A

PROJECT REPORT ON
ULTRASONIC BLIND WALKING STICK

Submitted by
PRATESH PRAKASH MOHIE(20120371)

Under the Guidance of

MR. ROSHAN BONDE

MS.SAMPADA THORAT

In the partial fulfillment of B. Tech. in Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering course of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
university, Lonere (Dist. Raigad) in the academic year 2017-2018.

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Lonere-402103,Tal-Mangaon,dist raigad(MS)INDIA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled Ultrasonic blind walking stick
submitted by PRATESH PRAKASH MOHIE(20120371) is record of
bonafide work carried out by her under my guidance in the partial fulfillment
the requirement for the award of Degree of B. Tech. in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering course of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Technological University, Lonere (Dist. Raigad) in the academic year 2016-
2017.

( Mr. Roshan bonde) ( Dr. S. L. NALBALWAR )

Project guide Associate Professor and Head
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronic and
Telecommunication Engineering Telecommunication Engineering

External 1 External2
 Acknowledgement
It gives me immense pleasure to present my report for project on
Ultrasonic blind walking stick. The able guidance of all teaching staff of this
department made the study possible. They have been a constant source of
encouragement throughout the completion of this project phase-I.I would
like to express my grateful thanks to Dr. S. L. Nalbalwar sir who has
motivated me and to Mr.Roshan bonde Sir who guided and Ms . Sampada
thorat properly for this Project. I would also like to express my sincere
thanks to Electronics and Telecommunication Department for giving me an
opportunity to explore the subject by conducting this Project.

Mr. PRATESH MOHIE(20120371)

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,
Lonere-Raigad
 ABSTRACT
The generally available blind walking sticks are capable of finding
obstacle that touch the stick physically. It is helpful to a blind person but we
here propose an advanced blond stick system that allows blind person to
sense objects before stick touches them. Check if there is water in front. Also
it includes gps tracking feature to find lost person along with other useful
features. The system uses a microcontroller based circuit to handle the entire
system functioning. Our system uses ultrasonic sensor to sense objects
within certain range of the person and sounds beeps of a particular type to
signal obstacles. Also we use a shorting system to detect water in front of the
person. As soon as the front wires of the system dip in water that system
signals the blind person by a different beep pattern to signal water in front.
Now this system also has a light sensing feature to give the blind person a
sense of light. It signals the person if there is light or darkness so that he/she
can know if it is night or has entered a very dark room/facility. If the person
looses the stick the person can use an rf remote so the stick starts beeping
and the person can find it. One more important feature of the system is that
the system allows the blind person to send out a sms message with his/her
gps location to the caretaker/relatives/loved ones of the person in case of
trouble or being lost.
 INDEX

Contents
Certificate. i
Acknowledgment ii
Abstract iii
1 Introduction 1
2 Background 2
3 Existing System 3
4 Proposed System 4
5 Components 5
5.1 Hardware Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.1.1 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1.2 ATMEGA328 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR MODULE . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2 RF communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 RF MODULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3.1 RF transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3.2 RF Reciever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.4 Buzzer 13
5.5 GPS Module 14
5.6 GSM Modem 15
6. Working and implement ation 16
7. Advantage and Limitation 18
8. Application 19
9. Conclusion 20
10. Future scope 21
 I
11. References 22

ii
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick:

Blind stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled

people for improved navigation. We here propose an advanced blind stick
that allows visually challenged people to navigate with ease using advanced
technology. The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with
light and water sensing. Our proposed project first uses ultrasonic sensors to
detect obstacles ahead using ultrasonic waves. On sensing obstacles the
sensor passes this data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then
processes this data and calculates if the obstacle is close enough. If the
obstacle is not that close the circuit does nothing. If the obstacle is close the
microcontroller sends a signal to sound a buzzer. It also detects and sounds
a different buzzer if it detects water and alerts the blind. One more feature is
that it allows the blind to detect if there is light or darkness in the room. The
system has one more advanced feature integrated to help the blind find their
stick if they forget where they kept it. A wireless rf based remote is used for
this purpose. Pressing the remote button sounds a buzzer on the stick which
helps the blind person to find their stick. Thus this system allows for obstacle
detection as well as finding stick if misplaced by visually disabled people.

