THE ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE EDITED BY ©. H. V. SUTHERLAND, CBE, MA, D.Litt, PBA, FS.A. Emeritus Student of Christ Church, Oxford Formerly Keeper of the Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford AND R. A. G. CARSON, MA, FBA, FSA. Keaper of Goins and Medals in the British Museum VOLUME VIII THE FAMILY OF CONSTANTINE I AD. 337-364 BY J.P. G. KENT, BA, Ph.D., FSA. Deputy Keaper of Coins and Medals in the British Museum LONDON SPINK & SON LTD 198tGENERAL EDITORS’ FOREWORD ‘More than a decade has elapsed since the preparation of the present volume was announced in the foreword to vol. VI, the last in date to be published in this series. That interval of time underlines the difficult nature of the work which Dr J. P, C. Kent has carried out. Each successive volume in the series has shown the need for ever more accurate analysis and arrangements and this greater precision, o evident in vol. IX, and increasingly employed in vols. VI and VI, is no less painfully necessary for the period from A.D. 337 10 364, in which we count ourselves fortunate to have been able to call upon Dr Kent's long experience and detailed knowledge. We believe that his ‘treatment of this petiod in vol. VIII will be most gratefully welcomed, by all numismatists and historians. With this volume the original scope of The Roman Imperial Coinage, as first ‘conceived by Harold Mattingly and E. A. Sydenham when vol. I appeared in 1923, has been fulfilled. After more than fifty years the series which they planned now stands complete. Its standards and its objectives have changed with the years, and it has ended up more like a corpus than like the manval that was originally intended. It may yet develop further. Material for a tenth volume, as already foreshadowed, down to the reform of Anastasius, has for long been forming in Dr Kent's hands; and revision of certain earlier volumes (notably I and V) has been begun in order to remedy obvious deficiencies. The extent to which these further projects can be carried forward depends on the extent of public support. If this were forthcoming, then the editor and the publishers (to whom the editors, through Mr Howard Linecar, are deeply indebted) would feel that still wider objectives could be achieved, ¢. H. V. SUTHERLAND R. A. G. CARSON viiAUTHOR’S PREFACE ‘The coinage of the middle years ofthe fourth century a.v. is common in all metals, but its among the least known series of antiquity. Magnentius alone has inspired the preparation of a corpus; even Julian is represented only by fa handful of studies, none of them entirely satisfactory. ‘There is indeed a fgreat demand from archaeologists for an accurate presentation of the base- metal issues found in such abundance throughout the Empire; Late Roman Bronze Coinage has remained in print for twenty years, testimony to the need fora reliable handbook. Yet this general neglect ofthe period is of twentieth- century growth, and in the late nineteenth century, the elucidation and presentation of late Roman coinage in the hands of savants like Missong And Hetiner atiained a level that was not to be surpassed for almost century. In Britain Sir George Hill, on the Continent O. Voetter, mark the end ofan era of real comprehension an ‘As the Bibliography will show, there is no great body of studies on which it has been possible to base this work. Even today, few scholars work on the numismatic material, though, with the securer datings made possible by RBG, there is an increasing number of studies of the currency. Coinage of the Houses of Valentinian and ‘Theodosius was the great love of the late J. W. E. Pearce, but surviving notes show that he was not unmindful of ‘arlier coinage. Although his published work on that period is confined to some very Pertinent observations on contemporary