50
SPECIAL REPORT
Conservation breeding and the most
threatened birds in Asia
N. J. COLLAR, L. GARDNER, D. F. JEGGO, B. MARCORDES, A. OWEN, T. PAGEL, T. PES, A. VAIDL, R. WILKINSON & R. WIRTH
Introduction
The role of public and private zoos, aviaries and
bird gardens in the conservation of threatened birds
has not, for the most part, been pivotal—or at least
not so far. A recent review of the value of zoos to
bird conservation (Collar 2012 and in prep.)
suggested that projects involving captive breeding
(ex situ) projects—referred to by zoos as
‘conservation breeding’ to distinguish this from
captive breeding of wildlife for commercial,
recreational or other purposes—can be broken
down into six general types (to some extent
overlapping):
1. ‘necessary’—the only conservation option
available since the species is extinct in the wild
2. ‘integral’—one of several key tools
3. ‘precautionary’—providing a back-up
population
4. ‘prudent’—making best use of existing captive
populations
5. ‘motivational’—building support for
conservation
6. ‘market-driven’—meeting trade demand.
‘Necessary’ ex situ projects have involved the
Hawaiian Goose Branta sandvicensis, California
Condor Gymnogyps californianus, Alagoas
Curassow Mitu mitu, Guam Rail Gallirallus owstoni,
Socorro Dove Zenaida graysoni, Spix’s Macaw
Cyanopsitta spixii and Bali Starling Leucopsar
rothschildi, but also in this top priority class of ‘zoo
species’ is a second group where birds survive in
the wild, but in such tiny, uncertain or vulnerable
numbers that ex situ programmes are deemed to
be vital—Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata,
Baer’s Pochard A. baeri, Edwards’s Pheasant
Lophura edwardsi, Spoon-billed Sandpiper
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Negros Bleeding-heart
Gallicolumba keayi, Blue-crowned Laughingthrush
Garrulax courtoisi, Black-and-white Laughingthrush
G. bicolor, Black-winged Starling Sturnus
melanopterus and Javan Green Magpie (formerly
Short-tailed Green Magpie) Cissa thalassina.
Notable in the first group is the presence of
only a single Asian species; notable in the second
is the presence of only one species that is not Asian.
Moreover, although only two Asian birds (Crested
Ibis Nipponia nippon and Houbara Bustard
Chlamydotis undulata) appear among the 16
BirdingAsia18.p65 50
BirdingASIA 18 (2012): 50–57
species judged appropriate to list under the
‘integral’ projects, the 23 species on the
‘precautionary’ list contain 10 Asian birds (White-
rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis, Indian Vulture
G. indicus, Long-billed Vulture G. tenuirostris, Red-
headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus, Western
Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus, Bornean
Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri,
Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus, Yellow-crested
Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea, Philippine Cockatoo
C. haematuropygia and Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill
Aceros waldeni).
Meanwhile the ‘prudent’ list includes White-
winged Duck Cairina scutulata, Oriental Stork
Ciconia boyciana, Greater Adjutant Leptotilos
dubius, Lesser Adjutant L. javanicus, Cheer
Pheasant Catreus wallichii, Brown Eared Pheasant
Crossoptilon mantchuricum, Chinese Monal
Lophophorus lhuysii, Sclater’s Monal L. sclateri,
Bulwer’s Pheasant Lophura bulweri, Crestless
Fireback L. erythrophthalma, Green Peafowl Pavo
muticus, Mountain Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron
inopinatum, Malayan Peacock Pheasant P.
malacense, Palawan Peacock Pheasant P.
napoleonis, Reeves’s Pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii,
Blyth’s Tragopan Tragopan blythii, Cabot’s
Tragopan T. caboti, Salmon-crested Cockatoo
Cacatua moluccensis, White Cockatoo C. alba and
Red-and-blue Lory Eos histrio. The ‘motivational’
list is less specific, but includes the Philippine Eagle
Pithecophaga jefferyi, all cranes and all large
hornbills, while the ‘market-driven’ list, relatively
small and illustrative only, includes Straw-headed
Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus, Green Avadavat
Amandava formosa, Java Sparrow Padda oryzivora
and Timor Sparrow P. fuscata.
