Syed M.

Waqar Azeem
Lahore Garrison University

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 Affect is a generic term.
 Broad range of feelings people experienced.
 Its outward expression of how a person is feeling.
 Observable behavior that represents the expression
of a feeling.
 In response to a stimuli.
 It includes emotions and moods.

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 Emotion is a word that has been based on the
Latin word “emovere”, emo means ‘out’ and
movere which means ‘move’.
 Emotion is a psychological state.
 Caused by some external stimuli or immediate
circumstances.
 Someone said something or you saw an event
etc.
 Emotions are sharper and last for few seconds
only.

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 1. The subjective experience refers to how the
individual experiences it.
 This focuses on how each emotion differs from
one individual to another although it falls into a
universal category such as happiness or sadness.
 chemicals released in response to our
interpretation of a specific trigger.
 It takes our brains about 1/4 second to identify
the trigger

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 The physiological reaction refers to how the
person feels it physiologically.
 This includes racing heartbeat, sweating, rapid
breathing, etc.
 It takes another 1/4 second to produce the
chemicals.

 The final component of behavioral or expressive

response focuses on how the individual actually
expresses it.

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 In the year 1972, a psychologist named Paul
Eckman identified six basic emotions; happiness,
sadness, anger, surprise, fear and disgust.
 in 1999, he added satisfaction, pride, contempt,
shame, embarrassment, amusement, and
excitement were added to the list.
 Rene Descertes identified six basic emotions;
wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy, and sadness.
 Still not a clear and defined set of basic emotions
by psychologists or behavioral scientist is
present.
 Debate is going on.
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 Attempt was made to identify basic emotions on
base of facial expressions.
 Its complex as expression represent different
meanings in different culture.
 Its not necessary that facial expression represent
true emotions.
 How can “love” be expressed through face.
 How will you distinguish between surprise and
happiness.
 How will you distinguish between hatred and
jealousy.

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 “Mood” is derived from word Mod, which means
military courage.
 A mood refers to an emotional state.
 Moods are generalized and milder than emotions.
 They are not tied to particular stimuli, collection
of inputs.
 Moods are influenced by environment (light or
dark shades, lighting etc), physiology (eating,
sleeping, working etc) and thinking.
 Moods are much longer in duration than emotions
i.e. minutes, hours or even days.
 Moods may not be expressive.
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 There is no neutral emotions- being neutral
is being non emotional.
 Behavioral scientists classify emotions into
positive and negative.
 The emotions into positive or negative
became mood state as we are talking about
them generally.
 Positive emotions translate into positive
moods.
 Negative emotions translate into negative
moods.

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Positive affect
 A mood dimension that consists of specific
positive emotions such as excitement, self-
assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and
boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low
end.

Negative affect
 A mood dimension that consists of emotions
such as nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the
high end and relaxation, tranquility, and poise at
the low end.

 The moods are perceived differently by persons

and cultures.

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 1. Personality:
 People have built-in tendency to experience
certain moods and emotions.
 Different people experience moods with different
intensity.
 affect intensity; Individual differences in the
strength with which individuals experience their
emotions.
 Affectively intense people experience both
positive and negative emotions more deeply.

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 2. Day of the Week and Time of the Day
 People are in their worst moods (highest negative
affect & lowest positive affect) early in the week.
 People are in their best moods (highest positive affect
and lowest negative affect) late in the week.
 “morning” or “evening” people.
 levels of positive affect tend to peak at around the
halfway point between waking and sleeping.
 Monday morning is probably not the best time to ask
someone for a favor or convey bad news.
 Our workplace interactions will probably be more
positive from midmorning onward and also later in the
week.

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 3. Weather:
 Common perception is moods are tied to
weather.
 Multiple researches show weather has little effect
on moods.
 Work related behavior is not effected by weather.
 Then why it is people think weather shapes their
moods.
 Illusory Correlation: It occurs when people
associate two events that in reality have no
connection.
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 4. Stress:

 A stressful day results in negative moods.

 Effect of stress are built over time.
 “a constant diet of even low-level stressful events
has the potential to cause workers to experience
gradually increasing levels of strain over time”.
 Mounting levels of stress can worsen our moods,
and we experience more negative emotions.

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 4. Social Activities:
 For most people, social activities increase
positive mood and have little effect on negative
mood.
 People in positive moods seek out social
interactions.
 Type of interaction does make a difference.
 Activities that are physical (skiing or hiking),
informal meetings and dining out are more
strongly associated with positive moods, then
activities with less interaction (movies watching)
or formal nature (meetings).

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 5. Sleep:
 Sleep quality does affect mood.
 Undergraduates and adult workers who are
sleep-deprived report greater feelings of fatigue,
anger, and hostility.
 Poor or reduced sleep impairs decision making
and makes it difficult to control emotions.
 A recent study suggests poor sleep also impairs
job satisfaction because people feel fatigued,
irritable, and less alert.

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 6. Physical Activities:
 Research consistently shows exercise enhances
peoples’ positive mood.
 The effects of physical activities are strongest for
those who are depressed.
 “Sweat Therapy” is increasing popularity day by
day.

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 7. Age:
 Common perception that “younger people
experience more positive emotions” is wrong.
 Study comprising from age group of 18-94 of
age, shows negative emotions reduces as age
increases.
 Positive moods lasted longer for older individuals
and negative moods fades out quickly.
 Younger individuals tends to be more sensitive in
terms of affected by negative moods.

