves are an important feature, and from five to eight valves are installed in
the tubing string at intervals ranging from 200 to 350 ft.,the top valve at about the
static fluid level. L . V . W . C.
263 Gas Lock Protective Devices and Mobile Rotary Pumps Used on K-M -A Gathering
Systems J. C. Albright. Oil W kly, 2.1.39, 92 (4), 21.—The design of the gathering
system of the Texas Pipe Line Co. in the K -M -A field of north Texas and the use of
mobile rotary type pipe line pumps has enabled the Company to move a much greater
amount of oil than is ordinarily possible.
A ll pipe line companies at K -M -A have built gravity systems as far as practicable,
but because of the gassy characteristic of the oil, oil firms are faced with gas locking
in their systems. In addition air in the feeder lines from the tank batteries is as
troublesome as the gas.
The conventional method of handling oil is to allow gravity to move the oil as far
as practicable. A t the station side of the lines pumps are frequently used that pull
a high vacuum on the oil in an attempt to accelerate the movement of oil. K -M -A
crude makes this almost impossible, for when this is attempted the oil invariably
breaks into gas pockets. Automatic air release and vacuum valves have been installed.
By slowing down the permanently installed pump and by having a slight head on the
intake the oil would move faster from the batteries than if a good vacuum was pulled.
Mobile rotary pump units have been developed. The pump is mounted on a light
maintenance truck, power being taken from the transmission take-off of the truck.
L . V . W . C.
264. High Pressure Gas From Another Field Flows East Texas W ells. Anon. Oil
Wkly, 2.1.39, 92 (4), 26.—High pressure gas is being transported a distance of about
ten miles in the east Texas field for the purpose of gas-lifting production. A six-
mile branch is run to other properties where four different makes of gas lift valves or
intermitters were tried in a number of wells.
The gas from the gas well had an in itial pressure of 2770 lb. at the well and is carried
to the other properties at 750 lb. after it has been passed through a separator.
A recent survey shows that over 100 wells are now operating on gas lift from this
source. L . V . W . C.
265. Fluid Level Indicator is Useful in East Texas Field Operations. G. Weber. Oil
Oas J ., 15.12.38, 37 (31), 44.—A number of new methods for testing and equipping
wells in which natural flow has ceased have been introduced in the east Texas field
due to the increased use of artificial lift. Knowledge of fluid levels, bottom hole
pressure, build-up and other characteristics are needed in fitting the well for best
results in secondary production.
The new procedure employs the use of sound wave reflections to determine the depth
of the fluid level in the well tested.
Equipment for conducting tests of this type comprises a heavy duty well-head
connection incorporating a gun and a sensitive microphone, an amplifier equipped
with tuning and filtering provisions and a pen recorder.
Since speed of sound varies in different wells, depending upon the density and
characteristics of the gas medium in the column, depth determinations are greatly
simplified by rising the tubing collar reflections for depth calibrations. The average
tubing length is derived from well records, and by direct measurement on the ribbon,
o a length including a certain number of tubing collar reflections, the basis for the
calculations is established. y \ y (j
P e tro le u m C o .’s s a l t w a t e r d is p o s a l p r o je c t in t h e F i t t s P o r t , O k lo h o m a . A m o n g
th e m o re i m p o r t a n t a r e : (i) a m p le p ro v is io n s fo r s e p a r a tin g o il fro m b rin e b efo re i t
reach es t h e t r e a t i n g p l a n t ; (ii) p r o v is io n s fo r c le a n in g lin e s b y p u m p in g sc ra p e rs
th ro u g h t h e lin e s w h ile o p e r a tin g u n d e r p re s s u re o r b y g r a v ity flo w ; (iii) g a th e rin g
lin es w ith p r o v is io n s fo r in c r e a s in g d e liv e r y c a p a c i t y ; (iv) t h e p ip e in th e g a th e rin g
lin es is o f m a te r ia l t h a t w ill n o t b e c o rro d e d b y e ith e r s a lt w a te r o r t h e s o i l ; (v) th e
lin e is m a in ta in e d a t a d e fin ite g r a d ie n t th r o u g h o u t ; (vi) a d d itio n a l c o n n e c tio n s m a y
be m a d e a t a n y tim e ; (v ii) r e s e r v o ir s to r a g e is m u c h sm a lle r th a n u s u a l ; (v iii) t r e a t
in g p l a n t is f l e x i b le ; (ix ) th e d is p o s a l w ell w ill t a k e la rg e q u a n titie s of w a te r u n d e r
low p re ssu re s a n d s h o u ld c o n tin u e t o d o so f o r a lo n g p e r i o d ; a n d (x) th e e q u ip m e n t
is su c h t h a t a h ig h p e r c e n ta g e c a n b e s a lv a g e d w h e n n e c e s sa ry . L . V . W . C.
T . S. P a rk . U .S .P . 2 ,1 4 4 ,0 2 6 , 17.1.39. A p p l. 6.2.36. W e ll p a c k e r.
D. H a n e s . U .S .P . 2 ,1 4 4,842, 2 4 .1 .2 9 . A p p l. 27.4.37. A p a c k e r a d a p te d t o b e
used in a b o re h o le a n d m e a n s fo r s e t ti n g a n d r e le a s in g i t in a w ell.
B . N a y . U .S .P . 2 ,1 4 5 ,1 9 0 , 2 4 .1 .3 9 . A p p l. 24.5.38. S w iv el jo in t b a r d o il re m o v e r
fo r t u b in g s tr in g s . 1-. V . W . C.
Crude Petroleum.
270. Chem ical and R efining Study of som e W yom in g B lack Oils. H . M . T h o m e a n d
W . M u rp h y . V .S. Bur. M ines. Rep. Invest. No. 3423. N o v e m b e r , 1938.— I n general
th e se cru d e o ils a re c h a ra c te riz e d b y t h e i r h ig h s u lp h u r , h ig h a s p h a l t a n d lo w gasoline
c o n te n t, a n d a re c a lle d b la c k o ils b e c a u s e o f th e s e p r o p e r tie s a n d t h e i r c o lo u r. C rudes
fro m O reg o n B a sin , D a lla s -D e rb y a n d G a r la n d F ie ld s h a v e th e fo llo w in g p ro p e rtie s :
sp . g r. 0-924—0-940, s u lp h u r c o n te n t 2 -8 9 -3 -2 5 % , v is c o s ity S .U . a t 100° F . 260-530
secs., p o u r p t . b elo w — 5° F ., c a rb o n re s id u e 8 -0 -1 0 -2 % . T h e d e m a n d fo r t h e crudes
is a t p re s e n t la rg e ly c o n tro lle d b y t h e r e q u ire m e n ts o f a s p h a l t a n d r o a d o il p ro d u c ts
in th e m a r k e t te r r ito r y . W it h a v ie w t o in c re a s in g p o ss ib le o u t le t s f o r th e crudes,
c ra c k in g s tu d ie s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c te d a t t h e L a ra m ie s t a ti o n o n t o p p e d c ru d e s u n d e r
d iffe re n t c o n d itio n s of p re ss u re a n d te m p e r a tu r e , a n d t h e re fin in g o f lig h t d istilla te s
t o m a r k e t s ta n d a r d s e x a m in e d . T h e s tr a ig h t- r u n n a p h th a s p r o d u c e d b y to p p in g
(1 0 -1 8 % y ield ) a re d e fic ie n t in lig h t f ra c tio n s , h ig h in s u lp h u r c o n te n t a n d low in
o c ta n e r a t i n g (3 1 -3 4 ). T h e y th e r e fo r e r e q u ire b le n d in g w i t h s u ita b le n a p h th a s or
to b e “ re fo rm e d ” o r c ra c k e d a n d s u b s e q u e n tly t r e a t e d . C ra c k in g o f t h e to p p e d
c ru d e in a sp e cial la b o r a to r y b a t c h e q u ip m e n t y ie ld e d n a p h t h a s h a v in g o c ta n e ra tin g s
of 4 8 -6 1 , a c c o rd in g to th e te m p e r a tu r e a n d p r e s s u re u tiliz e d , o f g o o d v o la tility b u t
c o n ta in in g a b o u t 1 % o f s u lp h u r in a ll cases. O p tim u m y ie ld o f c ra c k e d n a p h th a
b a s e d o n c ru d e is a b o u t 4 5 % . R e fin in g b y a c id t o s u lp h u r c o n te n t o f 0 -1 % req u ires
e x cessiv e q u a n titie s o f a c id a n d lo w ers t h e o c ta n e n u m b e r o f t h e c r a c k e d gasolines
a p p re c ia b ly . A m o re c o m p le te in v e s tig a tio n o f t h e re fin in g p r o b le m is p la n n e d .
A p p ro x im a te ly o n e t h i r d of th e s u lp h u r in t h e c r u d e w a s c o n v e r te d to H 2S, w hich
m a y b e re m o v e d a n d c o n v e r te d t o a c id . C o n s id e ra b le q u a n ti t ie s o f n o n -co n d en sib le
g ases w ere p ro d u c e d , a n d t h e y ie ld of co k e w a s u s u a lly a b o u t 25—3 0 % . T h e su lp h u r
c o n te n t of th e co k e w as u s u a lly a b o u t 5 % o r m o re , w h ic h w ill c a u s e l i t t l e d ifficu lty
fo r fu el p u rp o se s , b u t m a y b e d e tr im e n ta l fo r c e r ta in m e ta llu r g ic a l p u rp o s e s . A s a
r e s u lt o f th e w o rk so f a r c o n d u c te d i t is p r o p o s e d t o i n v e s tig a te t h e a l t e r n a ti v e m e th o d
o f p ro d u c in g sp e cificatio n a s p h a lts fro m t h e c r u d e s a n d c r a c k in g t h e in te rm e d ia te
d istilla te s . T h e c ru d e s a r e p a r t ic u la r l y w ell s u ite d t o t h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f road-
b in d in g m a te ria ls a n d o th e r a s p h a ltic p r o d u c ts o n a c c o u n t o f t h e i r h ig h a s p h a lt
c o n te n t. p
272. Laboratory M ethod for E v a lu a tin g Crude Oil, w ith Special R eference to Trinidad
Crude. R . G . J o h n s t o n e a n d R . P a lm e r . J . In stn Petrol. Tech., 1938, 24, 6 0 5 -
620.— A l a b o r a to r y p r o c e d u r e is d e s c rib e d fo r e v a lu a tin g c ru d e o il in te r m s of th r e e
fra c tio n s — g a s o lin e , g a s o il a n d fu e l o il. D , l . S.
Gas.
274. P aten t on Gas. D e D ir e c tie n V a n d e S ta a ts m ijn e n a n d C. O tto & Co. E .P .
497,330, 14.12.38. A p p l. 14.6.37. R e m o v a l o f H 2S fro m g ases b y m e a n s of a n
am m o n ia c a l s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g F e c o m p o u n d s , w h ic h is r e g e n e r a te d b y m e a n s of
0 2 a f t e r w a s h in g . W . S. E . C.
Cracking.
275. 85% of G asoline of 81 O ctane (num ber) from Gas Oil. W . T . Z ie g e n h a in . Oil
Gas ./., 8.12.38, 37 (30), 23.— A s e m i-c o m m e rc ia l sc ale c a ta ly tic c ra c k in g u n i t in
o p e ra tio n a t t h e r e s e a rc h p l a n t o f t h e U n iv e r s a l O il P r o d u c ts Co. c a n p r o d u c e 8 5 %
of g aso lin e o f 81 o c ta n e n u m b e r fro m M id -C o n tin e n t g a s o il o f A .P .I . g r a v ity 36-7°,
I.B .P . 407° F ., F .B .P . 750° F ., V ise . S .U . a t 100° F . 40 secs. T h e g aso lin e p ro d u c e d
is sta b le in r e s p e c t o f c o lo u r a n d o c ta n e r a ti n g a n d h a s a v a p o u r p re s s u re o f 10 lb.
T h e y ie ld o f g a s o lin e is b a s e d u p o n a re c y c le o p e r a tio n , a n d in c lu d e s t h a t o b ta in e d
fro m c a ta ly tic p o ly m e r iz a tio n o f t h e c ra c k e d gases. T h e p l a n t c o n s ists e s se n tia lly
of a h e a te r , tw o b a n k s o f c a t a l y s t r e a c to r s , a n d a u to m a tic c o n tro ls fo r a lte r n a tin g
th e flow o f h e a t e d o il firs t th r o u g h o n e h a lf o f t h e r e a c to r s a n d t h e n t h r o u g h th e o th e r
h a lf w h ils t t h e c a t a ly s t in t h e f irs t is b e in g r e a c tiv a te d . R e a c tiv a tio n is a c c o m p lish e d
b y p u rg in g t h e r e a c to r s o f o il v a p o u r s , a n d b u r n in g o ff t h e c a rb o n w h ic h co lle c ts on
th e c a ta ly s t b y p a s s in g a p r e d e te r m in e d a m o u n t o f a ir th r o u g h t h e tu b e m a in ta in in g
a m o d e ra te te m p e r a t u r e o f c o m b u s tio n . T w e n ty ty p e s o f c h a rg in g s to c k s , ra n g in g
fro m re sid u e s t o g a s o ils, h a v e b e e n in v e s tig a te d i n se le c tin g th e m o s t p ra c tic a b le
c a ta ly s t w h ic h sh o w e d p r a c tic a lly c o m p le te re c o v e ry o n r e a c tiv a tio n o v e r lo n g p e rio d s
of tim e in la b o r a to r y te s ts . H ig h ly p a ra ffin ic o v e r h e a d d is tilla te s a r e t h e m o s t
su ita b le feed s to c k s . R . A. E.
276. D eterm in ation of Y ield per P ass, Tim e of Treatm ent and “ In Situ ” D en sity and
Instrum entality for their Control in Com m ercial Cracking U n its. R . L . R u d e , R . D .
J e n k in s a n d C. B a rn e s . Refiner, N o v e m b e r, 1 9 3 8 ,17 (11), 583.— I t is n o w re c o g n iz e d
t h a t th e tim e - te m p e r a tu r e r e la tio n s h ip is th e m o s t im p o r ta n t o f t h e c o n d itio n s g o v e rn in g
th e y ie ld o f a c r a c k in g u n i t a n d t h a t t h e p r o p e r tie s o f th e m a te r ia l in a n y se c tio n of
th e u n it m u s t b e k n o w n w i th a m in im u m o f d e la y . A c h a n g e in p ro p e rtie s n e c e s s ita te s
a c h an g e in p l a n t c o n d itio n s if t h e p r o p e r tie s o f t h e fin al p r o d u c t a re to re m a in u n
ch an g ed . I t h a s b e e n e s ta b lis h e d t h a t t h e d e n s ity o f th e m a te r ia l c a n b e u s e d a s a n
a c c u ra te g u id e o f i t s r e le v a n t p r o p e r tie s , a n d in s tr u m e n ts h a v e b e e n d e v is e d f o r th e
d e te r m in a tio n o f d e n s itie s “ in s i t u , ” t h a t is c o n tin u o u s ly a n d w ith o u t re c o u rse to
th e w ith d r a w a l o f s a m p le s. T h e re is t h u s n o ti m e la g in th e p r o d u c tio n o f in f o rm a tio n .
T h e d e n s ity m e a s u rin g d e v ic e is d e s c rib e d in g r e a t d e ta il. I t c o n s is ts o f a n orifice
g4 A ABSTRACTS.
277. Cracking P ennsylvanian Gas Oil for 90 O.N. B len d in g V alu e G asoline. A . L.
F o ste r. N at. Petrol. News, 14.12.38, 30 (50), R . 5 9 4 .— I n t h e c r a c k in g o f P e n n s y l
v a n ia n g as oil b y t h e T ru e V a p o u r P h a s e P ro c e ss c o n s id e ra b le im p ro v e m e n ts in yield
a n d o c ta n e n u m b e r h a v e b e e n a c h ie v e d b y r e c y c lin g t h e g a s d is c h a rg e d b y th e co m
p re sso r-c o o le r s y s te m a n d m a d e u p o f g a s fro m t h e g a s o lin e a c c u m u la to r a n d sta b iliz e r
to p . P a r t of th is g a s is p a s s e d in to t h e c y cle g a s h e a t e r a n d p a r t is s e n t th r o u g h a
“ flash g as ” h e a te r co il in to th e flash d r u m to a id in t h e v a p o r iz a tio n o f t h e charge.
T h ere is in d ire c t ev id e n c e t h a t a n a p p re c ia b le p r o p o r tio n o f t h i s g a s is p o ly m eriz ed .
T h e to t a l y ie ld is 6 7 % o n t h e g a s o il, w h ic h b r in g s t h e t o t a l y ie ld f ro m t h e c ru d e to
8 2 % . T h e fin al re fo rm e d p r o d u c t h a s a n o c ta n e n u m b e r o f 75 a n d a b le n d in g o ctan e
v a lu e of 90. T h e ra w g aso lin e is s w e e te n e d in a c o n tin u o u s d o c to r t r e a t e r , w ashed
w ith w a te r, so d iu m b is u lp h ite s o lu tio n , w a te r a g a in , f ilte r e d th r o u g h a s a n d b e d an d
fin ally tr e a t e d w ith in h ib ito r. T h e p l a n t p ro d u c e s s o m e 820,000 c u . f t . d a ily of
p o ly m eriz ab le h y d r o c a rb o n s , w h ich , so f a r, a r e n o t u tiliz e d e x c e p t, in p a r t , a s fuel.
H . G.
Hydrogenation.
279. H ydrogenation as a Step Towards Italian Oil A u tarch y. A n o n . W orld Petrol.,
1939, 10 (1), 56.— A h y d r o g e n a tio n p l a n t h a s b e e n p u t in to o p e r a tio n a t L ivorno,
I t a l y , a se co n d is u n d e r c o n s tru c tio n a t B a ri a n d a t h i r d m a y b e a d d e d l a t e r to h an d le
A lb a n ia n c ru d e oil. I t is p ro p o s e d e v e n tu a lly t o s u b s t i t u t e t o a la rg e e x t e n t im p o rte d
I r a q oil b y th is c ru d e a n d o ils fro m I t a l i a n a s p h a lts , sh a le s a n d lig n ite ta r s . The
L iv o rn o re fin e ry also c o n ta in s d is tilla tio n u n i t s , a c ra c k in g u n it a n d a s o lv e n t tre a tin g
p la n t. T h e h y d r o g e n a tio n u n i t o p e r a te s u n d e r t h e B e rg iu s p a t e n t s g iv in g a y ield of
8 0% of g aso lin e fro m th e A lb a n ia c ru d e , w h ic h is h ig h ly s u lp h u r o u s a n d y ie ld s only
12% of s tr a ig h t- ru n g aso lin e . I t w ill also b e u s e d t o p r o d u c e 60,0 0 0 to n s o f high
q u a lity lu b r ic a n ts a n d in a d d itio n is o -o c ta n e . T h e tw o p l a n t s w ill p ro d u c e 240,000
to n s of a u to m o b ile a n d a v ia tio n g aso lin e— h a lf t h e n a t io n a l c o n s u m p tio n — b u t this
m a y e v e n tu a lly b e in c re a se d to 400,000 to n s .
S to ra g e fa c ilitie s a t L iv o rn o a re e q u ip p e d w ith a n itr o g e n c ir c u la tio n s y s te m for
fire p ro te c tio n , w h ile th e e le c tric p o w e r p l a n t u tiliz e s t h e e n e rg y p r o d u c e d th r o u g h the
bo racic soffioni of L a rd e re llo . T h e c o m p le tio n of t h e V e n ice a n d T rie s te refineries
a n d th e c u rta ilin g of d o m e s tic c o n s u m p tio n o f g a s o lin e t o 340 ,0 0 0 to n s p e r ann u m
en ab les c o n sid e ra b le q u a n titie s to b e e x p o r te d . T h e p o t e n t i a l p r o d u c tio n of the
A lb a n ia w ells is g iv en a s 120,000 to n s a n d t h a t f ro m d o m e s tic l ig n ite a s 170,000 tons,
a n d t h a t fro m ca lc a re o u s a s p h a lts , b itu m e n s a n d s c h is ts a s 100,000 to n s . Ita lia n
cru d es y ield 5000 to n s o f g a so lin e , w h ile a q u a n t i t y e q u iv a le n t t o 12,000 to n s is
o b ta in a b le b y th e u se of n a tu r a l g as, a n d a q u a n t i t y e q u iv a le n t t o 85,000 to n s by
ABSTBACTS. 95 A
280. M ean Pressure Syn th esis of Paraffins from CO and H w ith a Co Catalyst. F .
F isc h e r a n d H . P ic h le r . Brennst.-Chemie, 1.2.39, 20 (3), 4 1 -4 8 .— H y d r o g e n a tio n
te s ts h a v e b e e n c a r r ie d o u t a t te m p e r a tu r e s a n d p re s s u re s in te r m e d ia te b e tw e e n
th o se o f t h e n o r m a l p r e s s u re g a s o lin e s y n th e s is a n d th o s e of t h e h ig h -p re s su re m e th a n o l
sy n th e sis. T h is “ m e a n p r e s s u re s y n th e s is ” d iffers b a s ic a lly fro m h i th e r to k n o w n
p ro cesses. S im ila r t o t h e g a s o lin e s y n th e s is CO a n d H a r e c o n s u m e d a t a r a t i o o f
a p p r o x im a te ly 1 : 2. U s in g a Co c a ta ly s t o p tim u m c o n d itio n s a re 160—200° C., a n d
4 -2 0 a tm . M a x im u m y ie ld is o b ta in e d n e a r t h e lo w e r te m p e r a tu r e lim it W it h t h e
sa m e Co c a t a ly s t a s u s e d in t h e g a s o lin e s y n th e s is o p tim u m te m p e r a tu re s of th e m e a n
p re ss u re s y n th e s is a r e lo w e r. A t t h e p re s s u re s p r e v a ilin g in t h e m e a n p re s s u re
sy n th e s is a n d u s in g Co c a ta ly s ts , m a x im u m y ie ld o f so lid p a ra ffin , w h ic h is t h e m a in
p ro d u c t o f th e r e a c tio n , a n d a lso m a x im u m t o t a l y ie ld , is o b ta in e d . A t th e sa m e tim e
c a ta ly s t life w a s lo n g e s t. E x c e e d in g t h e p re s s u re r e g io n o f th e m e a n p re s s u re s y n th e s is
r e s u lte d in n o a d v a n ta g e . O p e r a tin g i n o n e s ta g e w ith th e sa m e c a ta ly s t a n d w ith o u t
c a ta ly s t r e a c t i v a t i o n a s o lid p a r a f fin y ie ld 6 -7 tim e s t h a t o f t h e g a so lin e s y n th e s is
w as o b ta in e d , p a ra ffin s b o ilin g o v e r 450° C. w e re u p t o tw e n ty -fiv e tim e s m o re , w h e re a s
t o t a l y ie ld o f liq u id a n d so lid h y d r o c a r b o n s w a s 2 5 - 3 0 % h ig h e r. T h e life o f th e
c a ta ly s t w a s s ix tim e s lo n g e r t h a n in th e n o r m a l p re s s u re s y n th e s is .
I t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t , c o n t r a r y t o p re v io u s o p in io n , h ig h m o le c u la r h y d ro c a rb o n s
d o n o t p o ssess a g r e a te r te n d e n c y to re d u c e th e a c ti v it y o f Co c a ta ly s ts . T h e m o re
ra p id d e c lin e o f c a t a l y s t a c t i v i t y in t h e n o rm a l p re ss u re s y n th e s is is e x p la in e d b y th e
fo rm a tio n o f m in u te q u a n ti ti e s o f c o m p o u n d s o f a d v e rs e effect o n th e c a ta ly s t, w h e re a s
su c h c o m p o u n d s a r e m a d e h a r m le s s in t h e m e a n p re s s u re sy n th e s is b y th e m o re
effectiv e h y d r o g e n a tio n . L. R.
Polymerization.
282. P atents on P olym erization . M . W . P e r rin , E . W . F a w c e tt, J . G. P a to n , E . G.
W illia m , a n d I . C . I . L td . E .P . 497,643, 22.1 2 .3 8 . A p p l. 22.4.37. I n te rp o ly m e r iz a tio n
of e th y le n e w i t h o rg a n ic c o m p o u n d s , e.g., p ro p y le n e , iso b u ty le n e , p e n te n e o r iso-
p e n te n e , a t 100—400° C. u n d e r 1500 a t m . p r e s s u re in th e p re se n c e o f free o x y g e n o r
b en zo y l p e ro x id e , t o p r o d u c e h ig h m o l. w t. c o m p o u n d s .
so lv e n t m u s t alw a y s d e p e n d o n t h e n a t u r e o f t h e o il- w a x m i x tu r e T h e d e s id e ra ta
of th is choice a re : (i) H ig h s o lv e n t a c tio n fo r b o t h o il a n d w a x a t r e la tiv e ly h ig h tern-
a tu re s (ii) H ig h so lv e n t a c tio n fo r oil a n d lo w s o lv e n t a c tio n f o r w a x a t low
te m n e ra tu re s (iii) L ow b o ilin g p o in t t o f a c ilita te re c o v e ry , (iv) C h e m ica l s ta b ility ,
low to x ic ity a n d low p rice. M e th y le n e ch lo rid e , w ith o r w i th o u t a d d itio n s o f e th y le n e
d ich lo rid e b en zo l o r ace to n e , h a s b e e n f o u n d t o b e m o s t s u ita b le . T h e a c tu a l c o n
d itio n s of n a tu r e of s o lv e n t, s o lv e n t-o il-w a x m ix tu r e r a t io a n d d e w a x in g te m p e r a tu re s
are d e te rm in e d e x p e rim e n ta lly , t h e p re c ise r o u tin e o f t h e a n a ly tic a l p ro c e d u re being
a m a tte r for th e choice of th e o p e r a to r. M in u s 14° F . is re c o m m e n d e d a s a s ta n d a rd
d ew ax in g te m p e r a tu re w h en 0° F . p o u r t e s t o il is d e s ire d . S u ffic ie n t o il a n d w a x are
s e p a ra te d fo r th e d e te r m in a tio n o f th e v is c o s ity in d e x o f t h e f o rm e r a n d th e m e ltin g
p o in t of th e la tte r . T h e sc ale-w ax c o n te n t o f t h e s e p a r a te d w a x is t h e n d e te rm in e d
b y filterin g a 2-5% w t. s o lu tio n o f t h e w a x in a m i x t u r e o f 7 5 % a c e to n e a n d 2 5%
m e th y le n e ch lo rid e a t 0° C. T h u s o p tim u m c o n d itio n s m a y b e d e te r m in e d fo r m a x i
m u m y ield s o f o il of a d e sire d p o u r p o in t a n d v is c o s ity in d e x to g e th e r w it h d a ta
co n cern in g th e y ie ld a n d m e ltin g p o in t o f t h e w a x . H . G.
288. U ruguayan G overnm ent R efinery U ses Crudes from South A m erica. R . D eam -
b ro sis. Oil Gas J ., 2 9 .1 2 .3 8 , 37 (33), 134.— T h e A N C A P refin ery a t L a T e j a n e a r M o n te
v id eo , U r u g u a y , b e g a n o p e r a tio n s in J a n u a r y 1937 a n d n o w su p p lie s p r a c tic a lly a ll th e
c o u n tr y ’s fu el re q u ire m e n ts . T h e re fin e ry c o n s is ts o f a to p p in g p la n t o f c a p a c ity
800 cu. m e tre s p e r d a y , a c r a c k in g u n i t of c a p a c ity 300 cu. m e tr e s p e r d a y , re fin e ry
e q u ip m e n t fo r c a u s tic so d a , d o c to r a n d a c id tr e a tm e n t a n d th e u s u a l a u x ilia r y p la n t.
E c u a d o ria n a n d P e r u v ia n c r u d e is d is tille d , t h e t o t a l y e a r ly th r o u g h p u t of 265,000
cu. m e tre s y ie ld in g 80,000 c u . m e tr e s g a so lin e , 58,000 cu . m e tre s k ero sin e , 23,500 cu .
m e tre s g a so il a n d 100,000 c u . m e tr e s o f to p p e d c ru d e . T h e c r a c k in g u n i t p ro d u c e s
fro m t h is s to c k 5 0 ,0 0 0 c u . m e tr e s g a s o lin e , 39,000 cu . m e tr e s of fuel oil a n d 10,000,000
cu . m e tre s o f g a s ( b u r n t in t h e re fin e ry ). P r o p e r tie s o f t h e tw o c ru d e s, a n d o f th e
p r o d u c ts fro m t h e t o p p in g o f t h e m ix e d c ru d e s a n d f ro m t h e c ra c k in g o f t h e m ix e d
re d u c e d c ru d e s a r e g iv e n . L. L . G.
292. Perform ance of Com mercial P erforated-P late D istillation Colum n. R . C. G unness
a n d J . G. B a k e r. Industr. Engng Chem., 1938, 30 (12), 1394.— P e r fo r a te d p la te
co lu m n s a re c o m m o n ly u se d in in d u s tr y w h e n d is tillin g s to c k w h ic h d e p o s its solid
m a te ria l t h a t w o u ld clog a n d r e n d e r b u b b le -c a p c o lu m n s in e ffic ie n t. T w o te s ts
w ere m a d e o n a s ix te e n -p la te c o lu m n u s e d fo r t h e d is tilla tio n o f a lc o h o l fro m m ash.
T h e co lu m n w as 5 J ft. in d ia m e te r , w it h a p l a te s p a c in g o f 18 in . T h e size of th e
p e rfo ra tio n s w as J in. a n d th e r e w ere a b o u t 2500 p e r p la te . T h e tw o te s ts gave
re a so n a b ly c o n c o rd a n t r e s u lts , a n d t h e in d iv id u a l p l a te efficiencies (b a se d o n th e
M u rp h ree d e fin itio n o f efficiency) r a n g e d f ro m 2 0 % a t t h e b o t t o m t o 5 0 % a t th e top,
w ith a n a v e ra g e of 4 0 % . T h e firs t t e s t w a s m a d e 34 d a y s a f t e r c le a n in g a n d t h e second
a f te r 72 d a y s. T h e re w as n o in d ic a tio n o f a d r o p in efficien cy in th e seco n d te st,
sh o w in g t h a t fo u lin g w as n o t su fficien t t o im p a ir o p e r a tio n . P . D.
298. R eaction of ¿soB utene an d d i-iso B u ten e w ith P h en ol, w ith and w ithou t Scission
of C C L inkages. V . N . I p a tie f f , H . P in e s a n d B . S. F rie d m a n . J . Am er. chem.
Soc., 1938, 60 , 2 4 9 5 -2 4 9 7 .— P h e n o l is a lk y l a t e d w it h d i-is o b u te n e , a t te m p e r a tu re s
u p to 150°, in t h e p re se n c e o f p h o s p h o r ic a c id o r w ith a la rg e excess o f s u lp h u ric a c id ,
to y ield 4 -f-b u ty lp h e n o l a n d 2 : 4 -d i-f-b u ty lp h e n o l.
P h en o l is a lk y l a t e d b y is o b u te n e in t h e p re se n c e of p h o sp h o ric a c id a t 100 ° to
give g o o d y ie ld s o f p - f - b u ty lp h e n o l a n d 2 : 4 -d i-f-b u ty lp b e n o l.
W h en p - ( a a ,y y - te tr a m e th o b u ty l) p h e n o l w a s h e a t e d u n d e r p re s s u re w ith p h o sp h o ric
acid , th e sid e -c h a in w a s c le a v e d t o p r o d u c e p h e n o l, o c te n e s , p - i-b u ty lp h e n o l, a n d
2 : 4 -d i-i-b u ty Ip h e n o l. T . C.G . T .
ABSTRACTS.
100 A
299. Addition of Sulphur, H ydrogen Sulphide and M ercaptans to U nsaturated H ydro
carbons. S. O. Jo n e s a n d E . E m m e tt R e id . J . Am er. chem. Soc., 1938, 60 , 2452—
2 4 5 5 S u lp h u r s tr ip s H 2 fro m u n s a tu r a te d s to fo rm H 2S a p a r t o f w h ic h a d d s to th e
do u b le b o n d to p ro d u c e a m e r c a p ta n , w h ic h a d d s to m o re o f th e u n s a t u r a te to g iv e a
su lp h id e. T h e a d d itio n of H 2S ta k e s p la c e r e a d ily a n d is c a ta ly z e d b y S. T he
a d d itio n of m e rc a p ta n s , as also t h a t o f H 2S, t o d o u b le b o n d s , follow s M a rk o w n ik o ff’s
ru le in th e ab sen ce of p e ro x id e s. A s th e r e a re u s u a lly su ffic ie n t p e ro x id e s , fo r c a ta ly tic
p u rp o ses, in th e h y d ro c a rb o n , th e a b n o r m a l a d d i t io n is d iffic u lt t o su p p re s s.
T . C. G. T.