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Chapter 2

BACKGROUND

Vision is the most important part of human physiology as 83The

traditional and oldest mobility aids for persons with visual impairments are
the walking cane (also called white cane or stick) and guide dogs. The most
important drawbacks of these aids are necessary skills and training phase,
range of motion and very little information conveyed. With the rapid
advances of modern technology, both in hardware and software front have
brought potential to provide intelligent navigation capabilities.
God gifted sense of vision to the human being is an important aspect of
our life. But there are some unfortunate people who lack the ability of
visualizing things. The visually impaired have to face many challenges in
their daily life. The problem gets worse when there is an obstacle in front of
them. Blind stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled people
for improved navigation. The paper presents a theoretical system concept to
provide a smart ultrasonic aid for blind people.
The system is intended to provide overall measures Artificial vision and
object detection. The aim of the overall system is to provide a low cost and
efficient navigation aid for a visually impaired person who gets a sense of
artificial vision by providing information about the environmental scenario
of static and dynamic objects around them. Ultrasonic sensors are used to
calculate distance of the obstacles around the blind person to guide the user
towards the available path. Output is in the form of sequence of beep sound
which the blind person can hear.

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Chapter 3

EXISTING SYSTEM

Fig 3.1:Block diagram of system

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Chapter 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Fig 4.1: block diagram for proposed system

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Chapter 5

COMPONENTS

5.2 Hardware Components

1. BATTERY
2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (7805)
3. MICROCONTROLLER
4. ULTRASONIC MODULE
5. RF Module
6. LDR
7. LED
8. 1N4007
9. RESISTOR
10. CAPACITOR
11. PUSH BUTTON

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5.2.1 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Features
• Output Current up to 1A.

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

• Thermal Overload Protection.

• Short Circuit Protection.

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

Fig 5.1.1: IC 7805

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5.2.2 ATMEGA328

Fig 5.1.2:Atmega 328

Description
The Atmel ATmega328P is a 32K 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
architecture. Many instructions are executed in a single clock cycle providing
a throughput of almost 20 MIPS at 20MHz. The ATMEGA328PU comes in an
PDIP 28 pin package and is suitable for use on our 28 pin AVR Development
Board.
The computer on one hand is designed to perform all the general
purpose tasks on a single machine like you can use a computer to run a
software to perform calculations or you can use a computer to store some
multimedia file or to access internet through the browser, whereas the
microcontrollers are meant to perform only the specific tasks, for e.g.,
switching the AC off

In our days, there have been many advancement in the field of Electronics
and many cutting edge technologies are being developed every day, but still
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8 bit microcontrollers have its own role in the digital electronics market
dominated by 16-32 and 64 bit digital devices. Although powerful
microcontrollers with higher processing capabilities exist in the market, 8bit
microcontrollers still hold its value because of their easy-to-understand-
operation, very much high popularity, ability to simplify a digital circuit, low
cost compared to features offered, addition of many new features in a single
IC and interest of manufacturers and consumers.

Todays microcontrollers are much different from what it were in the

initial stage, and the number of manufacturers are much more in count than
it was a decade or two ago. At present some of the major manufacturers are
Microchip (publication: PIC microcontrollers), Atmel (publication: AVR
microcontrollers), Hitachi, Phillips, Maxim, NXP, Intel etc. Our interest is
upon ATmega32. It belongs to Atmels AVR series micro controller family.
Lets see the features. PIN count: Atmega32 has got 40 pins. Two for Power
(pin no.10: +5v, pin no. 11: ground), two for oscillator (pin 12, 13), one for
reset (pin 9), three for providing necessary power and reference voltage to
its internal ADC, and 32 (48) I/O pins.

About I/O pins: ATmega32 is capable of handling analogue inputs. Port A

can be used as either DIGITAL I/O Lines or each individual pin can be used
as a single input channel to the internal ADC of ATmega32, plus a pair of pins
AREF, AVCC and GND (refer to ATmega32 datasheet) together can make an
ADC channel. No pins can perform and serve for two purposes (for an
example: Port A pins cannot work as a Digital I/O pin while the Internal ADC
is activated) at the same time. Its the programmers responsibility to resolve
the conflict in the circuitry and the program. Programmers are advised to
have a look to the priority tables and the internal configuration from the
datasheet.

Digital I/O pins: ATmega32 has 32 pins (4portsx8pins) configurable as

Digital I/O pins.