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 8. Gender:
 Women are more emotionally expressive than
men.
 Women experience “emotions” with intensity and
for longer duration of time, than men.
 Powerful emotions like anger and rage are
experienced more by men.
 Powerless emotions like sadness and fear are
experienced more by women.
 People tends to perceive emotions in women
derived from her personality, and emotions in
men derived from situation and environment.

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 A situation in which an employee expresses
organizationally desired emotions during
interpersonal transactions at work.
 A job required to be in a specific mood.
 However human cannot remain in one mood for
every time.
 So in order to meet the requirement of job to
remain in specific mood, employee “fake” it.
 He tries to put aside his real emotion and project
the required emotion on his job.

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 Airlines expect their flight attendants to be
cheerful, we expect funeral directors to be sad
and doctors emotionally neutral.
 Emotional Dissonance is to feel one emotion and
project another.
 This could be a turmoil and dilemma for
employees.
 Highly experienced in service industry like
customer services, education and hotel industry.

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 It can help you, on the job especially, if you
separate emotions into felt or displayed
emotions.
 Felt emotions are an individual’s actual emotions.
 Displayed emotions are those that the
organization requires workers to show and
considers appropriate in a given job.
 They are learnt.
 “The ritual look of delight on the face of the first
runner-up as the beauty contest winner is
announced is a product of the display rule that
losers should mask their sadness with an
expression of joy for the winner.”
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 Displaying fake emotions requires us to suppress
real ones.
 Surface acting is hiding inner feelings and
forgoing emotional expressions in response to
display rules. A waiter who smiles at a customer
even when he doesn’t feel like it is surface acting.
 Deep acting is trying to modify our true inner
feelings based on display rules. A psycho therapist
is trying to genuinely feel more empathy for her
patients is deep acting.

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 Humour plays an important role.

 Small token of appreciation for work well done.

 Manager when is in happy mood, he influence

his colleagues to be in good mood as well.

 Neuro Linguistic Programming and psycho

therapy is used these days by organizations.

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 Organizations are selecting employees they believe have
high levels of emotional intelligence and self control.

 Emotions and positive moods appear to facilitate

effective decision making and creativity.

 Recent research suggests mood is linked to motivation,

especially through feedback.

 Leaders rely on emotions to increase their effectiveness.

 The display of emotions is important to social behavior

like negotiation and customer service.
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 Stable characteristics that describe an
individual’s behavior.
 individual’s personality is the result of heredity or
of environment.
 Heredity refers to factors determined at
conception like Physical stature, facial features,
temperament, muscle composition and reflexes,
energy level, and biological rhythms.
 research tends to support the importance of
heredity over the environment.
 Separated twins since childhood were found
sharing similar habits, likes and dislikes etc.

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 Extraverted (E) versus Introverted (I). Extraverted
individuals are outgoing, sociable, and confident.
Introverts are quiet and shy.

 Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N). Sensing types are

practical and prefer
 routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitive rely on
unconscious processes and look at the “big picture.”

 Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F). Thinking types use reason

and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their
personal values and emotions.

 Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P). Judging types want

control and prefer their world to be ordered and
structured. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

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 Search the free online Meyer Brigs personality
test. https://www.16personalities.com
 Find out your personality type.
 Find out which jobs/careers suits your
personality.
 Are suitable careers as per your personality,
match your study.
 In not, which suggested career you think is
more linked to you study.

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 1. Extraversion. The extraversion dimension
captures our comfort level with relationships.
Extraverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and
sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid,
and quiet.

 Suggest jobs and roles for Extraversion and

introversion traits of personality.

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 2. Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension
refers to an individual’s tendency to defer to
others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative,
warm, and trusting. People who score low on
agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and
antagonistic.

 Suggest jobs and role with more agreeableness

of personality.

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 3. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness
dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly
conscientious person is responsible, organized,
dependable, and persistent. Those who score low
on this dimension are easily distracted,
disorganized, and unreliable.

 Suggest jobs and role with more

conscientiousness of personality.

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 4. The emotional stability dimension—often
labeled by its converse, neuroticism—taps a
person’s ability to withstand stress. People with
positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-
confident, and secure. Those with high negative
scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed,
and insecure.

 Suggest jobs and role with more emotional

stability in personality.

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 5. Openness to experience. The openness to
experience dimension addresses range of
interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely
open people are creative, curious, and artistically
sensitive. Those at the other end of the category
are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.

 Suggest jobs and role with more Openness to

experience in personality.

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 core self-evaluation: Bottom-line conclusions
individuals have about their capabilities,
competence, and worth as a person.
 Machiavellianism in psychology refers to
a personality trait which sees a person so focused
on their own interests they will manipulate,
deceive, and exploit others to achieve their goals.
 Narcissism: Tendency to be arrogant, have a
magnificent sense of self-importance, require
excessive admiration, and have a sense of
entitlement.
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 Self-monitoring : refers to an individual’s ability to
adjust his or her behavior to external, situational
factors.
 Risk Taking: Willingness to take chances in life and
business.
 Proactive Personality: Action and result oriented
behavior, instead of the one that waits for things to
happen and then tries to adjust (react) to them.

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