301. Properties of Purified Norm al H eptane and isoO ctane ( 2 : 2 : 4 - Trim ethyl Pentane).
D. B. B ro o k s. Bur. Stand. J . Res., Wash., 1938, 21 ( 6 ), 8 4 7 -8 5 2 .— W o rk is in h a n d
to d evelop sp e cificatio n s fo r n - h e p ta n e a n d is o o c ta n e w h ic h a r e u s e d a s p rim a ry
s ta n d a rd referen ce fuels fo r th e k n o c k r a t i n g o f a u to m o tiv e e n g in e fu els. I n th is
co nnection i t w as n ec e ssa ry to o b ta in d a t a o n t h e p h y s ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f sam p les of
th e h ig h e st p o ssib le p u r ity .
T o th is e n d th e p u r e s t a v a ila b le m a te r ia ls w e re f u r th e r p u rifie d a n d t h e boiling-
p o in ts, free zin g -p o in ts, r e fra c tiv e in d ic e s, d e n s itie s a n d c e r ta in o f t h e i r differential
coefficients a c c u ra te ly m e a s u re d o n th e r e s u ltin g m a te r ia ls . I n e a c h c ase t h e freezing
p o in t of th e b e s t m a te r ia l o b ta in e d w as h ig h e r t h a n c u r r e n tly a c c e p te d v alu es.
D . L . S.
B .-p . V iscosity.
N o n an e. F .- p „ 2)20 1.
(760 m .) n™°D. 37-8 100
°C.
°C. °C. °C.
P o ises X 10.
2 -M eth y lo c ta n e - 80-1 142-80 1-40285 0-7107 5-25 2-79
2 : 3 -D im e th y lh e p ta n e (-1 1 6 -7 ) 140-65 1-40850 0-7235 5-21 3-30
glass in itia l
3 -E th y lh e p ta n e (-1 1 4 -9 ) 143-10 1-40900 0-7260 4-90 2-61
glass
2 : 2 : 4 : 4 - T e tr a m e th y lp e n ta n e . - 66-9 122-30 1-40695 0-7185 6-80 3-39
to - 6 7 - 1
W . E . J . B.
ABSTRACTS. 101 A
B .-p ., n 20. F .- p ., Y ie ld .
H y d ro carb o n s. M n. <■
°C. °C. 0/o-
/
W . E . J . B.
B .-p .,
(760 m m .)
°C. v,20 d20.
4
W . E . J . B.
307. Vinyl H alid e P olysu lp h on es. P eracetic A cid as a Catalyst for the R eaction
between Sulphur D ioxid e and Olefins. C. S. M a rv e l a n d F . J . G la v is . J . Am er. chem.
Soc., 1938, 60, 2 6 2 2 -2 6 2 6 .— T h e c a t a ly t ic a c t i v i t y w h ic h c e r ta in sa m p le s o f a g e d
p a ra ld e h y d e h a v e sh o w n in p r o m o tin g t h e r e a c tio n b e tw e e n olefins a n d s u lp h u r
d io x id e c a n b e o b ta in e d b y u s e o f p e ra c e tic a c id so lu tio n s .
V in y l c h lo rid e a n d v in y l b ro m id e c o m b in e w i th s u lp h u r d io x id e in t h e p re se n c e of
a c tiv e p a r a ld e h y d e o r p e r a c e tic a c id t o g iv e a p o ly m e r o f th e c o m p o s itio n
((C H -p C H X ^ S O j),,, r a t h e r t h a n t h e u s u a l o n e to o n e t y p e o f p o ly m e r. A p r e lim in a r y
s tu d y of th e r e a c tio n o f t h e v in y l h a lid e p o ly m e r h a s n o t in d ic a te d i ts s tr u c t u r a l u n it ,
N o e v id en ce fo r c o m p o u n d f o r m a tio n w a s o b ta in e d fro m t h e e x a m in a tio n o f fre e z
in g -p o in t c o m p o s itio n c u rv e s fo r s o lu tio n s o f s ty r e n e , 1 -p e n te n e a n d 10 -h en d ecen o ic
acid in liq u id s u lp h u r d io x id e . W . E . J . B.
308. Instability of Liquid isoB u ten e. E . E . R o p e r. J . Amer. chem. Soc., 1938, 60,
2 699 -2 7 0 1 .— I t h a s b e e n sh o w n t h a t is o b u te n e (2 - m e th y lp ro p e n e ) in th e liq u id p h a s e
fo rm s a h ig h -b o ilin g liq u id u p o n s ta n d in g , w h ic h p ro b a b ly is a p o ly m e r, w it h c e r ta in
ev id en ce p o in tin g to d im e r iz a tio n a s t h e f irs t s te p .
abstra cts.
102 a
ttP'
319. Catalytic A gen t as Im p ortan t F actor in th e P yrolysis Process. R . F u s s te ig .
Petrol. Engr, D e c e m b e r, 1 9 3 8 ,10 (3), 33.— T h e b e h a v io u r o f c a ta ly s ts is e x p la in e d o n t h e
b asis of m o d e m th e o r ie s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a to m s , a n d th e r e s u lts of e x p e r im e n ta l
w o rk o n th e p r e p a r a tio n a n d s e le c tio n o f c a ta ly s ts fo r u se in p y ro ly s is r e a c tio n s d is
cu ssed . T h e s u rfa c e o f t h e c a t a l y s t is c o n s id e re d to c o n s ist o f u n s a tu r a te d m a t t e r
w h ich a d s o rb s a m o le c u le of, e.g., h y d r o g e n s p littin g a to m s in to e le c tro n s a n d n u clei,
th e fo rm er p e n e tr a tin g t h e lig h t m o v a b le e le c tro n s of th e c a ta l y s t a n d th e l a t t e r a d h e r-
in g to th e su rfa c e o f t h e c a t a ly s t w h e re t h e y a r e a b le t o r e a c t w ith s p lit h y d r o c a r b o n
BtttP
ABSTBACTS.
104 a
Motor Fuels.
321. Patents on Motor Spirit. H . D re y fu s . E . P . 4 96.292, 29.1 1 .3 8 . A p p l. 29.5.37.
S y n th esis of h y d ro c a rb o n s fro m CO a n d H 2 a t 150 -3 5 0 ° C. a n d u n d e r a n ab so lu te
p ressu re of 0 T —0-25 a tm . a t th e m o s t, in t h e p re se n c e o f a h y d r o g e n a tin g c a ta ly s t,
e.g., a m e ta l of G ro u p 8 a n d a m e ta l o x id e . S te a m , CO», o r h y d r o c a r b o n g ases o r vap o u rs
a re a d d e d as d ilu e n t. 6
323. Gas Oils and F uel Oils. E . P r é v o s t. Rev. Comb. Liq., O c to b e r, 1938, 16 (158),
271—282.— T h e a u t h o r tr a c e s t h e h is to r y o f g a s o ils a n d fu e l o ils, a n d i t is in te r e s tin g
to n o te t h a t t h e s p e c ific a tio n of t h e U .G .I . ( U n ite d G as I m p r o v e m e n t Co.) w a s t h e
o n ly one in e x is te n c e in 1920 a n d i t s e n tir e p u r p o s e w a s t o sp e c ify o ils s u ita b le fo r
en rich in g co al g a s. T h e f irs t official s p e c ific a tio n s w e re f o r m u la te d o n t h e 3 rd
F e b ru a ry , 1922, u n d e r t h e h e a d in g o f “ U n it e d S ta te s G o v e rn m e n t S ta n d a r d sp e c ific a
tio n N o. 2 c,” b u t th e s e d id n o t in c lu d e g a s o ils. F re n c h g o v e rn m e n t sp e c ific a tio n s
as defined b y a g o v e r n m e n t d e c re e in 1919 c a ll f o r a m in im u m v is c o s ity , a m a x im u m
(5% ) ° f m a te r ia l r e m o v a b le b y s u lp h u r ic a c id , a n d th e m a in s tip u la t i o n t h a t
i t m u s t y ield a d i s t i l l a t e o f less t h a n 1 0 % a t 275° C. b y t h e L u y n e s B o r d a 3
H
106 A ABSTRACTS.
m eth o d th e th e rm o m e te r b e in g in t h e liq u id . I t is s t a t e d t h a t fo r a n y g iv e n h y d r o
c arb o n t h a t fra c tio n w h ich d is tils b elo w 275° C. b y th e a b o v e m e th o d w ill d is til below
255° C b y th e s ta n d a r d A .S .T .M . m e th o d .
T h e d ecrees w ere m o d ified in J u n e 1921 a n d A p ril 1923 t o p e r m it th e im p o rt of
„„„ oiis d istillin g 20 % a n d 3 0 % r e s p e c tiv e ly b elo w 275° C. b y t h e L u y n e s B o rd as
m e th o d , th is m e th o d b e in g officially r e p la c e d b y t h e A .S .T .M . d is tilla tio n in 1934.