Finally, there are additional species that have
been or might be considered for ex situ work.
BirdLife’s ‘Datazone’ recommends Gurney’s
Pitta Pitta gurneyi and Taiwan Bulbul Pycnonotus
taivanus for possible captive breeding. In
addition there are worrying species which others
have thought could be important targets for
conservation breeding; these include Okinawa
Rail Gallirallus okinawae, Great Indian Bustard
Ardeotis nigriceps, Mindoro Bleeding-heart
Gallicolumba platenae, Green Racquet-tail
Prioniturus luconensis, Blue-winged Racquet-tail P.
verticalis, Sulu Hornbill Anthracoceros montani and
12/7/2012, 10:21 AM
 BirdingASIA 18 (2012)
Mindoro Hornbill Penelopides mindorensis (Collar
2012 and in prep.).
With more than 50 Asian species listed above,
the role of zoos in the future of birds in general,
and Asian birds in particular, looks rather more
central. In recent years, many zoos have shifted their
remits and identities so as to engage directly with
in situ conservation, but there is usually and
understandably a need to link such work to species
held in their collections. Equally, however, they have
responded to external pressure from conservation
interests by reducing their holdings of species with
little or no conservation need and using the free
space for species requiring significant assistance.
Even so, few zoos have the capacity to undertake
single-species conservation projects single-handed,
and many have joined forces to develop a more
coherent and robust response to the particular issues
that they wish to tackle. In this paper we report on
one such initiative, taken under the umbrella of the
European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA),
which addresses the conservation of some of the
most threatened passerines in Asia.
The people involved represent an amalgam of
those concerned initially with the Bali Starling and
the Black-winged Starling, and those concerned
initially with the Blue-crowned Laughingthrush.
The ‘starling people’, led by David Jeggo of Jersey
(now Durrell) Wildlife Conservation Trust and Theo
Pagel of Cologne (Köln) Zoo, met first at BirdLife’s
headquarters in Cambridge in January 2004 to
discuss how aviculture could best help advance
the interests of the two threatened starlings endemic
to Java and Bali. The ‘laughingthrush people’, led
by Laura Gardner of London Zoo (formerly of Leeds
Castle, Kent) and Roger Wilkinson of Chester Zoo,
met almost annually at BirdLife’s headquarters
throughout the 2000s, planning both the captive
breeding of the species and the next steps in the
field research they were funding. Eventually, at
Chester Zoo in June 2011 and at Plzen Zoo, Czech
Republic, in May 2012, the two parties merged into
an EAZA ‘Threatened Songbirds of Asia Working
Group’ (TSAWG), building and broadening their
remit to the extent that the name of the group is
still only tentative—its future targets may not all
be songbirds.
Bali Starling
The history of the Bali Starling’s steady decline to
virtual extinction in the wild at its single known
site, Bali Barat National Park, is told in depressing
detail in BirdLife International (2001). In a country
where keeping birds in captivity is a national
pastime (Jepson & Ladle 2005), the covert demand
for such an electrifyingly beautiful and desperately
rare species was something the wildlife authorities
BirdingAsia18.p65 51
51
could not possibly control. As such the Bali Starling
became a status symbol with a very high
commercial value. Relentless, systematic poaching
cancelled out all endeavours to save and
supplement the wild population. When in 1999 the
park’s headquarters were ram-raided by armed
robbers and 39 birds stolen from the pre-release
training centre, everyone got a measure of just how
ruthless and unstoppable the forces were behind
the poaching pressure.
This poaching pressure still continues, although
there are moves towards breeding Bali Starlings in
captivity both for release and for the private market.