imitations, there is little doubt that, had he come to numismatic studies a younger man, he would in due course have turned his attention to the sons of Constantine ‘The coinage of 337-364 has been presented along broadly traditional lines, though the actual appearance of the page has been lightened by the aban- donment of many of the heavy vertical rules. There are two significant changes of terminology: the knowledge of metallic composition gained over the last sixteen years has led to the general definition of the base-metal coinages as ‘Base Billon and Bronze’; and the loaded word ‘Rarity’ has been replaced by the neutral ‘Frequency’—it would be absurd to think of many entries having ‘rarity’ in any meaningful sense. The determination of ‘frequency’ is necessarily subjectives it has been arrived at by considering the composition of hoards and sitefinds, by totalling separate specimens in public collections and sale catalogues, and, not least, by drawing upon the expertise of colleagues, Clearly, a single large hoard in which an unusual issue happens to be well represented might easily distort frequency, but an attempt hhas been made to take account of this, and I have not simply set a total of specimens against a numerical scale, ‘Every generation and each student have their predilections in the field of study, and the Introduction faithfully reflects this in the discussion of ota,AUTHOR'S PREFACE and in the extended and detailed chapter on currency. I hope it wil be clear that I regard the monetary system as essentially three quite distinet and not closely integrated metallic series of gold, silver and base metal, and likewise that I do not share the concern of many students over the exact weight of the Roman pound; I do not believe this to be knowable, least ofall from the weights of surviving coins and exegia, and T doubt whether it was in practice identical from Amiens to Alexandria. Previous volumes in the series, though always including precious metal ‘multiples, have differed in thei attitude to the medallic bronze and billon In this stady, the latter have been included; large medallions and the little VOTA PVBLIGA series will be found in separate sections at the end of the Rome catalogue, though other ‘medallie 4% 4° will be found in the coin- lists at an appropriate place. After much hesitation, the gold uniface ‘Schau- rmiinzen’ have been omitted from the Catalogue; their relationship with the ‘ordinary gold coinage is s0 tenuous a to cast serious doubt on the possibility that they possessed an aetual monetary function. In a work which has taken so long to prepare and which has had to be undertaken amid many other quite unrelated academic preoccupations there are inevitably some inconsistencies and changes of plan. One concerns the POP ROMANVS coinage of Constantinople, whose post-337 dating in ERBC was accepted by Professor Bruun in RIC VII. I had become doubtful of 0 late a date, because ofits incidence in British hoards, and discussion with Mlle Claude Brenot has now finally convinced me that it belongs to the early 30s and should properly be rejected from this volume. However, ihas been retained, with appropriate comment, so that this common coinage should not lack an RIC reference. Conversely, T have found it necessary #0 clude certain Rome medallions already catalogued by Bruun; hs references are prominently set down. Finally, I would draw attention to the GLORIA EXERCITVS issues of Trier between 337 and 340. The recognition of a major coinage during the interregnum of 337, and the generally imperfect state of surviving examples, have made this part of the catalogue less dan satisfactory. A detailed study of these numerous and unattractive litle coins is much needed. This work is of course no more ‘definitive’ than any other similar numis matic study, and