Timers: 3 Inbuilt timer/counters, two 8 bit (timer0, timer2) and one 16

bit (timer1).

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 ADC: It has one successive approximation type ADC in which total 8 single
channels are selectable. They can also be used as 7 (for TQFP packages) or 2
(for DIP packages) differential channels. Reference is selectable, either an
external reference can be used or the internal 2.56V reference can be brought
into action. There external reference can be connected to the AREF pin.

Communication Options: ATmega32 has three data transfer modules

embedded

5.2.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR MODULE

Fig: ULTRASONIC SENSOR MODULE

Here is a more easy use serial ultrasonic module. It will auto output the
distance information via serial port after power on, you don’t need to do any
trigger and calculated, just need to read the serial pin and get the distance
information.
Ultrasonic sensor provides a very low-cost and easy method of distance
measurement. This sensor is perfect for any number of applications that
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require you to perform measurements between moving or stationary objects.
Naturally, robotics applications are very popular but you’ll also find this
product to be useful in security systems or as an infrared replacement if so
desired. You will definitely appreciate the activity status LED and the
economic use of just one I/O pin.
The ultrasonic sensor measures distance using sonar; an ultrasonic
(well above human hearing) pulse is transmitted from the unit and distance-
totarget is determined by measuring the time required for the echo return.
Output from the ultrasonic sensor is a variable-width pulse that corresponds
to the distance to the target.
Features:
• Provides precise, non-contact distance measurements within a 2 cm to
3 m range

• Simple pulse in/pulse out communication

• Burst indicator LED shows measurement in progress

• 20 mA power consumption

• Narrow acceptance angle

• 3-pin header makes it easy to connect using a servo extension cable, no

soldering required

Key Specifications:
• power supply :5V DC

• quiescent current : ¡15mA

• effectual angle: ¡15

• ranging distance : 2cm 350 cm

• resolution : 0.3 cm

• Output cycle : 50ms

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 • Baud Rate : 9600

Output frame format 4Bytes

• 1st Byte : 0xFF (Start bit, Fixed value)

• 2nd Byte: HData (High 8 bit of the distance)

• 3rd Byte: LData (Low 8 bit of the distance)

• 4th Byte: Check Sum (0XFF+HDATA+LDATA=SUM, Check SUM is the

low 8 bit of the SUM)

RF communication and Modules

5.3 RF communication
RF communication works by creating electromagnetic waves at a source
and being able to pick up those electromagnetic waves at a particular
destination. These electromagnetic waves travel through the air at near the
speed of light. The wavelength of an electromagnetic signal is inversely
proportional to the frequency; the higher the frequency, the shorter the
wavelength.
Frequency is measured in Hertz (cycles per second) and radio
frequencies are measured in kilohertz (KHz or thousands of cycles per
second), megahertz (MHz or millions of cycles per second) and gigahertz
(GHz or billions of cycles per second). Higher frequencies result in shorter
wavelengths. The wavelength for a 900 MHz device is longer than that of a
2.4 GHz device.
In general, signals with longer wavelengths travel a greater distance
and penetrate through, and around objects better than signals with shorter
wavelengths.

5.4 RF MODULES
Radio Frequency Module is an integral part with a control module or
unit and an antenna it is sed for wireless identification. Main tasks of the RF
module are to send an energizing signal via the antenna. The RF module
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delivers a digital data stream and a clock signal for further processing to its
control unit or module. Furthermore a field strength dependent digital
output is available for synchronization purposes. The RFM is tuned to
resonance with the antenna by adjusting the inductance of the tuning coil at
the RFM’s output stage.
RF Module can be categorized into two parts:
1) Transmitter
2) Receiver

5.4.1 RF transmitter
This wireless data is the easiest to use, lowest cost RF link we have ever
seen! Use these components to transmit position data, temperature data, and
even current program register values wirelessly to the receiver. These
modules have up to 500 ft range in open space. The transmitter operates
from 2-12V. The higher the Voltage, the greater the range. We have used
these modules extensively and have been very impressed with their ease of
use and direct interface to an MCU. The theory of operation is very simple.
What the transmitter ’sees’ on its data pin is what the receiver outputs on its
data pin. If you can configure the UART module on a uC, you have an instant
wireless data connection. The typical range is 500ft for open area.
This is an ASK transmitter module with an output of up to 8mW
depending on power supply voltage. The transmitter is based on SAW
resonator and accepts digital inputs, can operate from 2 to 12 Volts-DC, and
makes building RF enabled products very easy.