Supplementation work, begun in the 1990s with
birds contributed from the USA and Europe, has
continued, now mostly drawing on stock sent from
Japan and from local breeders. There is a
government scheme that allows local Balinese to
get captive stock on ‘breeding loan’ and give a
relatively small proportion of the resulting offspring
to the park whilst being able to sell the remaining
progeny commercially. In recent years as many as
126 birds have been set free by the government
wildlife agency in Bali Barat, according to verbal
reports by park staff, but these have been ‘hard
releases’ (meaning that the birds have to cope
immediately with their new surroundings rather
than be eased into them by the provision of food
and water over a period of weeks), and there is no
monitoring of their survival. Long-term
international collaboration with the park is
rendered problematic by the frequent personnel
changes in the park management (in common with
many developing countries), and by the lack of
legal clarity over issues relating to transfers of birds.
Meanwhile, other institutions have taken the
opportunity to capitalise on the beauty of the Bali
Starling. Along the north coast of Bali, inside the
park boundary but within the grounds of the
Monsoon Forest Resort, a ‘soft release’ programme
has begun. Birds are held in a very secure site,
with food, water and suitable nest-boxes provided.
They are monitored when they come back twice a
day for food. Three other resorts in the same area
are supposedly following suit (P. Jepson verbally
2012). Moreover, across the water on the little
island of Nusa Penida and outside the species’s
known range, the Bali-based Begawan Foundation
has established a free-flying population through a
release programme that began in July 2006
(Dijkman 2007). Up to the end of 2009 65 Bali
Starlings were released on the island (apparently
in groups of 4–8, in movable aviaries), and at least
62 chicks are reported to have fledged in the wild
up to 2011, so that the population is around 100
birds. The foundation’s website announces that
birds have even colonised the small inshore resort
12/7/2012, 10:21 AM
 52
island of Nusa Lembongan. The project now appears
to be divided between Begawan Foundation and the
Friends of the National Parks Foundation.
Köln Zoo has supported the Begawan
Foundation in this venture by supplying 20 birds
from various EAZA institutions to their breeding
facilities, but the situation in Europe is not
particularly propitious. In 2011 there were around
280 birds in 74 European institutions, with probably
the same number again in private hands, but the
birds are expensive to keep because they are so
aggressive towards other species and need careful
management in large multispecies aviaries (which
are now very popular in zoos). The demographic
structure of this population is currently good but
its genetic structure is partly unknown, so
managing the population is challenging.
Black-winged Starling
This species, endemic to Java and Bali (with a few
records from Lombok), may have suffered from
trade pressure elevated by its superficial
resemblance to the Bali Starling. Its increasing rarity
was only noticed in the late 1990s (BirdLife
International 2001), just at a time when an
authoritative monograph on the Sturnidae (which
assigned the species to the genus Acridotheres) was
Plate 1. Black-winged Starling Sturnus melanopterus
melanopterus, Maura Angke Nature Reserve, Jakarta, Java,
Indonesia, 30 January 2010.
ADY KRISTANTO
BirdingAsia18.p65 52
Conservation breeding and the most threatened birds in Asia
pronouncing it ‘common and widespread on Java
and Bali’ (Feare & Craig 1998). Soon afterwards, it
appeared that the highest numbers encountered in
the wild were to be found in the escaped population
at Jurong Bird Park in Singapore, where some 80
birds were thought to be present.
A significant problem for aviculture is that the
Black-winged Starling occurs in three fairly distinct
subspecies, namely melanopterus in most of Java,
with white back, rump and all wing-coverts (Plate
1), tricolor in south-eastern Java, with grey back
and black greater wing-coverts (Plate 2), and tertius
on Bali, with grey back and rump and all-black
wing-coverts (Plate 3). These features are not clinal,
and sorting out the subspecies is complicated by
the characters of the eastern taxa appearing in the
nominotypical as an immature stage. Mees (1996)
reported a specimen of tricolor from West Java and
had some evidence that it came from an established
population of tricolor escapes; possibly in recent
years there has been much introgression through
such human mediation. In captivity the taxa have
certainly become mixed, and the Jurong population
unfortunately shows this clearly. Thus the species
presents a double challenge: first, keeping it alive;
and second, keeping it alive in three pure
phenotypes. Given the extreme rarity of birds
now—for example, following a recent visit to Bali
by members of the TSAWG, it was guesstimated
that no more than 100 tertius remain in the wild,
all in Bali Barat National Park—the second of these
challenges is not yet being fully addressed.