at almost every point I have been acutely eonscious of the pioneering nature of many of my clasifications. lam notwithstanding deeply indebted to my predecessors and fellow-workers, and T hope that this is adequately expressed in the Bibliography. I shall be more than content if in the coming years RIC VIII becomes a quarry facilitating the detailed studies the need for which appears on so many pages Tt would be almost impossible o acknowledge individually all those who have helped in the preparation of this volume. In fst place, however, must bbementioned The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and the American Numismatic Society, New York. With them must be named the Trustees of the British Museum, who gave me Ieave of absence in 1970-1971 to take up the opportunity ofa period of study in the United States of America. During that time were prepared the lists of coins from which the catalogue was ultimately made, and extensive drafts of introductory material. The patience,AUTHOR'S PREFACE understanding and helpfulness of the editors has been as much as an author could hope for; it was Dr Sutherland who suggested and supported the flL-important stay in Princeton, while Mr Carson has done all in his power to assist in the sometimes difficult task of finding time within the Department of Coins & Medals for the work to go on. The printing of a volume such as this s not easy; but in Mrs Rosemary Harley I have been most fortunate to find someone with exactly the right blend of sympathy and firmness, in whom has been combined great taste and skill in the laying out of text, tables and catalogue. Of my colleagues, I single out for particular mention Mr Roger Bland; first as temporary helper, later as Research Assistant, his excellent knowledge and understanding of the period and his meticulous criticism and checking of sources have proved invaluable. The section of Rome bronze medallions, to name only the most outstanding instance, would have been ‘much the poorer but for his help. He also undertook the burden of assembling land mounting the casts of material selected for the plates. To Dr H. A. Cahn (Basel) Iam specially grateful for photographs of the Kaiseraugst hoard in advance of publication, and for his critical examination of the Catalogue ‘while sill in proof. His detailed knowledge of the silver coinage has enabled ime to avoid a number of pitfalls, Professor Anne S. Robertson (Glasgow) was also good enough to read the Catalogue in proof, and supply valuable additional material and comment. Two friends, alas, can only be acknow- Tedged posthumously: Dr Lawrence H. Cope, whose analyses contributed so much to my concept of the monetary system; and Marcel Thition (Brussels), whose untimely death has impoverished the whole study of Roman numis- matics, and who had a particular and constructive interest in the sons of Constantine. “The curators of many cabinets, and many individual collectors and students, have been most generous in furnishing information. This has been igratefully incorporated and acknowledged at the relevant place. Here I wish to express my particular thanks to those collections which have so kindly provided casts for the plates: New York, American Numismatic Societys Berlin, Munzkabinet, Staatliche Museum; Birmingham, Barber Institute of Fine Art; Brussels, Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliotheque Royale Albert Ter; Copenhagen, Nationalmuseet; Geneva, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire; Glasgow, Flunterian Museums; Karlsruhe, Badische Landesmuseum; Oxford, Heber~ den Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum; Paris, Cabinet des Médailles, Biblio theque Nationale; Stockholm, Kungelige Myntkabinett; Rome, Gabinetto ‘Numismatico, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana; Vienna, Bundessammlung, Kunsthistorisches