Features:

434 MHz or 315 MHz Transmitter Operation

500 Ft. Range - Dependent on Transmitter Power Supply
2400 or 4800bps transfer rate
Low cost
Extremely small and light weight

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5.4.2 RF Reciever
This receiver type is good for data rates up to 4800bps and will only
work with the 434MHz o 315 MHz transmitter. Multiple 434MHz or 315MHz
receivers can listen to one 434MHz transmitter or 315 MHz transmitter. This
wireless data is the easiest to use, lowest cost RF link we have ever seen! Use
these components to transmit position data, temperature data, and even
current program register values wirelessly to the receiver. These modules
have up to 500 ft range in open space. The receiver is operated at 5V. We have
used these modules extensively and have been very impressed with their
ease of use and direct interface to an MCU. The theory of operation is very
simple. What the transmitter ’sees’ on its data pin is what the receiver
outputs on its data pin. If you can configure the UART module on a uC, you
have an instant wireless data connection. Data rates are limited to 4800bps.
The typical range is 500ft for open area. This receiver has a sensitivity of 3uV.
It operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC and has digital output. The typical
sensitivity is -103dbm and the typical current consumption is 3.5mA for 5V
operation voltage.
Features:

434 MHz or 315 MHz Transmitter Operation

500 Ft. Range - Dependent on Transmitter Power Supply
2400 or 4800bps transfer rate
Low cost
Extremely small and light weight

5.4 Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be
mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and
beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as
a mouse click or keystroke.

• Mechanical
A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer.

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 • Electro-mechanical
Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an
electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to
interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these
units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The
word ”buzzer” comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers
made.

• Piezoelectric
A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit
or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier.
Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click,
a ring or a beep.

5.6 GPS Module

General Description:
The SkyNav SKG11B is a complete GPS engine module that features
super sensitivity, ultra low power and small form factor. The GPS signal is
applied to the antenna input of module, and a complete serial data message
with position, velocity and time information is presented at the serial
interface with NMEA protocol or custom protocol. It is based on the high
performance features of the Media Tek 3329 single-chip architecture, Media
Tek newest chipset technology. Its 163dBm tracking sensitivity extends
positioning coverage into place like urban canyons and dense foliage
environment where the GPS was not possible before. The small form factor
and low power consumption make the module easy to integrate into portable
device like PNDs, mobile phones, cameras and vehicle navigation systems.

Applications
• LBS (Location Based Service)
• PND (Portable Navigation Device)
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 • Vehicle navigation system
Mobile phone
Features
• Ultra high sensitivity: -163dBm
• Extremely fast TTFF at low signal level
• Built in high gain LNA
• Low power consumption: Typical 40mA@3.3V
• NMEA-0183 compliant protocol or custom protocol
• Operating voltage: 3.0V to 4.2V
• Operating temperature range: -40 to 85

5.7 GSM Modem

Fig 5.7:Gps modem

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 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is the most popular
standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. GSM is used by over 1.5
billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity
enables international roaming arrangements between mobile network
operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the
world. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling
and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second
generation (2G) mobile phone system.
This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data
communication applications into the system. GSM also pioneered low-cost
implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text
messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards
as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency telephone number
feature. GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect
to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different
cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The
coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment.