I n 1937 a d ecree w as issu e d d e fin in g a s g a s o ils a ll p r o d u c ts d is tillin g below 30%
a t 255° C. b y th e A .S .T .M . m e th o d a n d a s fu e l o ils a ll p r o d u c ts d is tillin g below 30%
a t 270° C. b y th e sa m e m e th o d a n d s a tis f y in g t h e c o lo rim e tric t e s t. T h e l a tt e r te s t
w as in tro d u c e d in 1936 t o re p la c e t h e s u lp h u r ic t a r t e s t a n d is s t a t e d to g iv e an
in d ic a tio n of th e a s p h a lte n e c o n te n t.
T h e a rtic le g iv es a v e r y d e ta ile d s t u d y o f t h e p o s itio n b o t h in TJ.S.A. a n d F ra n ce
b e tw e e n 1919 a n d t h e e n d of 1937. M . M. L .
331. M anufacture of Cutting Oils. J . F . M iller. J . In stn Petrol. Tech., 1938, 24,
645-649.— V a rio u s ty p e s of c u ttin g o ils a re d is c u s s e d a n d t h e p r o p e rtie s d e m an d ed
of th e s e p r o d u c ts a re d e sc rib e d . D . L . S.
334. F unctions of Cutting Fluids. H . W . S w ift. J . In stn Petrol. Tech., 1938, 24,
662-671.— T h e m e c h a n is m o f m e ta l c u tt in g is d is c u s s e d a n d t h e ro le p la y e d b y th e
c u ttin g flu id in d ic a te d . D . L . S.
o r c a rb o n a te , p o ta s s iu m c a r b o n a te , b e r y l l i u m o x id e o r c a r b o n a te , m a g n e s iu m h y d ro x id e
o r c a r b o n a te , o r o x id e s , h y d r o x id e s o r c a r b o n a te s o f c a lc iu m , a lu m in iu m , o r m a n g a n e s e ,
e tc .
E B
H ie rp e a n d W . A. G ru se. U .S .P . 2 ,1 41,085, 20.1 2 .3 8 . A p p l. 2.11.34.
rw ro a sin eth e v is c o s ity /g r. c o n s ta n t o f p e tr o le u m lu b r ic a tin g o ils b y e x tr a c tio n a t
0-100° F . w ith a m ix tu re o f e th y le n e d ic b lo rid e a n d liq u id S 0 2.
Special Products.
336. Patents on Special Products. B rim s d o w n C h e m ic a l W o r k s , J . C. L id d le a n d H .
M eyer. E .P . 496,942, 5.12.38. A p p l. 3.6.37. P r o d u c tio n o f a c tiv e c a rb o n by
h e a tin g v e g e ta b le — e.g., w o o d c h a rc o a l a n d n u t- s h e ll c h a r c o a l t o a t le a s t 700° C. a n d
su b je c tin g to th e a c tio n of a m ix tu r e o f s te a m a n d a ir .
S ee also A b s tr a c t N o . 301.
BOOK REVIEWS.
ADDlied Geophysics in the Search for M inerals. B y A . S . E v e a n d D . A . K e y s .
_3
T h ird
'
E d itio n . 1938. P p . 316. C a m b r i d g e U n iv e r s ity P re s s . P ric e 16s.
T h e d e v e lo p m e n t of g eo p h y sic a l m e th o d s o f p r o s p e c tin g is o f th e g r e a te s t im
p o rta n c e to th e m in in g a n d oil in d u s tr ie s , a n d t h e g e o p h y s ic is t t o - d a y is a very
e ssen tial lin k b e tw e e n th e g eo lo g ist a n d t h e e n g in e e r.
T h e d ish a rm o n y b e tw e e n t h e s u rfa c e a n d u n d e r g r o u n d f o rm a tio n s h a s b e e n th e
cau se of m a n y ex p e n siv e fa ilu re s in th e p a s t, b u t to - d a y , t h a n k s t o t h e effo rts of
th e g eo p h y sicist, th e te s t b o re h o le c a n b e lo c a te d in t h e m o s t f a v o u ra b le p o sitio n .
T h e v a s t a llu v ia l p la in s a re b e in g th o r o u g h ly c o m b e d b y t h e g e o p h y s ic ist, an d
m a n y g re a t d isc o v eries h a v e a lr e a d y b e e n m a d e .
T h o se in te r e s te d in th e s u b je c t o f a p p lie d g e o p h y s ic s w ill fin d lu c id acco u n ts
of th e v a rio u s m e th o d s in th e T h ir d E d it i o n o f t h i s b o o k b y E v e a n d K e y s. I t
is one of th e few b o o k s in E n g lis h o n t h i s f a s c in a tin g s u b je c t. T h e a u th o r s clearly
h a v e e x p e rt k n o w led g e of so m e o f t h e m e th o d s , p a r t ic u la r l y of t h e v a r io u s electrical
m e th o d s of p ro sp e c tin g fo r o re. I n d e e d , t h e p a r t o f t h e b o o k d e a lin g w ith these
m e th o d s c o n ta in s v e ry v a lu a b le c o n tr ib u tio n s t o g e o p h y s ic a l lite r a tu r e .
I t is five y e a rs since th e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e p r e v io u s e d itio n , a n d in th is new
v o lu m e som e m in o r m o d ific a tio n s h a v e b e e n m a d e a n d a c h a p te r a d d e d dealing
w ith th e ch ief a d v a n c e s d u rin g th e p a s t y e a r s . A t te n t io n m a y b e d ire c te d to
S ch lu m b erg er’s “ ele c tric a l co rin g ” fo r e x p lo rin g u n c a s e d b o rin g s fo r oil ; th e
ra tio m e te r m e th o d s of e le c tric a l p ro s p e c tin g ; a n d t h e im p ro v e m e n ts in th e m agnetic,
re s is tiv ity a n d seism ic m e th o d s o f e x p lo r a tio n . A lth o u g h t h e c h a p te r s o n the
seism ic a n d g r a v ity m e th o d s a r e p e r h a p s n o t a s a u t h o r i t a t i v e a s t h e o th e rs, th e
s tu d e n t of g eo p h y sics w ill fin d m u c h u se fu l m a te r ia l o n th e s e m e th o d s .
T h e b o o k is v e ry w ell w r itte n , a n d i t w ill a p p e a l t o t h e e x p e r t a n d th e stu d e n t
alik e. J - H . J o n es.
I
A c tu ally th is a p p e a rs to b e m isp la c e d in th e b o o k , sin c e th e r e is a l a te r ch a piter te r
e n tire ly d e v o te d to th e p r e p a r a tio n o f sp e c im e n s.
BOOK R E V IE W S . 113 A
T h e s e v e n th a t t r i b u t e , w h ic h t h e a u t h o r re fe rs t o a s “ m in e r a l c o n te n t, c o n
s t i t u t e s t h e la r g e r p o r tio n o f t h e w h o le v o lu m e , a n d d e a ls w i th t h e id e n tif ic a tio n
of th e m in e ra ls lik e ly t o b e fo u n d in t h e c o m m o n e r ro c k f ra g m e n ts .
T h e c h a p te r s o n size a n a ly s is , p o r o s ity a n d p e r m e a b ility a r e a d m ir a b ly p u t
to g e th e r a n d p r o v id e a ll t h e e s s e n tia l in f o r m a tio n a n d d e s c rip tiv e d e t a il r e la tiv e
t o c u r re n t m e th o d s w i th o u t u n n e c e s s a ry v e rb ia g e . T h e s e c tio n o n w a t e r c la s sific a
t io n m ig h t w ith a d v a n ta g e h a v e b e e n e x te n d e d so a s t o in c lu d e e l u t r ia ti o n m e th o d s
w h ich t h e a u t h o r d ism is se s in f a v o u r o f t h e m e th o d o f u n d is tu r b e d s e ttlin g . T h is
o m issio n is r e m a rk a b le in v ie w o f t h e f a c t t h a t e l u t r ia ti o n h a s co m e t o t h e fo re
w ith in r e c e n t y e a r s fo r larg e -sc a le c la s sific a tio n in m a n y o f t h e in d u s tr ie s sp e c ific a lly
m e n tio n e d b y t h e a u th o r .