Museum. The London casts are the excellent work of Mr K. A, Howes, of the Department of Conservation, British Muscum.CONTENTS DEDICATION GENERAL EDITORS’ FOREWORD AUTHOR'S PREFACE SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBREVIATIONS OBVERSE LEGENDS THE MATERIAL Collections Sale catalogues Hoards GENERAL INTRODUCTION Historical survey Chronological table of principal events ‘The emperors and the coinage ‘The imperial rota ‘The monetary system Weight frequency tables Coinage and currency THE CATALOGUE Aurens Trew Lyons AnuEs Mitax Rowe Aguineia ny 19 195, 170 197 232 234 306CONTENTS Stscta 339 Simmiow 302 ‘Turssarontoa 395 Heractea 426 Coxstantinorie 40 Nicomepra 486 Cyzr0us 486 AxtrocH 502 AuexanpRra 535 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA 547 INDEXES 549 Notes 5st Obverse legends 553, Legend/Type 387 ‘TypefLegend 56 Letters and symbols 593 General 597 PLATES 1-28 to follow page 605, BUSTS Pullout, to follow Plates xiv erSELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY “The numbers in the right-hand margin correspond with tho "wed inthe chapter Coinage and currency (pp. 72-115)- HISTORICAL SOURCES Anatanus Mancensawus, Res Gesie (Loeb), London 1940-1952. ‘Axonvmous, Epitome deCaesaribus (Teubner), Leipzig 1961 De rebus illicit ed. A. A. Thompson, Oxford 1952. ATHANASIUS, Apologia ad Constantia, PG 25, 595-642. Apologia contra Arians, PG 25, 239-410. Apotoga de fuga sua, ed, JM. Seymusiak, Sources chrdiennes 56, Paris 1958. — Historia Ariarorum, PC 25, 691-796. Avnenivs Victor, De Casserius (Teubner), Leipzig 196t. ‘Avsontus, Opera (Lock), London 1919-1921. Euseoivs, Historia Eeesiastica (Loeb), London 1926-1952. —— Panegyric, C20, 1315-1440. — Vite Gonstanini, PC 20, 905-1252. Evraopivs, Breiarium, Paris 1683 Grecony or Naztanzvs, Oratines, PG 95, 399-1252; 36, 11-664. Hrexoxy avs, Biblorum sacrum eit wdgote. —Ctrnicon, ed. R. Hel, Berlin 1956. Hypatius, Chronice(Consuaria Constantinopolitana), MGH AA 9, 196-247. Isivoxe, Origine, Oxford 1911. ‘Jeutan, Opera (Loeb), London 1913-1023 Mancectinvs Costs, Chyonica, MGH AA 11, 60-108. Noritta Droxitaum, ed. O. Sceck, Berlin 1876. Opratianos Ponrnynres, Carmine (Teubner), Leipzig 1926. Paseovarci Larix: (Teubner), Leipzig 1874. Purtostonors, Historia Ezlesiitica, PG 05, 459-624. Socrates, Historia Eclesastic, PG 67, 9-842. Sozowen, Historia Eilesiastca, PG 67, 843-1690. Seetoxtis, DeritaCaesarum (Locb), London 1951, Zowanas, Epitome Histrianun, Bonn 1841~1897- Zosimus, Historia Nova (Teubner), Leipzig 1887. Covex Jusrintanus, ed. P. Krueger, Berlin 1929. Copex Tueopostawus, ed. T. Momsen & P. M. Meyer, Berlin 1954- wvSELEGY BIBLIOGRAPHY Conrus Ixsoxtprionum Larinanvs, Berlin 1863 onwards Insentetiones Latinae Curistrawae Vere, od, E. Diehl, Dublin/ Zurich 1970. Inscrreriones Latinas Sutecras, ed. H. Dessau, Berlin 1892-1916. T.C.Bannus, ‘Imperial chronology, a.. 397-350, The Phoenix 1980, 160-166. C. Baronros, Annals Eelesiatie, Mainz 160%. J. Bioez, Laviede ompereu Julien, Paris 196. R. G. Bockrey, Constantius Gallus and Julian as Caesars of Constantius I, ‘ators 1972, 433-468. D. Bown, The age of Constantine and Julian, London 1978. G.W. Bowsnsoox, Julian the Apostate, London 1978. R.Brownrwa, The Emperor Julian, London 1975. Cagnnipor Maprazvat Htsrony, vol. I, Cambridge 1924. P. J. Casey (cd.), The end of Roman Britain, BAR British series 71, Oxford 1979 J. Geka, “Le destous social del'usurpation de Silvan’, horn Praci Float Bak 1961, 169-178. HLF, Guimrox, Fast Romani, Oxford 1845, F, Cuonr, ‘Les origines de Pusurpateur Magnence’, Comptes rendus del’ Acad, des Ise. ef Belles-Letes 1925, 224. GC. Darewnero & E, Sacii0, Dictionnaire des antiguitsgrecques et romans, aris 1873-1919. H. A. Drax, ‘When was the “de laudibus Constantini” delivered”, Historia 