ASSIGNMENT

On
EIB
EQUAFARMING BUSINESS
FOR
FISH

Submitted by:Barun kumar Submitted to:Mrs.vibha

PGDM(291076)
 SRILANKA
Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean about 28 kilometers (18 mi.) off the southeastern coast of India with a
population of about 20 million. Density is highest in the southwest where Colombo, the country's main port and
industrial center, is located. The net population growth is about 0,7%. Sri Lanka is ethnically, linguistically, and
religiously diverse.

PEOPLE: Sinhalese, an Indo-Aryan group make up 73.8% of the population (according to 1981 census) and are

concentrated in the densely populated southwest and central parts of the Island. The Sri Lanka Tamils,

a Dravidian group, live predominantly in the northeast of the island forming the largest minority group at 12.6%

(according to the 1981 census) of the population. The Sri Lankan population after 1981 census are based on

estimations given that large areas of northern Sri Lanka were under LTTE control and that large numbers of Tamils have

fled abroad. See Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora.

There are also Indian Tamils who form distinct ethnic group which comprises 5.1% of the population. The British

brought them to Sri Lanka in the 19th century as tea and rubber plantation workers, and they remain concentrated in

the "tea country" of south-central Sri Lanka. In accordance with a 1964 agreement with India, Sri Lanka granted

citizenship to 230,000 "stateless" Indian Tamils in 1988. Under the pact, India granted citizenship to the remainder,

some 200,000 of whom now live in India. Another 75,000 Indian Tamils, who themselves or whose parents once

applied for Indian citizenship, now wish to remain in Sri Lanka. The government has stated these Tamils will not be

forced to return to India, although they are not technically citizens of Sri Lanka.

The Moors, who descend from Arab traders that settled in Sri Lanka, form the third largest ethnic group at 7.2% of the

population. They are mostly concentrated in urban areas in the southern parts of the island with substantial populations

in the Central and Eastern provinces. During times of Portuguese colonization, Moors were persecuted, and many

forced to retreat to the central highlands and the eastern coast.

RELIGION: Most Sinhalese are Buddhist; most Tamils are Hindu. The Malays and Moors are Muslim. Sizable minorities of

both Sinhalese and Tamils are Christians, most of whom are Roman Catholic. TheBurgher population is mostly Roman

Catholic or Presbyterian. The Veddahs have Animist and Buddhist practices. The 1978 constitution, while assuring

freedom of religion, grants primacy to Buddhism.

LANGUAGE: Sinhala, an Indo-European language, is the native tongue of the Sinhalese. Tamils speak Tamil,

a Dravidian language. The Moors speak an Arab-Tamil dialect, consisting of a large number of Arabic words while The

Malays speak Sri Lanka Malay. Many of the Burghers speak Sri Lankan Indo-Portuguese although its use has declined

and all speak Sinhala. The Veddahs speak a language closely related to Sinhala. Use of English has declined since

independence, but it continues to be spoken by many in the middle and upper middle classes, particularly in Colombo.
The government is seeking to reverse the decline in the use of English, mainly for economic but also for political

reasons. Both Sinhala and Tamil are official languages.

POPULATION: 19,238,575

ECONOMY: With an economy of $43.323 billion (2010 estimate) ($106.87 billion PPP estimate), [3] and a per

capita GDP of about $5,300 (PPP), Sri Lanka has mostly had strong growth rates in recent years. And is far ahead of its

other core south asian nations such as Bangladesh and Pakistan.

The main economic sectors of the country are tourism, tea export, apparel, textile, rice production and other

agricultural products. In addition to these economic sectors, overseas employment contributes highly in foreign

exchange, most of them from the middle-east.

Since becoming independent from Britain in February 1948, the economy of the country has been affected by natural

distasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and a number of insurrections, such as the 1971, the 1987-

89 and the 1983-2009 civil war. The parties which ruled the country after 1948 did not implement any national plan or

policy on the economy, veering between left and right wing economic practices. The government during 1970-77

period applied pro-left economic policies and practices. Between 1977 and 1994 the country came under UNP rule and

between 1994 and 2004 under SLFP rule. Both of these parties applied pro-right policies. In 2001, Sri Lanka faced

bankruptcy, with debt reaching 101% of GDP. The impending currency crisis was averted after the country reached a

hasty

ceasefire agreement with the LTTE and brokered substantial foreign loans. After 2004 the UPFA government has

concentrated on mass production of goods for domestic consumption such as rice, grain and other agricultural

products.

POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: Politics of Sri Lanka takes place in a framework of a presidential representative

democratic republic, whereby the President of Sri Lanka is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-

party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and

parliament. Since decennia the party system is dominated by the socialist Sri Lanka Freedom Party and the

conservative United National Party. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Politics of Sri

Lanka reflect the historical and political differences between the two main ethnic groups, the majority Sinhala and the

minority Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island.

