Earth tide

Earth tide (also known as solid Earth tide, crustal tide, body tide, bodily tide or land tide) is the displacement of the solid earth's
surface caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. Its main component has meter-level amplitude at periods of about 12 hours and
longer. The largest body tide constituents are semi-diurnal, but there are also significant diurnal, semi-annual, and fortnightly
contributions. Though the gravitational forcing causing earth tides and oceantides is the same, the responses are quite different.

Contents
Tide raising force
Body tide
Other Earth tide contributors
Tidal constituents
Semi-diurnal
Diurnal
Long term
Effects
References
Bibliography

Tide raising force

Lunar tidal force: these images depict the Moon directly over 30° N (or 30° S) viewed from above the Northern
Hemisphere, showing both sides of the planet. Red up, blue down.

The larger of the periodic gravitational forces is from the Moon but that of the Sun is also important. The images here show lunar
tidal force when the Moon appears directly over 30° N (or 30° S). This pattern remains fixed with the red area directed toward (or
directly away from) the Moon. Red indicates upward pull, blue downward. If, for example the Moon is directly over 90° W (or 90°
E), the red areas are centred on the western northern hemisphere, on upper right. Red up, blue down. If for example the Moon is
directly over 90° W (90° E), the centre of the red area is 30° N, 90° W and 30° S, 90° E, and the centre of the bluish band follows the
great circle equidistant from those points.At 30° latitude a strong peak occurs once per lunar day, giving a significant diurnal force at
that latitude. Along the equator two equally sized peaks (and depressions) are equally sized, giving semi-diurnal force there.

Body tide
The Earth tide encompasses the entire body of the Earth and is unhindered by the thin crust and land masses of the surface, on scales
that make the rigidity of rock irrelevant. Ocean tides are a consequence of the resonance of the same driving forces with water
movement periods in ocean basins accumulated over many days, so that their amplitude and timing are quite different and vary over
short distances of just a few hundred km. The oscillation periods of the earth as a whole are not near the astronomical periods, so its
flexing is due to the forces of the moment.

The tide components with a period near twelve hours have a lunar amplitude (earth bulge/depression distances) that are a little more
than twice the height of the solar amplitudes, as tabulated below. At new and full moon, the Sun and the Moon are aligned, and the
lunar and the solar tidal maxima and minima (bulges and depressions) add together for the greatest tidal range at particular latitudes.
At first- and third-quarter phases of the moon, lunar and solar tides are perpendicular, and the tidal range is at a minimum. The semi-
diurnal tides go through one full cycle (a high and low tide) about once every 12 hours and one full cycle of maximum height (a
spring and neap tide) about once every 14 days.

The development of a systematic theory of Earth tides was started by George H. Darwin in 1879,[1] and was then furthered by
numerous authors, most notably by William Kaula in 1964.[2]

The semi-diurnal tide (one maximum every 12 or so hours) is primarily lunar (only S2 is purely solar) and gives rise to sectorial
deformations which rise and fall at the same time along the same longitude.[3] Sectorial variations of vertical and east-west
displacements are maximum at the equator and vanish at the poles. There are two cycles along each latitude, the bulges opposite one
another, and the depressions similarly opposed. The diurnal tide is lunisolar, and gives rise to tesseral deformations. The vertical and
east-west movement is maximum at 45° latitude and is zero on the equator and at the poles. Tesseral variation have one cycle per
latitude, one bulge and one depression; the bulges are opposed (antipodal), that is to say the western part of the northern hemisphere
and the eastern part of the southern hemisphere, for example, and similarly the depressions are opposed, the eastern part of the
northern hemisphere and the western part of the southern hemisphere, in this case. Finally, fortnightly and semi-annual tides have
zonal deformations (constant along a circle of latitude), as the Moon or Sun gravitation is directed alternately away from the northern
and southern hemispheres due to tilt. There is zero vertical displacement at 35°16' latitude.

Since these displacements affect the vertical direction east-west and north-south variations are often tabulated in milliarcseconds for
astronomical use. The vertical displacement is frequent tabulated in μgal, since the gradient of gravity is location dependent so that
the distance conversion is only approximately 3 μgal per cm

Other Earth tide contributors

In coastal areas because the ocean tide is quite out of step with the earth tide, at high ocean tide there is an excess (or at low tide a
deficit) of water about what would be the gravitational equilibrium level and the adjacent ground falls (or rises) in response to the
resulting differences in weight. Displacements caused by ocean tidal loading can exceed the displacements due to the earth body tide.
Sensitive instruments far inland often have to make similar corrections. Atmospheric loading and storm events may also be
measurable, though the masses in movement are less weighty
.

Tidal constituents
[4][5]
Principal tide constituents. The amplitudes may vary from those listed within several per cent.
Semi-diurnal
Vertical Horizontal
Tidal
Period amplitude amplitude
constituent
(mm) (mm)
12.421
M2 384.83 53.84
hr
S2 (solar 12.000 Vertical displacements of sectorial movement.
179.05 25.05
semi-diurnal) hr Red up, blue down.