One remarkable dimension to this endeavour
is the discovery of a village called Klaten in
Central Java where birds of this and other
species are bred in large numbers for commercial
purposes. A number of birds bred in the village
were acquired by Zoologischen Gesellschaft für
Arten- und Populationsschutz e.V. (ZGAP) to be
housed at Cikananga Wildlife Centre (CWC), a
rescue and conservation organisation run by
Resit Sözer at Cikananga in west Java
(www.cikanangawildlifecenter.com). CWC has had
fair success with the breeding of the species, having
learnt much from the Klaten villagers, and by mid-
2011 held 131 birds of the nominotypical form.By
early 2012 the breeding programme had produced
over 200 chicks, with the majority surviving to
adulthood.
Such a population, increasing rapidly, could not
be sustained in the long term, and a plan was drawn
up to release birds at the CWC site where the forest
is re-growing in an area surrounded by farmland.
After the completion of appropriate veterinary and
quarantine protocols coupled with extensive
negotiations and discussions with all relevant
people—village heads, government officials,
12/7/2012, 10:21 AM
 BirdingASIA 18 (2012) 53
BOAS EMMANUEL

Plate 2. Black-winged Starling Sturnus melanopterus tricolor, Baluran NP, Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia, 6 October 2012.

Plate 3. Black-winged Starling Sturnus melanopterus tertius,

Ulu Watu, Bali, Indonesia, 2 July 2009. teachers and journalists—25 birds were released
in March 2012, and to everyone’s surprise and
delight a pair with offspring were seen just six
weeks later. Despite this success, the agricultural
nature of the area means that nest-sites may be in
short supply, so nestboxes are being made locally
(some villagers are holding nestbox-building
workshops under CWC staff guidance) and each
box will be ‘wardened’ by a number of
schoolchildren, thus hopefully generating greater
local support for the project. Two more
reintroduction trials at other sites in West Java are
presently being planned.
There are virtually no Black-winged Starlings
in captivity outside Indonesia, and the TSAWG has
been evaluating how and where a population might
be established and managed as a back-up to the
initiative in Java. It is also seeking to determine
what might be done for tricolor and tertius—
perhaps the first need being some robust fieldwork
to determine their status in the wild (tricolor in
JAMES EATON / BIRDTOUR ASIA

Baluran National Park and tertius in Bali Barat

National Park). Meanwhile Nusa Penida, to which
the species was apparently introduced during a
presidential visit in 1986 (Dijkman 2007), remains
a further focus of the TSAWG’s interest, following
reports of birds (albeit with no indication of
subspecies) being released there in recent years.

BirdingAsia18.p65 53 12/7/2012, 10:21 AM

 54
Javan Green Magpie (formerly Short-tailed
Green Magpie)
Prepublication information from the authors of a
very recent review of the taxonomic and
conservation status of the Short-tailed Green
Magpie on Java (van Balen et al. in press) drew
the plight of the form to the TSAWG’s attention in
June 2011, just before the meeting in Chester.
Accepting the evidence that the Javan race
thalassina (Plate 4) is a separate species from the
Bornean race jefferyi, and horrified at the evidence
that thalassina is now so rare that it is virtually
impossible to find, Chester Zoo (as a member of
the TSAWG) immediately commissioned Resit
Sözer at CWC to go in search of birds for sale in
markets in West Java, armed with the key
identification features—large bill, short crest, no
pale tips to the undertail, blue-white tertials, dark
eye. Once more the problem was the bird trade—
the species appears to have been trapped out of
every forest in which it once occurred, although
there are reports that a few birds may linger on in
the remotest parts of Gunung Halimun National
Park.
The bird markets yielded a total of just eight
birds belonging to the form thalassina (there were
many more green magpies representing other taxa).
Some of these were still green (their plumage fades
in captivity and death to blue), so at least some
Plate 4. Javan Green Magpie Cissa thalassina, Cikananga Wildlife Centre, Cikananga, West Java, Indonesia, 28 October 2011.