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Chapter 6

WORKING AND IMPLEMENTATION

In this system the ultrasonic sensors are used to sense The obstacle (if
there is any). The sensors are set a Threshold limit if any obstacle is found
within that range It gives beep speech through speaker. Obstacles found in
Different directions are indicated with different pattern Beep and speech
(Top, Middle, Pit and Water) to Identify them easily.The ultrasonic sensors
emit Soundscapes with frequency lying in ultrasonic spectrum (¿20kHz),
which is inaudible to human ears. The sound Waves hits the obstacle and
bounces back to detectors. The ultrasonic sensor is used for detecting
Objects/obstacles which are in front whereas the two IR Sensors are used to
detect the obstacles on the sides. After the collection of data the calculations
are done According to the formula : uS / 58 = centimeters or uS / 148 =inch.
Once the distance of the obstacle is Calculated then the conditions are
checked. The signal is Then send to microcontroller to operate a buzzer.
The microcontroller reads the distance of the obstacle Using sensor
and also commands the buzzer. The buzzer Beeps once for left side obstacle,
twice for front Obstacles and thrice for right obstacles. The vibrator is Also
connected in parallel with the buzzer for vibration Sensation.The light sensor
is gives a feedback about the Environment. That is it informs the user if its
day or Night or if a particular place is dark or bright. The Moisture sensor is
used to detect water pits or any Puddles if present. All these signals are then
sent to the Microcontroller which in turn sends signal to the buzzer Thereby
alerting the user.The position Of starting point that is the point at which the
people start and The destination point that is destination to be reached is
stored And noted in the receiver along with the in between nodes of Start and
end points. The positions are stored by the GPS Receiver. After recording
these points their latitude and Longitude are noted from the map and they
are mapped. This Information is sent to the geo tool which is a open source

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 Software controlled by the microcontroller to convert them to
Particular address . This output is given as voice Command to the user using
the serial communication cable If the person looses the stick the person can
use an rf remote so the stick starts beeping and the person can find it. One
more important feature of the system is that the system allows the blind
person to send out a sms message with his/her gps location to the
caretaker/relatives/loved ones of the person in case of trouble or being lost
using gsm. When the GSM modem receives a message the Microcontroller
will process the message with the keyword Saved in it. Then, it will get the
location of the stick from the GPS modem and transmit the location to the
GSM modem in Order to respond to the sender. In case of an emergency, the
User of the stick can press the emergency button the Microcontroller access
the location from the GPS modem And transmit the location to the GSM
modem which will send A SMS messages to the saved number in the system.

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Chapter 7

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

7.1 Advantages

• The system can be used both indoor and outdoor Navigation.

• Blind persons location can be tracked whenever Needed which will

ensure additional safety.

• Detects obstacles and alerts the blind person Through vibration alert
and speech output.

7.2 Limitations

• The system developed here is a moderate budget Navigational aid for

visually impaired people.

• Minimisation in cost leads to compensation in Performance

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Chapter 8

APPLICATIONS

• Some more applications like vehicle detection,Slippery floor, on-

coming vehicle detection and Fire or smoke alarm can also be included.

• One more application is for the family membersTo gain access to the
blind persons location Through the server whenever needed.

• Also, use of RFID tags will transmit the locationInformation

automatically to the PCB unit when The intelligent stick is in its range.

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Chapter 9

FUTURE SCOPE

The system can be supplemented with actual GPS MODULE used in cars
and we can provide a vibrator for the partially deaf person. Some time before
the visually impaired people did not believe in the electronic aids that have
been in the market. They preferred dogs and white canes to electronic aids.
Mostly because of reliability issues and its high cost. So we tried have tried to
develop a more reliable and relatively low costelectronic cane for visually
impaired people in order to replace most of the hardships faced by them. The
proposed model can be easily used at any place without any difficulty. Our
current work detects only obstacles and does not help them to identify type
of obstacle they face. Though there are many mobile applications that help
them to recognize objects, which is tedious to operate. The implementation
of obstacle detection with object recognition will be our future work.

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Chapter 10

CONCLUSION

This system can be applied in the straight path, right angle path and
the curved path. At least 1m width is required for the proper management
of the stick. The broad beam angle ultrasonic sensors enable wide range
obstacle information. a big change in output voltage does not always
indicate a big change in range.The main functions of this system are the
clear path indication and the environment recognition. With the help of
electronic walking stick blind, people can improve more than 15-20%
travel speed, reduce minor collision, do not lose their way, and increase
safety as compare to unaided euipments.Future work includes installtion
of GPS system along with additional sensors like water, light detector and
RF module which activate the buzzer on stick if it lost.

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Chapter 11

REFERENCES

• Shashank Chaurasia, K.V.N. Kavitha ,an electronic walking stick for

blinds Information Communication and Embedded Systems
(ICICES),2014 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7033988/

• Ayat A nada, mahmoud A. Fakhr, ahamed f. Seddik, Assistive Infrared

Sensor Based Smart Stick for Blind PeopleScience and Information
Conference(SAI)2015
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7237289/

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