12.658
N2 73.69 10.31
hr
11.967
K2 48.72 6.82
hr

Diurnal
Vertical Horizontal East-west displacements of sectorial movement.
Tidal
Period amplitude amplitude Red east, blue west.
constituent
(mm) (mm)
23.934
K1 191.78 32.01
hr
25.819
O1 158.11 22.05
hr
24.066
P1 70.88 10.36
hr
23.804
φ1 3.44 0.43 North-south displacements of sectorial movement.
hr
Red north, blue south.
23.869
ψ1 2.72 0.21
hr
S1 (solar 24.000
1.65 0.25
diurnal) hr

Long term
Vertical Horizontal
Tidal Vertical displacements of tessearal movement.
Period amplitude amplitude
constituent
(mm) (mm) Red up, blue down.
13.661
Mf 40.36 5.59
days
Mm (moon 27.555
21.33 2.96
monthly) days

Ssa (solar 0.50000

18.79 2.60
semi-annual) yr

18.613
Lunar node 16.92 2.34
yr
East-West displacements of tessearal movement.
Sa (solar 1.0000 Red east, blue west.
2.97 0.41
annual) yr

Effects
Volcanologists use the regular, predictable Earth tide movements to
calibrate and test sensitive volcano deformation monitoring
instruments. The tides may also trigger volcanic events. [6] [7]

Seismologists have determined that microseismic events are

correlated to tidal variations in Central Asia (north of the
Himalayas). The semidiurnal amplitude of terrestrial tides can reach
about 55 cm at the equator which is important in GPS, VLBI, and
SLR measurements.[8][9] Also to make precise astronomical angular North-South displacements of tessearal movement.
measurements requires knowledge of the Earth's rate of rotation Red north, blue south.
(length of day, precession, and nutation), which is influenced by
earth tides (so-called pole tide). Terrestrial tides also need to be taken
in account in the case of some particle physics experiments. [10] For instance, at the CERN or
SLAC, the very large particle accelerators were designed while taking terrestrial tides into account
for proper operation. Among the effects that need to be taken into account are circumference
gy. [11] [12]
deformation for circular accelerators and particle beam ener

Body tides in planets and moons, as well as in binary stars and binary asteroids, play a key role in
long-term dynamics of planetary systems. For example, it is due to body tides in the Moon that it
is captured into the 1:1 spin-orbit resonance (and is always showing us one side). Owing to the
Vertical displacements of
body tides in it, Mercury is trapped in the 3:2 spin-orbit resonance with the Sun. [13] For the same
zonal movement. Red
reason, it is believed that many of the exoplanets are captured in higher spin-orbit resonances with up, blue down.
their host stars. [14]

References
1. G. H. Darwin, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 170, 447-530, 1879
2. W. M. Kaula, Reviews of Geophysics, 2, 661-684, 1964
3. Paul Melchior, "Earth Tides", Surveys in Geophysics, 1, pp. 275–303, March, 1974.
4. John Wahr, "Earth Tides", Global Earth Physics, A Handbook of Physical Constants
, AGU Reference Shelf, 1, pp.
40–46, 1995.
5. Michael R. House, "Orbital forcing timescales: an introduction", Geological Society
, London, Special Publications;
1995; v. 85; p. 1-18. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/1/1
6. Sottili G., Martino S., Palladino D.M., Paciello A., Bozzano .F(2007), Effects of tidal stresses on volcanic activity at
Mount Etna, Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01311, doi:10.1029/2006GL028190(https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL
028190), 2007.
7. Volcano watch (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_05_28.html), USGS.
8. IERS Conventions (2010). Gérard Petit and Brian Luzum (eds.). (IERSechnical
T Note ; 36) Frankfurt am Main:
Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie undGeodäsie, 2010. 179 pp.,ISBN 9783898889896, Sec. 7.1.1, "Effects
of the solid Earth tides"[1] (http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/TechnicalNotes/tn36.html)
9. User manual for the Bernese GNSS Software, V ersion 5.2 (November 2015),Astronomical Institute of the University
of Bern. Section 10.1.2. "Solid Earth Tides, Solid and Ocean Pole Tides, and Permanent Tides" [2] (http://www.berne
se.unibe.ch/docs/DOCU52.pdf)
10. Accelerator on the move, but scientists compensate for tidal ef
fects (http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2000/mar
ch29/linac-329.html), Stanford online.
11. circumference deformation(http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e00/P
APERS/MOP5A04.pdf)
12. particle beam energy (http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p93/PDF/P
AC1993_0044.PDF) affects
13. Noyelles, B.; Frouard, J.; Makarov, V. V.; & Efroimsky, M. (2014). "Spin-orbit evolution of Mercury revisited"(http://ww
w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103514003078). Icarus. 241: 26–44. arXiv:1307.0136 (https://arxiv.org/
abs/1307.0136). Bibcode:2014Icar..241...26N (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar ..241...26N).
doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.045(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.05.045) .
14. Makarov, V. V.; Berghea, C.; & Efroimsky, M. (2012). "Dynamical Evolution and Spin–Orbit Resonances of Potentially
Habitable Exoplanets: The Case of GJ 581d".The Astrophysical Journal. 761 (2): 83. arXiv:1208.0814 (https://arxiv.o
rg/abs/1208.0814). Bibcode:2012ApJ...761...83M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...761...83M) .
doi:10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/83(https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F761%2F2%2F83) . 83.

Bibliography
McCully, James Greig, Beyond the Moon, A Conversational, Common Sense Guide to Understanding theides, T
World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore, 2006.
Paul Melchior, Earth Tides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983.
Wylie, Francis E, Tides and the Pull of the Moon, The Stephen Greene Press, Brattleboro, V
ermont, 1979.

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