ANDREW OWEN
BirdingAsia18.p65 54
Conservation breeding and the most threatened birds in Asia
had been caught in the wild relatively recently,
strongly suggesting that some populations survive.
However, they are caught with fishhooks fitted to
branches around a decoy, and two other birds that
were found were so badly injured that they died
before they could be treated. The others were
acquired and taken to the security of CWC, where
by great good fortune they proved to be four males
and four females. However, breeding green magpies
is not a simple matter—over the years productivity
has been poor and avicultural experience with the
genus Cissa remains in its infancy. One encouraging
development, however, is that the birds at CWC,
after starting to lose their colour, recovered it when
they were fed freshly caught insects and frogs,
suggesting that one aspect of their management
has been sorted out.
Funding for the CWC conservation programmes
for these Indonesian bird species and one equally
threatened Javanese mammal, the Javan Warty Pig
Sus verrucosus comes from ZGAP, Uwe Abraham,
Los Angeles Zoo, Köln Zoo, Berlin Zoo, Heidelberg
Zoo, Chester Zoo, Wroclaw Zoo, Plzen Zoo, Prague
Zoo, Liberec Zoo and Waddesden Manor Aviary.
Black-and-white Laughingthrush
The examination of the plight of this handsome
Garrulax, endemic to Sumatra, began after its
elevation to species status (Collar 2006). Once
12/7/2012, 10:21 AM
 BirdingASIA 18 (2012)
again, trade is the cause of the problem—a survey
of traders in Jakarta and Medan bird markets by
Shepherd (2007) found that it was a cheap cagebird
that was becoming increasingly rare as bird flu
restrictions capped off the supply of the supposedly
better-looking, better-singing White-crested
Laughingthrush G. leucolophus of mainland Asia.
Both species are easy to trap in numbers, because
they move around in large groups and readily come
to decoys. On a visit to Medan market in 2010,
Shepherd (in litt. 2010) found 80 birds for sale. It
is little wonder that birders find most Sumatran
forests to be empty of the species.
European zoos have moved rapidly to
rationalise and increase their holdings of Black-and-
white Laughingthrushes. The techniques for
breeding the species have been painstakingly
developed (Owen 2008), so that as many as 19
birds were reared in 2011. By mid-2012 there were
20 males and 17 females in EAZA institutions, with
a few others in private hands. Once again, since
early 2008 Resit Sözer at CWC has been working
with and, since 2011, successfully breeding locally
sourced captive birds. Between late October 2011
and September 2012, 10 birds were reared,
originating from four different pairs. However,
TSAWG is now suggesting that Sözer’s time may
be more urgently needed for other species and the
European zoos should shoulder the responsibility
for maintaining a strong back-up population.
Meanwhile Tomas Ouhel from the Czech
Republic has begun to do surveys in northern
Sumatra, targeting Gunung Leuser, the Karo
Highlands and Padang Sidempuan but only finding
the species at Leuser. Although trapping is clearly
the major problem, he was dismayed to witness a
group of young men gathered at a fruiting tree in
Leuser, waiting for a flock of laughingthrushes to
appear simply so that they could shoot them for
fun. His team now plans to survey six other
locations, monitor new markets, and involve two
local Sumatran students.
Blue-crowned Laughingthrush
Although only recognised as a species six years
ago (Collar 2006), this lovely bird has been the
subject of considerable conservation interest for
almost two decades—ZGAP funded the first
searches for it in 1994 (Long et al. 1994, He et al.
2003, Wilkinson et al. 2004, Wilkinson & He 2010).
In recent years fieldwork, spearheaded by He Fen-
qi using funds from ZGAP, Conservation des
Espèces et des Populations Animales (CEPA), Leeds
Castle and Chester Zoo, has been divided between
monitoring the only known surviving population
at Wuyuan, Jiangxi province in eastern China, and
searching unsuccessfully for any remaining birds
BirdingAsia18.p65 55
55
at Simao, Yunnan province in western China. The
Wuyuan population has been monitored since
2000. The species breeds in discrete colonies and
although the same sites are usually occupied each
year some colonies have been deserted and new
ones discovered over the 12 years of study.