1975, 345-356: R.O. Epmrooxs Jz, ‘Constantius IT and Hormisdas in the Forum of “Trajan’, Mnemosyne 1975, 412-417. "The visit of Constantius II to Rome in 357 and is effect om the pagan Roman senatorial aristocracy’, Amer. Fur. Phil. 1976, 40-Bt M. Fortin, La legislazione dellimpercioreCostante, Novara 1955. G. Grows, Ladinastia dei second Fact; Costantino I, Cstante, Costanzo IT (297-361), Rome 1959. F,D. Ginttano, "The birth-date of Julian the Apostate’, Califomia Stdis in Classical Antiquity 1971, 147-153. M. HaDas, Imperial Rome, Time-Life 1965. AHL M, Jones, Constantine and the contersin of Europe, London 1949. "The career of Flavius Philippus', Historia 1955, 229-233, = Tie laer Roman Empire, 284-602: a seal, economic and administrative survey, ‘Oxdord 1964. Tie dele ofthe ancient world, London 1966. ALILM, Jones, J. R. Mantixpate & J. Morais, The prosopograply of ‘the later Roman Enpire (A.D. 260-995), Cambridge 1971. R. Kien (ed.), Julien Apsteta, Darmstadt 1978. X. Lucten-Bron, ‘Constance Il et le massere des princes’, Bul. de "Assos (G. Budé 1973, 585-602. R. MacMutti, Soldier and civilian nth ater Roman Enpire, Cambridge, ‘Mase. 1963. F. VAN DER MeER & C. Mounanss Atlas of th early Christin world, London 1959.SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY J. Mons.av, ‘Nachtrige zum Reallexikon fr Antike und Cheistentum’, Jahrb. f.Antke und Chrstentom 1936, 158-184. AoProawion, Leempire chriten (325-395), Patis 1947. J. Sade, “The struggle between Magnentis and Constant and Lilyricum, Zi Ante 1971, 205-216. 0. Suck, Regesto der Kaiser und Pepste, Stuttgart 1919. E, Steen, Histoire du Bar-Enpir (trans. J. R. Palanque), Pats 1959 H. Sten, Lecalondrir de 9541 dude sur son texte ts illustrations, Paris 1953, LJ. Swirr & J. H. Ouaven, ‘Constantius IT and Flavius Philippus’, Amer. “Four. Phil. 1960, 247-264. LIS. La Nae x Trtzmowr, Mistie des emperers et des autres princes gui ‘ont rgné duran les sx premiers idles de élise, Pavia 1693-1739. J. Tristan De St AMAN'T, Commentaires hitoriquscontnans Pisoregénvale des empereurs etc, Paris 1844, J. Voor, ‘Pagans and christians in the family of Constantine the Great’, The conflict beteeen paganism and Christianity in the forth century, ed. A. Momiglian, Oxford 1953, 38-55. E. G, Wits0s, Studien the lies of th son of Constantine, Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia 1977 Hor Ltaly THE COINAGE P. Bastin, ‘Remploi et retouche des coins sous les régnes de Constance IT, Magnence et Décence’, BCEN 1978, 48-57 ©. Barwon, ‘Un fllis de Tréves de Constantin II surfrappéen 920 sur un follis de 317", BSEN 1974, 604-606. ©. Brexor & J-P. CALLO, ‘Deux surappes postéricures 318°, BSF 1974, 670-673. J-P- Cate, ‘Sozoméne, 5,15, eta corporation des monétaires’, BSFN 1972, 271-273. H. Corruns, ‘Vier Prigestempel der Triere Manze aus der Mosel, Trner ‘Zeiuchr. 1968, 209-221. ACF. Henpy, ‘Aspects of coin production and fiscal administration in the late Roman and early Byzantine period’, NC 1972, 117-139. J-P.C Kenr, ‘Gold coinage in the later Roman Empire’, Esays in Roman eninge resented to Harold Mattingly, ed. R. A. G. Carson and C. H. V. Sutherland, Oxford 1936, 190-204. — The Comes Sacraran Lergitinuon, Ph.D. thesis, University of London 1953 "The Comes Sacrarum Largitionum’, in EC. Dodd, Byzantine Siler ‘Stamps, Washington, D.C. 1961, 8 — ‘Liaisons et regravure des coi RY 1978, 108-112. J. Laraunis, ‘Coin monétaire de Magnence trowvé a Treves’, BSEN 1966, 103. RD. Sansou, ‘An interesting oversrike’, SCMB 1968, 416-417. 45. ‘des médaillons de bronze de Magnence’, J.J. Axce, ‘Algunos problemas dela numismética del emperador FL. Ql. Tulianue’, Arch. Exp de Arg. 1974, 477-498. Betas sobre las fuentes iterarias,epigraiasymenismaticas para la historia det emporador Fl Cl. julio, Ph.D. thesis, University of Granada 1975. xvii