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ME553 Term Projects Assignment 162
ME553 Term Projects Assignment 162
ME553
ADVANCED
VIBRATIONS
Dr. Hassen M. Ouakad
Department of Mechanical Engineering
AGENDA
Today:
ME553 Logistics
Syllabus
Grading scheme, etc…
Start Chapter 1, “Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations”
Questions???
Course Objectives
Good to Know…
Location: 63-032
Office #: 63-254
E-Mail: houakad@kfupm.edu.sa
Textbook
Grading
Homework 15%
Term Project 10%
Major Exam 1 (March 20) 20%
Major Exam 2 (May 01) 20%
Final Exam (Jun 04) 35%
--------------------------------------------------------
Total 100%
NOTES:
• Score related questions (homeworks/exams/projects) must be raised prior to
next class after the homeworks/exams/project are returned.
• Final Exam will be most probably comprehensive
Homework
Grading
Each problem scored on a 1-10 scale (10 – best)
In This Course…
Course Outline
Lectures 01-04
(weeks 01-02)
CHAPTER 01:
INTRODUCTION TO
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
Dr. Hassen M. Ouakad
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter’s Objectives
Chapter # 01
OUTLINE
What is Vibrations?
Brief History of Vibration
Importance of Studying of Vibration
Basic Concepts of Vibration
Classification of Vibration
Vibration Analysis Procedure
Spring Elements
Mass or Inertia Elements
Damping Elements
Lecture # 01:
INTRODUCTION
Dr. Hassen M. Ouakad
Department of Mechanical Engineering
What is Vibration?
Vibration is the back and forth (up and down) motion of a machine
or machine part from its equilibrium position.
Examples:
All bodies possessing mass and elasticity
are capable of vibration.
Vibration:
Oscillatory motion of bodies, such as acceleration,
velocity and displacement of bodies, and the forces
associated with them.
Vibration: could be
regular like the pendulum, or
irregular like the earthquake.
What is Vibration?
Scientific Definition
Any motion that repeats itself after an
interval of time
Engineering Definition
Deals with the relationship between forces
and oscillatory motion of mechanical systems
Remark:
All machines can be represented as
(spring-mass-damper system) since
they have weight, structural
damping, and spring-like properties.
Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553/ 17
Use monochord
Pythagoras
(582 - 507 BC)
Observed that if 2 string of
different length are subject to
the same tension, the shorter
one emits a higher note.
Frequency of
vibration
18
Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553/ 18
Importance of Vibration
MDOF
Feeding and
Unloading applications
Washing conveying bulk
Machines materials
The light waves which permit us to see & sound waves through which we
hear entail vibration
Effects of Vibrations
Useful Vibration Harmful vibration
Compressor
Noise
Testing
Destruction
Wear
Ultrasonic
cleaning
Fatigue
REAL EXAMPLE:
TACOMA BRIDGE
Caused Wind-
Induced Vibration (?)
Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553/ 30
Disaster…
November 7, 1940
Hellicopter resonance:
Real Examples
Bridge collapse:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw
Hellicopter resonance:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FeXjhUEXlc
Resonance vibration test:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV_UuzEznHs
Flutter (Aeordynamically induced vibration) :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhwLojNerMU
Modeling Vibration
The Ingredients:
1 1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)
2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)
Realistic Addition:
3. Energy Dissipation
Modeling Vibration
The Ingredients:
1 1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)
2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)
2
Realistic Addition:
3. Energy Dissipation
Examples of
Translational Spring Elements
Leaf Spring
Examples of
Torsional Spring Elements
A mousetrap
Compress
http://www.esm.psu.edu/courses/emch13d/design/animation/animation.htm
Modeling Vibration
The Ingredients:
1 1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)
2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)
2
Realistic Addition:
3 3. Energy Dissipation
Viscous Damping
Coulomb or Dry Friction Damping
Material or Solid or Hysteretic Damping
Modeling Vibration
The Ingredients:
1 1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)
2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)
2 3 Realistic Addition:
3. Energy Dissipation
Modeling Vibration
x
The Ingredients:
m 1. Mass, m
2. Stiffness, k
k c Realistic Addition:
3. Damping, c
Modeling Vibration
m
How is this
k c model useful?
Wind
Internal
machinery
Traffic
Plant
Seismic activity
Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553/ 48
Vibration Modeling:
Exciting Force & Vibration Response
Exciting Force System Response (vibration)
Exciting force
F(t) F(t)
Response
m m
x(t) x(t)
k c k
Excitation Types
Forced Vibration:
Forced vibrations occur if a system is continuously driven by an external
excitation. A simple example is a child’s swing that is pushed on each
downswing. Of special interest are systems undergoing SHM and driven by
sinusoidal forcing.
This leads to the important phenomenon of resonance. Resonance occurs
when the frequency of the external force coincides with one of the natural
frequencies of the system.
Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553/ 51
Free Vibration
Get the Vibrations Characteristics
When a system is initially disturbed by a displacement,
velocity or acceleration, the system begins to vibrate with
a constant amplitude and frequency depend on its
stiffness and mass.
This frequency is called as natural frequency, and the
form of the vibration is called as mode shapes
Equilibrium pos.
Period=T =
.
Basic Concepts
Vibrations MAIN Characteristics
Every object has:
Frequencies at which it “likes” to vibrate
Natural Modal Frequencies
y t Be t / sin t
Forced Vibration
Resonance Phenomenon
A vibration of large amplitude
Occurs when an object is forced near its
natural frequency
n
Force Amplitude versus Freq Plot
(cosine OR sine)
Resonance : amplitude
becomes LARGE when forcing
frequency is close to natural
Simulations of real frequency
earthquake excitation
Dr. Hassen OUAKAD ME 553/ 55
Longitudinal Vibration:
Transverse Vibration:
Torsional Vibration:
End of
Lecture # 01