Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DiffusionlessTransformation KTF 2018
DiffusionlessTransformation KTF 2018
DiffusionlessTransformation KTF 2018
Transformation
Disclaimer: This lecture note is edited from different sources for the solely of teaching and learning
purposes. It may contain copyrighted materials from their respective owners; therefore, apart form
teaching and learning purposes, this lecture note may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any
form or by any means.
1
Possible Transformations of Steel
Martensite
T Martensite
Strength
Ductility
bainite
fine pearlite
coarse pearlite
spheroidite
General Trends
Outline
4
Introduction
Martensitic transformations
Crystallographic theory of martensitic
transformations
Martensitic transformation in nonferrous metals
(SME)
2
5
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
6
3
7
4
9
10
MARTENSITE
TRANSFORMATION
5
Martensite Transformation – (Fe-0.18C-0.2Si-0.9Mn-2.9Ni-1.5Cr-
0.4Mo)
11
They occur in many different metal, ceramic and polymer systems, and
generally important to understand.
6
Massive vs. Martensitic transformations
13
Driving forces
14
7
Free energy - composition: T0
Diffusionless
transformation
product ∆G T1
impossible at T1,
Diffusionless parent
transformation
Common
possible at T2; G
tangent
“T0” is defined by no ∆G T1>T2
difference in free T2
energy between the
T2 corresponds to
phases, ∆G=0 next figure b.
16
T near T0
(a) (b)
equilibrium diffusionless
(a) Free energy temperature diagram for austenite and
martensite of fixed carbon concentration (C0) in (b)
(b) Free energy-composition diagram for the austenite and
martensite phases at the Ms temperature
8
Driving force estimation
∆ ∆
0
18
(a) (b)
9
Heterogeneous nucleation
19
Why does martensite not form until well below the T0 temperature?
The reason is that a finite driving force is required to supply the energy
needed for (a) the interfacial energy of the nucleus and (b) the elastic
energy associated with the transformation strain.
The former is a small quantity (estimated to be 0.02 J.m-2) but the
elastic strain is large (estimated at 0.2 J.m-2 in the Fe-C system).
Therefore the following standard equation applies.
∗
16
Δ
3 Δ Δ
10
21
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC THEORY
OF MARTENSITE
Microstructure of martensite
22
11
23
24
Martensite plate
remains
macroscopically
coherent with the
surrounding
austenite and even
the surface it
intersects.
12
Why tetragonal Fe-C martensite?
25
Possible sites
26
13
27
14
29
Mechanisms
30
15
Shape change
31
32
16
Twinning formation
33
(Left) Showing the twinning of an FCC structure. Black and white circles
represent atoms on different levels.
(Right) Graphical representation of a twinning shear occurring on a plane K1
in a direction d (shear direction)
17
Bain model
35
36
18
Does the Bain model fit the observation of the
undistorted habit plane?
37
19
Others Model for Martensite Transformation
39
Orientational relationship between the parent (fcc) and martensite (bcc) phases for the Bain (a),
the Nishiyama–Wassermann (b) and the Kurdjumov–Sachs (c) The blue atoms indicate a bcc
unit cell. The red arrows indicate part of the motion initiating the transformation. The dashed
arrows indicate the invariant direction which is shared by the parent and martensite phases.
Sandoval, New J. Phys. 11 (2009)
Expresses the relationship between planes and directions in one phase, such as the
austenite matrix (F) with corresponding planes and directions in the other phase, i.e.
the martensite (B).
20
Role of slip and twinning in martensitic
transformation
Role of dislocations
42
21
Role of slip and twinning in martensitic transformation
Fig. 12.5 (a) Formation of a martensite platelet in a crystal of austenite, (b) the
inhomogeneous twinning shear within the platelet
22
Role of slip and twinning in martensitic
transformation
Fig. 6.12 Transmission electron micrographs of (a) lath martensite and (b) twinned
martensite. Note the mid rib in the twinned martensite, which is thought to be the first
part of the plate to grow.
Self-accommodation by variants
46
23
47
MARTENSITE STRUCTURE
48
24
Martensite Microstructure
49
50
25
51
Microstructures
52
26
53
Background
27
SME Demonstration (Nitinol wire)
55
28
Temperatures
57
Md Af
Ms T0
Ad As
Mf
SME Definitions
58
29
59
Super-elasticity
60
Super-elasticity is
simply reversible
(therefore
“elastic”)
deformation over
very large strain
ranges (many %).
Example: Ti-
50.2%Ni.
30
Mechanism of SME
Mechanism of
SME:
1) transformation;
2) martensite, self-
accommodated;
3) deformation by
variant growth;
4) heating causes
re-growth of parent
phase in original
orientation
31
Role of ordering
Self-accommodation
64
Micrograph with
diagram shows how
different variants of a
given martensitic phase
form so as to minimize
macroscopic shear
strains in a given region.
32
65
Stress-strain-
temperature data
exhibiting the
shape memory
effect for a
typical NiTi
SMA.
Some videos
33
Surface relief
67
Micrographs
show a sequence
of temperatures
with surface
relief from the
martensite plates.
SME SE
Critical
Stress for
Slip
Ms Af Temperature
34
Ni-Ti Alloys
69
X Ms Mf As Af
V > 25 < -140 < -64 > 25
Cr -100 < -180 < -58 > 25
Mn -116 < -180 < -63 > 10
Fe No < -180 -30 > 25
information
Co No No 0 > 25
information information
Cu > 25 < -100 ? > 25
TiNi0.95 70 60 108 113
TiNi 60 52 71 77
Ti0.95Ni -50 < -180 ? 20 (?)
SME requirements
70
For achieving a strong or technologically
useful SME, the following characteristics are
required.
High resistance to dislocation slip (to
avoid irreversible deformation).
Easy twin motion in the martensitic state
so that variants can exchange volume at
low stresses.
Crystallographically reversible
transformation from product phase back
to parent phase; ordered structures have
this property (whereas for a disordered
parent phase, e.g. most Fe-alloys, multiple
routes back to the parent structure exist.)
35
Photo-stimulated - Shape Memory Polymer
71
Nitinol Wires
36
Robotic muscle application
73
Pseudoelastic applications
74
Commercial pseudoelastic
applications of SMAs:
Pseudoelastic eye glass
frames.
Golf club with embedded
pseudoelastic SMA insert.
37
Orthodontic application
75
Orthodontic
application of SMAs:
Nitinol braces used
for alignment
purposes in dental
applications.
A schematic showing
a NiTi drill used for
root canal surgery.
38
77
The shape memory effect is
induced in the wires simply by
heating them with an electric
current, which is easily supplied
through electrical wiring,
eliminating the need for large
hydraulic lines.
(a) Total view of the SMART Wing
model.
(b) Cut away view of the SMA
torque tubes as installed in the
model during Phase 1 of the
SMART Wing project
Smart wings
78
39
Jet noise reductions
79
References
80
40