T h e A .P .I . t e n t a t i v e m e th o d fo r t h e d e t e r m in a ti o n o f p e r m e a b ility is q u o te d
a n d d isc u sse d a t so m e le n g th (five p a g e s ), t h e a u th o r p o in tin g o u t a t t h e c o n c lu sio n
t h a t t h e n e c e s sa ry a p p a r a tu s is e x p e n s iv e t o c o n s tr u c t b e c a u s e o f t h e n e c e s s ity
fo r a n a ir c o m p re ss o r a n d s u b s id ia r y a p p lia n c e s . H e th e n m e n tio n s t h a t m e th o d s
h a v e b een d e v e lo p e d in m o d e m f o u n d r y p r a c tic e fo r t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f p e r
m e a b ility t o a ir o f m o u ld in g sa n d s , a n d re fe rs t o a p o r ta b le a n d in e x p e n s iv e i n s t r u
m e n t o f t h i s t y p e d e s ig n e d b y h im se lf. U n f o r tu n a te ly h e d i s a p p o in ts t h e r e a d e r
b y o m ittin g a d e s c rip tio n o f t h is in s tr u m e n t.
T h e th r e e c h a p te r s d e a lin g w it h t h e id e n tific a tio n o f m in e r a ls p r o v id e a n e x c e lle n t
ex a m p le o f in te llig e n t o m iss io n o f n o n -e s s e n tia l d e ta ils . W i th in t h e r a n g e of
n in e ty -o n e p a g e s t h e r e is c o m p re ss e d a s m u c h p r a c tic a l a n d e s s e n tia l in f o r m a tio n
as w o u ld c o m m o n ly b e f o u n d i n a b o o k o f tw ic e i t s size.
T h e s e p a ra tio n o f m in e r a ls b y p a n n in g , h e a v y liq u id c o n c e n tr a tio n a n d b y
m a g n e tic , e le c tr o s ta tic a n d d ie le c tric m e th o d s , o c c u p ie s t h i r t e e n p a g e s a n d is
a c c o m p a n ie d b y u se fu l ta b le s a n d il lu s tr a tio n s , so m e o f w h ic h p r o v id e in f o r m a tio n
w h ich is n o t a v a ila b le in e v e n r e c e n t e d itio n s o f c o n te m p o r a r y te x t- b o o k s o n
p e tro lo g ic a l m e th o d s .
T h e se c tio n s d e v o te d t o o p tic a l p r o p e r tie s a n d t h e p r a c t ic a l u s e o f t h e p e tr o -
g ra p h ie m icro sco p e a re e s s e n tia lly p r a c tic a l a n d su ffic ie n tly c o m p re h e n s iv e fo r
th e p u rp o se s s e t f o r th a s w ith in t h e ra n g e o f t h e b o o k . A s e c tio n o n t h e c o n s tr u c
tio n a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of o r ie n ta tio n - c le a v a g e d ia g r a m s is a u s e fu l f e a tu r e w h ic h
is illu s tr a te d b y tw o p a g e s of c le a r illu s tr a tio n s .
R e c e n t im p ro v e m e n ts in s p e c tro g ra p h ic in s tr u m e n ts h a v e e n a b le d a n in c r e a s in g
n u m b e r o f c h e m is ts , m in e r a lo g is ts a n d m e ta llu r g is ts t o u tiliz e t h e s p e c tro s c o p e
a s a n a c c u r a te a n d c o n v e n ie n t in s tr u m e n t fo r a n a ly tic a l p u rp o s e s . T h e in c lu s io n
o f a s h o r t a c c o u n t o f t h e m o d e m m e th o d s o f s p e c tro g ra p h ic e x a m in a tio n i n t h e
b o o k is th e re fo re a p p o s ite a n d t h e i r a p p lic a tio n fo r t h e i d e n tific a tio n o f s u c h m in e r a ls
as b e ry l, c a s s ite r ite o r t ita n if e r o u s m a g n e tite is d e s c rib e d b y t h e a u th o r .
T o s u m u p , t h i s is a b o o k w h ic h c a n b e h ig h ly re c o m m e n d e d a s a c o n c is e a n d
e m in e n tly p r a c tic a l h a n d b o o k w h ic h s h o u ld p r o v e o f g r e a t in te r e s t a n d u t i l i t y t o
p e tro le u m te c h n o lo g is ts in m a n y b ra n c h e s of t h e i r p ro fe s sio n .
T h e p r in tin g , i l l u s t r a ti n g a n d b in d in g o f t h e v o lu m e a r e b e y o n d r e p r o a c h w i th
p e r h a p s t h e s o lita r y e x c e p tio n o f t h e la s t ta b le w h ic h is in s u c h s m a ll p r i n t t h a t i t
is p r a c tic a lly u se less a s a m e d iu m fo r r e a d y re fe re n c e . T h is d r a w b a c k is f u r th e r
in te n sifie d b y t h e u se o f n u m e ro u s a b b r e v ia tio n s , t h e k e y t o w h ic h is in s t i l l s m a lle r
P r ’n t - J . M c C o n n e ll S a n d e rs .
BOOK RECEIVED.
Standard Specifications for B enzole and A llied P roducts. S ec o n d E d itio n . 1938.
P p . 197. N a tio n a l B enzole A sso c ia tio n , W e llin g to n H o u s e , B u c k in g h a m Gate,
S .W . 1. P ric e Is. 6d.
FORTHCOMING MEETINGS.
T h u r s d a y , 2 0 th A p ril, 1939, a t 5.30 p .m . a t t h e R o y a l S o c ie ty o f A r ts , J o h n
S tr e e t, L o n d o n , W .C . 2. A n n u al G eneräl M eeting.
SUMMER MEETING.
The Summer Meeting of the Institute will be held at Birmingham
from May 22nd-24th, 1939, under the Presidency of Professor
A. W. Nash, M.Sc., M.I.Mech.E. The objects of the meeting are to
review and interpret recent work on fuels and lubricants for use in
internal combustion engines.
The programme of the meeting, together with details regarding
Ladies’ Visits, Registration, etc., are given in the circular sent out
separately to members.
A Summary of the programme is given below :
Monday, May 22nd.
Evening. Informal Reception by the President at the
Grand Hotel, Birmingham.
Tuesday, May 23rd.
Morning. Technical Session.—Knock-Rating.
Afternoon. Technical Session.—Lubrication.
Evening. Reception in the Grand Hall, The University,
Edgbaston.
Wednesday, May 24th.
Morning. Technical Session.—Fuels for Compression—
Ignition Engines; Lubrication.
Afternoon. Visits to Austin Motor Company and Morris
Commercial Cars Ltd.
Evening. Dinner and Dance a t the Grand Hotel.
S t u d e n t s ’ S e c t io n (L o n d o n B r a n c h ).
T u e s d a y , 4 t h A p ril, 1939, a t 6.15 p .m . a t t h e S ir J o h n C ass T e c h n ic a l I n s t i t u t e ,
J e w r y S tr e e t, A ld g a te , L o n d o n , E .C . 3. A n n u a l O p e n M e e tin g .
“ H ig h Speed E n g in es,” b y H . R . R ic a rd o , F .R .S .
W e d n e s d a y , 1 9 th A p ril, 1939, a t 5.45 p .m . a t t h e Offices o f t h e I n s t i t u t e ,
T h e A d e lp h i, L o n d o n , W .C . 2. “ The Oilfields of Iraq ,” b y X . P a c h a c h i.
ARTHUR W. EASTLAKE,
Honorary Secretary.
PERSONAL NOTES.
Mr. M. A l l a m has returned to Egypt after a long v is it to the
Hedjaz.
M r . B. D. C a u t h e r y is h o m e f r o m I r a n .
Mr. E. K. D y k e s has left for Trinidad.
Mr. J . C. J e w e l l has returned from Iran.
M r . H. H . M a r t i n i s h o m e f r o m E c u a d o r .
Mr. C. A. S a n s o m is home from Burma.
Correspondence or Journals forwarded to the following members
have been returned, and the Secretary would be pleased to receive
any information regarding their present address : E. C. B r o w n ,
K. B u r t o n , M. C a p p e r , 0 . C. E l v i n s , V. C. S . G e o r g e s c u , J. J. L.
H a m i l t o n , J. R. H o r t h , A. D. J o n e s , J. L a n d e r , H . R. L o v e l y ,
I. L u s t y , F. M a c k l e y , A. M a c L e a n , G. P.M e l v i l l e , C. A. M o o n ,
S . N i c o l , S . P a p p , R . G . R e i d , N . D. R o t h o n , H . G . S p e a r p o i n t ,
and A. H. W i l l i a m s .
t a n k c a l ib r a t io n ----------------------------------------------
"BLU CH A LK" W A T E R -S E A R C H IN G C O M P O S IT IO N
and
ANNUAL REVIEWS
OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
Vol. 3 (covering 1937)
P R IC E - 11s. p o st free
(Left)
LANE-WELLS
S IN Q L E
S H O T
IN S T R U M E N T G EN ER A L O fT IC E S EX PO R T O rriC E S
AN D P L A N T 420 L exington A ve.. N ew York City. N. Y.
5610 S. Solo SL, Lo s A ngeles, CaliL
S TE AM PIPE
FLANGE BOLTS
HAVE A HIGH CREEP STRENGTH
For use at the highest temper
ature employed in modern
steam practice.
Do not become brittle as a
result of operating conditions.
C o lo m b ia .— H . R appart, P u e r t o - B e r r i o . B u r m a . — L . B ordât, K h o d a u n c .
KU N G SG A TA N 4 4 STOCKHOLM SWEDEN
Manufacturers of compl et e Core Drilling Outfits
system ( C r a e l i u S
"DAB; RO S” 3 M ID A N S U A R E S
C A IR O • EGYPT
LIST OF ADVERTISERS.
AK TIEBO LAG ET E L E K T R IS K M A LM LETN IN G
A l l St e e l P r o d u c t s M f g . C o
A s k a n i a - W e r k e , A .G .
B a bc o c k & W il c o x , L t d .
B a k e r O il T o o ls, I n c . XUl
B l u c h a l k C o ........................... iv
W . Ch r is t ie & G r e y , L t d . Inside back cover
A . F . C r a i g & C o ., L t d . xviii
Charles D abell & Co vi
Duke & Ockenden, Ltd . Inside back cover
E d e l e a n u G e s e l l s c h a f t m .b
F oster W h e e l e r , L t d .
W . J . F r a s e r & Co., L t d .
G e o p h y s ic a l P r o s p e c t in g C o ., L t d .
H a d f ie l d s , L t d .
II AYWARD-T YLER & CO., LTD.
I n s t it u t io n o f P e t r o l e u m T e c h n o l o g is t s
I n t e r n a t io n a l P a in t & C o m p o s it io n s C o ., L t d .
L a n e -W e l l s C o .
L u f k in R u l e C o . XX
Lu m m u s Co m pan y xii
M e t r o p o l i t a n V i c k e r s E l e c t r i c C o ., L t d .
N a t io n a l S u p p l y C o r p o r a t io n
O i l C e n t e r T o o l C o ...........................................................
O il W e l l S u p p l y Co .
S e c u r i t y E n g i n e e r i n g C o ., I n c ............................... xiv
S o c ié t é d e P r o s p e c t io n É l e c t r iq u e
S p e r r y - S u n W e l l S u r v e y i n g C o . ... xvu
J o h n G . S t e i n & C o ., L t d .......................................... ! IX
Stew arts and L lo y d s, L t d . Back cover
SVENSKA DIAM A NTBERG BO RRN IN GS A K T IE B O L A G E T vi
J o h n T h o m p s o n ( W o l v e r h a m p t o n ), L t d . . .. xvi
T in t o m e t e r , L t d .
PAINTS = PETROLEUM TR RK
INDUSTRY
“ DANBOLINE S I L V E R E T T E ” The super aluminium p a in t fo r
a ll refinery purposes. Only actual
experience can prove its amazing
durability.
“ TANCTECTOL” The only protective p a in t fo r the
IN T E R IO R o f petroleum storage
tan ks. W ith sta n d s p e rm a n e n t
immersion in a ll petroleum fra c
tions, benzole and salt or fresh
w ater. U sed b y th e B ritis h
Admiralty, R oyal A ir Force, and
leading O il Companies.
W rite for free booklet “ PAINT IN TH E OIL IN DUSTRY.”
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
The G.P.C. employs the most up-to-date
instruments and methods.
G R A V IM E T R I C
M A G N ETIC
ELECTRIC
SEISMIC
Consult the G.P.C. regarding the method best suited to
your particular problems.
W O RLD W ID E E X P E R IE N C E
Extending over a period of 15 years
A T Y O U R S E R V IC E
O-C-T PREVENTER
T y p e *‘ D ” w i t h r e g u l a r p a c k o f f , a v a ila b le
f la n g e d o r s c r e w e d , w i t h o r w i t h o u t o u t le ts
c e n t e r t o q #
° 'v P S F rl
1 ■u
H O U S T O N . T E X A S . U .S .A .
CABkL AOORtSS 'O C £ A t T O l '
HE r e lia b ilit y o f N E T T L E 4 2 /4 4 %
alu m in a f ir e b r ic k s in high t e m p e r a t u r e
b ran d a re co n v in c e d of th is : th o s e w ho
have t h e ir r e fr a c t o r y p ro b le m s t ill w it h
th e m m a y w e ll fin d t h a t a t r ia l o f N E T T L E
w ill p r o v id e a s o lu tio n .
t a s /f z .
H eaviest 36 To n s 40 To n s
a 44 00 B A R R EL per d ay
B EN ZO L-K ETO N E D E W A X IN G PLA N T
Benzol-Ketone Dew axing plant w a s signed with Sin clair Refining Com
pany. O n Janu ary 16th, 1939 — twenty w eeks to the d a y — despite snow
and the difficulties of winter w ea th e r —the plant w a s com pleted. » » » This
plant for Sinclair w as the eleventh B enzol-K etone plant designed and built
by Lummus within three years. Four more B en zo l-K eto n e plants are now
on the drawing boards —three a re ad ditions to Lummus-built installations;
the fourth is a new unit for another m ajor refiner.
A. C. GRONBECK
MAKE A
BULL’S
EYE
ON EVERY
RUN W IT H A
B A K E R Cable Tool
CORE BARREL
B A K E R A ffo r d s T h e s e Im p o r ta n t A d v a n ta g e s :
H i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f r e c o v e r i e s in a w id e r
r a n g e o f f o r m a t io n s
F a s t e r r u n n in g t im e
L o w e r m a in t e n a n c e c o s t
S i m p l i c it y o f o p e r a t i o n
M a x im u m s a f e t y in s e r v ic e
L o n g e r l if e
L o w in it ia l c o s t
C o m p le te d e ta ils c o n c e r n in g t h is e c o n o m ic a l and e f f i c ie n t
t o o l w ill b e g la d ly f u r n is h e d u p o n r e q u e s t — o r s e e y o u r 19 3 9
C o m p o s ite C a ta lo g .
Y1\7
A Model R Double Drum Draw W orks with cable tool
drilling attachm ent was received in Ecuador exactly 14
DAYS from the date o rd er was placed.
" I am a d v is e d t h a t th e o t h e r m achine o r d e re d by c a b le from
•London a b o u t November 2 0 th , i s i n G u a y a q u il. I c a n n o t b e l ie v e i t ,
but- i f s o , i t i s s u r e l y a f i e l d r e c o r d f o r d e l i v e r y n e v e r even a p
p ro a c h e d b e f o re " , q u o te s H -S tu b b s, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f A n g lo -E c u a d o ria n
O i l f i e l d s , L td . When quick delivery and dependable performance is
: wanted; order "CARDWELL" draw works, servicing hoists
or pipe line equipment. Guaranteed shipment on any
standard model in five to eight days.
f u s io n w eld ed
BY
THOMPSON
tHa m pton ) ltd
WORKING PRESSURE OF
1 0 0 0 L B S . P E R SQ .IN -
D a ily u se o f th e Syfo
C l i n o g r a p h p e r m it s
a c cu ra te c o n t r o l o f in
c l in a t i o n in d r i l l i n g
o p e ra tio n s . T h e tests
S, CO. LTD .
PUMP MAKERS LU T ON BEDS
Kindly mention this Journal when communicating w ith Advertisers.
TAPES-RULES-PRECISION TOOLS
tA jL C f ii J r u lu / it r iy '
STAN DARD O F A C C U R A C Y F O R T A N K S T R A P P IN G ,
TANK G A G IN G AND G E N E R A L M E A S U R IN G
TH RO U G H O U T THE W O RLD . . .
Among others we mention:
th e / u fk /n P u le (7 o .
S A G IN A W , M IC H IG A N , U . S . A.
th e [u fk /n R u l e f? o . o f Q a n a d a J td .
W IN D S O R , O N T A R I O