Consequently, not all colonies have been counted
each year. Even so, Wuyuan numbers currently
seem to be at least stable at around 250–280 birds
distributed among eight or nine breeding sites.
Although four wintering birds have for the first time
been found in Wuyuan not far from the breeding
area in 2011, a main concern remains that we know
very little about where and how they spend eight
months of the year between September and April
and what threats they may face during this period.
In mid-2012 there were 144 Blue-crowned
Laughingthrushes in 25 institutions in Europe, 34
in 9 in the USA, and 14 in Ocean Park in Hong
Kong, total 192. Although they are cooperative
breeders, the studbook keeper (Laura Gardner)
urges keeping them in pairs so that records of
bloodlines can be maintained. Ex situ emphasis at
present focuses on building up numbers still
further, and maximising the population’s genetic
diversity. To this end in February 2012 a formal
application for an international studbook was
approved, which will bring together data from the
European, USA and Hong Kong collections.
What next?
Zoos have limited capacity and financial resources,
therefore decisions on what to work with have to
be driven by very careful evaluations of
conservation priority and probability of impact.
Nevertheless, perhaps the strongest insight from
TSAWG’s evolving programme is the degree to
which trade in Indonesia, and on Java in particular,
represents a threat to birds. Consequently TSAWG
is starting to consider the conservation status of
passerine species endemic to Java (or Java and
Bali), since these may be the most seriously affected
and in need of attention. One candidate for ex situ
management is the Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush
Garrulax rufifrons, (Plate 5) which is restricted to
the higher parts (900–2,400 m) of mountains on
Java, so that relatively harder access might afford
some protection from trappers, but this has to be
weighed against the relatively small overall
population. Regrettably, the signs are ominous—
only 16 years ago Mees (1996) called it ‘common,
noisy and conspicuous’ wherever it occurs, and
Resit Sözer (in litt. 2012) reports that at the start
of the new century it could be found in bird markets
as a cheap local songster, selling for Rp 150,000
($16), but that the price suddenly went up tenfold
and this year he and his staff have seen no birds in
12/7/2012, 10:21 AM
 56
ROLAND WIRTH
Plate 5. Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush Garrulax rufifrons, Plzen Zoo, Plzen, Czech Republic, 16 June 2011.
the markets. It was a relatively common bird in
the frequently visited Gn Gede Pangrango NP in
the 1990s and most visiting birdwatchers heard and
saw it at that time; today this is no longer the case.
Surveys are needed; volunteers welcome.
Two other species that merit consideration are
the Straw-headed Bulbul and Java Sparrow. Both
have been rendered extinct or virtually extinct on
Java by trade; and although they are bred in some
numbers by traders themselves, there is a worry
that the wild phenotype may disappear as particular
traits are deliberately selected in the breeding
process. The forms of Rainbow Lorikeet
Trichoglossus haematodus from the westernmost
end of the species’s range are both taxonomically
distinct and numerically rare, and these too are in
TSAWG’s sights. Indeed, continuing declines in
parrots in general in Indonesia—evidence indicates
that the Yellow-crested Cockatoo is doing
particularly badly—suggest that it will not be long
before this hitherto passerine initiative becomes a
psittacine programme as well.
Acknowledgements
We are most grateful to Resit Sözer, Pavel
Hospodarsky, Stephan Bulk and Didi Indrawan for
their good work at and in connection with the CWC.
We also acknowledge the important contributions
BirdingAsia18.p65 56
Conservation breeding and the most threatened birds in Asia
of Jan Hamel, Mark Myers, Tomas Ouhel and
William van Lint.
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Antonin VAIDL
N. J. COLLAR Prague Zoological Garden, 171 00 Praha 7
BirdLife International, Girton Road Czech Republic
Cambridge CB3 ONA, UK
Email: Nigel.Collar@birdlife.org Roger WILKINSON
North of England Zoological Society
Laura GARDNER Chester CH2 1LH, UK
Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
Roland WIRTH
David F. JEGGO ZGAP, 31553 Sachsenhagen, Germany
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey JE3 5BP
Channel Islands

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