CULTURE: The culture of Sri Lanka has been influenced by many things in the past, but has managed to retain much of

its ancient, rich aspects. Mostly it has been influenced by religion and colonization by the Dutch, the Portuguese and

the British.
HISTORY: The chronicle records and archaeological discoveries of human beings and their events which happened in an

area known as Sri Lanka is called the History of Sri Lanka. The number of archaeological evidences and chronicles

written by Sri Lankans and non-Sri Lankans, exploring the history of more than 10,000 years.

The archaeological discovery of the Balangoda Man providing the evidences of a 30,000 years past civilization. With the

famous chronicles of Sri Lanka, theMahawansa, the Dipavamsa, the Culavamsa and the Rajaveliya which has the

recorded Sri Lankan history from the beginnings of the Sinhalese monarchy in the 6th century BC to the arrival

of European Colonialists in the sixteenth century, up until the disestablishment of the monarchy in 1815. There are

some historical records about the country also included in the famous Indian chronicles of

sage Valmiki's Ramayana, Mahabharata and the ancient books of Gautama Buddha's teachings.

The period after sixteenth century, some coastal areas of the country was ruled by the Portuguese, Dutch and British.

After the year 1815 the entire nation was ruled by the British Colonialists until the political independence granted in

1948 and becomes a sovereign state after 1972. The Sri Lankan people's armed uprisings happened against the British

colonial rule in 1818 Uva Rebellion and in 1848 Matale Rebellion.

The new constitution was introduced in 1978 the Executive President as the head of state, was happened after the

armed youth uprising in 1971 known as 1971 April Rebellion. The Sri Lankan Civil War started in 1983 and again

another armed youth uprising happened in 1987-89 period and the 26 year civil war ended in year 2009.

The significant cultural changes happened after introducing the Buddhism in 3rd century BC by Arhath Mahinda (was

the son of Indian emperor Ashoka the Great), after sixteenth century arrival of European Colonialists and after 1977 the

new open economic policies also changed the cultural values in the country.

GEOGRAPHY:
Sri Lanka, also sometimes called Ceylon, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, located in Southern Asia,

southeast of India, in a strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes. It has a total area of 65,610 km², with

64,740 km² of land and 870 km² of water. Its coastline is 1,340 km long. Sri Lanka's climate includes tropical

monsoons: the northeast monsoon (December to March), and the southwest monsoon (June to October). Its terrain is

mostly low, flat to rolling plain, with mountains in the south-central interior. The highest point is Pidurutalagala at

2,524.13 m. Natural resources includelimestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower.

Rama's Bridge, a land connection to the Indian mainland that according to Hindu mythology was constructed during the

rule of Rama, is now mostly submerged with only a chain of limestone shoals remaining above sea level. According to

temple records this natural causeway was formerly complete, but was breached by a violent storm (probably a cyclone)

in 1480.

SCOPE OF FISH BUSINESS:

Exports of aquarium fish by Sri Lanka have been increasing substantially over the past ten years. The value of
ornamental fish exports increased from LKR 30 million 1in 1981 to LKR 370 million by 1997. This growth has been
mainly because existing importing markets have expanded and Sri Lankan exporters have acquired access to new
markets. According to the 1999 FAO News Highlights, the export value of ornamental fish and vertebrates worldwide
was over US$200 million in 1996. The same report indicated that international trade of aquatic organisms for
ornamental purposes increases at an annual rate of 14 per cent. Sri Lanka’s share in the world trade, at over 1 per cent,
is projected to increase to 10 per cent in the medium term. The largest supplier of freshwater ornamental fish is
Singapore, which accounted for 33 per cent of global imports in 1986. Singapore has 130 exporters of ornamental fish
compared with Sri Lanka’s 14, of which only around five or six export in any significant quantities. The major buyers of
ornamental fish are France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and the USA.

Thus far, local Sri Lankan production has not been able to fill the volume requirements of export markets. Among the
biggest fish export companies are Lumbini Aquarium, O.C. Tropical Fish Aquarium and Lanka Aquarium. Recently a
large fish export company, Joan Kees, set up shop in Sri Lanka, and this has given worldwide prominence to the local
industry.

Around 75 per cent of ornamental fish exported from Sri Lanka are marine varieties. In recent years, however, Western
countries have been putting restrictions on the importation of fish caught from the ocean. This has led the Sri Lankan
government to promote freshwater ornamental fish production in the country. Sri Lanka is endowed with favourable
climatic conditions that make it suitable for rearing and breeding freshwater fish.

Among the problems of the local industry are inadequate stocks of freshwater aquarium fish, lack of communication
between small-scale breeders and established exporters, lack of research and development in freshwater aquarium fish
breeding, lack of government support to the industry, and lack of adequate facilities for packaging and air transport.

SUPPLY CHAIN OF FISH BUSINESS IN SRILANKA: