Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia

and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina fell under Austro-Hungarian rule
in 1878 when the Congress of Berlin approved the
Condominium of Bosnia and
occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet, which officially remained
Herzegovina
part of the Ottoman Empire. Three decades later, in 1908, Kondominijum Bosne i
Austria-Hungary provoked the Bosnian crisis by formally Hercegovine (Bosnian)
annexing the occupied zone, establishing the Kondominium Bosnien und
Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina under Herzegowina (German)
the joint control of Austria and Hungary. Bosznia és Hercegovinai
Condominium (Hungarian)
1878–1918
Contents
History
Occupation
Ethnic relations
Annexation
Flag
Politics
Coat of arms
Parliamentary parties
Non-parliamentary parties
Demographics
Administration
Governors
Religion
See also
References

History Bosnia and Herzegovina (shown in purple)

within Austria-Hungary

Status Part of Austria-

Occupation Hungary

Following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), in June Capital Sarajevo

and July 1878 the Congress of Berlin was organized by the Government Constitutional
Great Powers. The resulting Treaty of Berlin caused Monarchy
Bosnia and Herzegovina to nominally remain under Emperor-King of
[1]
sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, but was de facto Austria-Hungary
ceded to Austria-Hungary, which also obtained the right to • 1878–1916 Francis Joseph I
garrison the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. According to article 25: • 1916–1918 Charles I
Joint Minister of
Finance
 The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina • 1878–1880 Leopold von
shall be occupied and administered by Hofmann
Austria-Hungary. The government of • 1918 Alexander
Spitzmüller
Austria-Hungary, not desiring to undertake
Governor
the administration of the Sanjak of Novi-
• 1878 Josip Filipović
Pazar, which extends between Serbia and
• 1914–1918 Stjepan Sarkotić
Montenegro in a South-Easterly direction to
the other side of Mitrovitza, the Ottoman
Legislature Diet (after 1910)

administration will continue to exercise its Historical era New Imperialism /

functions there. Nevertheless, in order to WWI
assure the maintenance of the new political • Treaty of Berlin 13 July 1878
state of affairs, as well as freedom and • Bosnian crisis 7 October 1908
security of communications, Austria- • Secession 1 December 1918
Hungary reserves the right of keeping Area
garrisons and having military and 1879 51,082 km2
commercial roads in the whole of this part of (19,723 sq mi)
the ancient vilayet of Bosnia. To this end the
Population
governments of Austria-Hungary and
• 1879 1,184,164
Turkey reserve to themselves to come to an
• 1885 1,336,091
understanding on the details.[2]
• 1895 1,568,092
• 1910 1,898,044
The Austro-Hungarian Army engaged in a major Currency Krone
mobilization effort to prepare for the assault on Bosnia
ISO 3166 code BA
and Herzegovina,[3] commanding by the end of June 1878
a force of 82,113 troops, 13,313 horses and 112 cannons in Preceded Succeeded by
the VI, VII, XX, and XVIII infantry divisions as well as a by
rear army in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.[4] The primary Bosnia State of
commander was Josip Filipović; the forward XVIII Vilayet Slovenes,
Croats and
infantry division was under the command Stjepan
Serbs
Jovanović, while the rear army commander in Dalmatia
was Gavrilo Rodić.[5] The occupation of Bosnia and Today part of Bosnia and
Herzegovina started on 29 July 1878 and was over on 20 Herzegovina
October.[6]

The Ottoman army in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time

consisted of roughly 40,000 troops with 77 cannons, that
combined with local militias to around 93,000 men.[7] The
Austro-Hungarian troops were occasionally met with ferocious
opposition from elements of both Muslim and Orthodox
populations there, and significant battles occurred near Čitluk,
Stolac, Livno and Klobuk.[8] Despite setbacks at Maglaj and
Tuzla, Sarajevo was occupied in October 1878. Austro-
Hungarian casualties amounted to over 5,000 and the The Austro-Hungarian forces
unexpected violence of the campaign led to recriminations storming Sarajevo.
between commanders and political leaders.[9] Fierce resistance from Muslims was expected as Austro-
Hungarians realized their occupation meant that Bosnian Muslims would lose their privileged status based
on their religion.[1]

Tensions remained in certain parts of the country (particularly Herzegovina) and a mass emigration of
predominantly Muslim dissidents occurred. However, a state of relative stability was reached soon enough
and Austro-Hungarian authorities were able to embark on a number of social and administrative reforms
which intended to make Bosnia and Herzegovina into a "model colony". With the aim of establishing the
province as a stable political model that would help dissipate rising South Slav nationalism, Habsburg rule
did much to codify laws, to introduce new political practices, and generally to provide for modernization.

Ethnic relations
The Austro-Hungarian administration advocated the ideal of a
pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian nation. Joint Imperial
Minister of Finance and Vienna-based administrator of Bosnia
Béni Kállay thus endorsed Bosnian nationalism in the form of
Bošnjaštvo ("Bosniakhood") with the aim to inspire in Bosnia's
people 'a feeling that they belong to a great and powerful
nation'[10] and viewed Bosnians as "speaking the Bosnian
language and divided into three religions with equal rights.".
[11][12]
Between 1861 and 1869, Topal Osman Pasha, an Ottoman
Grand vizier had striven to do the same.[13]

On the one hand, these policies attempted to insulate Bosnia

and Herzegovina from its irredentist neighbors (Orthodox
Serbia, Catholic Croatia, and the Muslim Ottoman Empire) and
to marginalize the already circulating ideas of Serbian and
Croatian nationhood among Bosnia's Orthodox and Catholic
communities, respectively.[12] On the other hand, the Habsburg Béni Kállay, the Austro-Hungarian
minister of finance in charge for
administrators precisely used the existing ideas of nationhood
governing Bosnia and Herzegovina
(especially Bosnian folklore and symbolism) in order to
promote their own version of Bošnjak patriotism that aligned
with loyalty to the Habsburg state. Habsburg policies are thus best described not as anti-national, but as
cultivating their own style of pro-imperial nationalisms. This policy had mixed results. Overall, most Serb
and Croat politicians ultimately ignored or opposed the policy, but Serb and Croat politicians also tried
and failed to secure the allegiance of Bosnian Muslim constituencies. At the same time, Austro-Hungarian
officials actively promoted Bosnia and Herzegovina as new and flourishing crownlands. Habsburg officials
publicized numerous exhibits on Bosnian history, folklore, and archaeology, with artists like Alphonse
Mucha presenting the Bosnian pavilion at the Paris Exposition of 1900.[14]

The idea of a unified South Slavic state (typically expected to be spearheaded by independent Kingdom of
Serbia) became a popular political ideology in the region at this time, including Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Certain Muslim circles in Bosnia and Herzegovina published the newspaper Bošnjak ("Bosniak"). This
newspaper caused fierce discussions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The newspaper
supported Kállay's policy, whose goal was to strengthen Austro-Hungarian rule in occupied Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Although Kállay's policy was not widely accepted even amongst Muslims, Bošnjak
nevertheless represented the national aspirations of some Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Kállay's policy was finally defeated in 1896 and 1899, when Bosnian Serbs and Muslims called for religious
and educational autonomy. Kállay's policy had some potential to resist Croatian and Serbian national
aspirations, but after 1899 and 1900 his policy of promoting Bosnian identity had no significant effect.[15]

After the death of Kallay, the policy was abandoned. By 1905, nationalism was an integral factor of Bosnian
politics, with national political parties corresponding to the three groups dominating elections.[12]

Soon after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, the government took the area's
religious activities and institutions under its sovereignty. Austro-Hungarian authorities issued regulations
which made Muslim clergy Austro-Hungarian state officials, answering exclusively to them.

This was to isolate Bosnian Muslims from the Ottoman Empire, and its clergy who were subordinate to the
Sultan. The Muslims were largely unhappy with their new status, and formed Muslim political opposition.
This Muslim opposition demanded, at first, Muslim religious autonomy from Austria-Hungary, but later,
as it grew stronger, they demanded autonomy from the Ottoman Empire. The Muslim opposition tried to
align itself with the Serbs, who were also demanding religious and educational autonomy. But unsolved
agrarian relations between the Muslim leadership and the Serbs was an obstacle to any far-reaching
alliance. The alliance that did form was only tactical. Later, the Muslim leadership emphasized Ottoman
sovereignty over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and demanded the right to organize their religious activity
under the aegis of the Shaykh al-Islām of the Ottoman Empire.[16]

With Kállay's death in 1903, the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina was
liberalized. The national movements in Bosnia and Herzegovina were
transformed into political parties. Muslims founded the Muslim National
Organization (MNO) in 1906, Serbs formed the Serbian National
Organization (SNO) in 1907, and Croats formed the Croat National Union
(HNZ) in 1908. Another significant Croatian party, though less represented
then the HNZ, was the Croatian Catholic Association (HKU).[17]

The MNO considered Bosnia and Herzegovina to be part of the Ottoman

Empire until the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918. They considered
Austria-Hungary a European country assigned to control Bosnia and
Safvet beg Bašagić was
Herzegovina. Their main goal was to achieve Muslim religious autonomy
installed as the first
parliamentary president and to maintain the agrarian relations that were in force at the time. In
of the Muslim National 1909 they achieved their religious autonomy.[18]
Organization
Austro-Hungarian authorities signed a treaty with the Ecumenical
Patriarchate of Constantinople by which the Emperor gained control over
the Serbian Orthodox Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina in exchange for annual reimbursement. Serbs
largely disapproved of Austro-Hungarian control over their religious institutions, and organised a struggle
to gain their religious autonomy. The struggle was ended in their favour in 1905. After gaining religious
autonomy, the Serbs gathered around four political groups, out of which three become notable. The
 notable groups became known by the names of their official newspapers,
the Srpska riječ (Serbian Word), the Petar Kočić's Narod i Otadžbina
(the People and Fatherland) and the Lazar Dimitrijević's Dan (the Day).
Later they demanded unity under one party, which was approved to
them, so they founded the Serbian People's Organisation.[19] As a relative
majority, the Serbs were a dominant political factor, and as such they
demanded Bosnia and Herzegovina's autonomy from the Ottoman
Empire and Austria-Hungary.[20] Serbian politics in Bosnia and
Herzegovina was dominated by the three factions gathered around the
three newspapers. The main problem of Serbian civic politics was the
agrarian reaction. Serb peasants demanded to be liberated from feudal
relations, while on the other hand they wanted to maintain cooperation
Petar Kočić, a prominent with the Muslim People's Organisation in achieving national aspirations.
Bosnian Serb writer and
The group gathered around Kočić's Narod i Otadžbina newspaper
politician
completely stood for Serbian peasantry against the Muslims in order to
change the agrarian position of the peasantry. Kočić's group also banned
any cooperation with the Austrian-Hungarian authorities. The group gathered around Dimitrijević also
advocated a radical change of the agrarian relations and criticised the Serbian civic leadership for
neglecting the peasantry, but they advocated cooperation with the Austro-Hungarian authorities in
changing agrarian relations. The main goal of Serbian politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the removal
of Austro-Hungarian authority in Bosnia and Herzegovina and annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to
the Kingdom of Serbia. Their goals, however, were no obstacle to economic cooperation with the Austrian-
Hungarian authorities.[21]

In order to suppress national aspirations, the Austrian-Hungarian

authorities tried to limit the activity of the Franciscans in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The Emperor and the Holy See discussed the reestablishment
of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Emperor's goal was
to have the Church in Bosnia subordinated to his secular power within the
Church. In the end, in 1881, the Holy See yielded, on condition that the
Emperor did not explicitly mention his authority in a bulla which he,
however, did. After establishing secular power over the Catholic Church in
Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Emperor established the cathedral in Sarajevo
and named Archbishop Dr. Josip Štadler as its head.[22] Just before the
occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Croatian Sabor asked the Ivo Pilar, a prominent
Emperor to alter the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina so it could be Croatian historian,
unified with the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and the Kingdom of geopolitician and
Dalmatia. The Emperor refused to accept this demand and dismissed the leading ideologist of the
Croatian People's Union
Sabor. This was done as the Austrian-Hungarian authorities had a plan to
isolate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its neighbouring Slavic countries,
Croatia and Serbia, and to halt the national aspirations of the peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The
authorities did not only suppress the Croatian and Serbian names, but also any flags, coats of arms and
folk songs. Any activity that would emphasise a common interest of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina and
those in the Triune Kingdom was suppressed from the start. As they were unable to form a political party,
especially under Kállay's administration, Croats formed various musical societies, reading rooms, schools,
economic institutions and newspapers.[23] The authorities forbade these societies from using the word
"Croatian", even though they allowed use of the word "Serbian" for Serbian societies. Only later was the
use of the word "Croatian" allowed. This official policy was pushed by Hungarian circles, especially under
Kállay and his successor Stephan Burián von Rajecz. The goal of their policy was to weaken the Croatian
position in Bosnia and Herzegovina by strengthening the Serbian position, in order to make unification of
Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia less likely. Even though the authorities tried to isolate Bosnia and
Herzegovina from the influence of neighbouring Slavic countries, Croatian people in Bosnia were
nevertheless influenced by all three major political movements from Croatia, first the Illyrian movement,
later Yugoslavism and Croatian nationalism.[24]

In Croatian politics there were two factions and their formal political
organising ran slowly. The fundamental reason for this Croatian political
division was disagreement between the Franciscan Bosnian Province and
the Archbishop's Chancery on the organisation of parishes within the
archdiocese.[25] The first initiative for creation of a Croatian political party
came from the Croatian intelligentsia which gained support from the
Franciscans. In 1908, after some preparations, it founded the Croatian
People's Union with Ivo Pilar as its main ideologist.[26] In its program, the
HNZ advocated the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-
Hungary[27] and its unification with the rest of the Croatian lands.[26] In
relations with the Serbs, the HNZ stood for a strict reciprocity, rejecting the
idea of Bosnia and Herzegovina's unification with any other country or its Josip Štadler,
Archbishop of Vrhbosna
autonomy. The HNZ did not demand any changes in social relations or
and leader of the
changes in the agrarian relations. They tried to maintain good relations
Croatian Catholic
with the Muslim population, which was the only way to gain political Association
strength. Because of this, they were harshly criticized by the Štadler's
Croatian Catholic Association (HKU) that advocated an end to the serf
system. Pilar believed that the HNZ's goals could only be achieved if Croats gained support from the
Muslim population, and at the same time, he criticised Štadler for his Catholic propaganda.[26] Štadler, who
was Pilar's main opponent, believed that Catholic Croats should not be educated in any way other than as
Catholics, thus advocating segregation between Catholics and Muslims.[28] The HKU, like the HNZ,
advocated unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina with other Croatian lands. It also promoted Christian
morals, and unlike the HNZ, the HKU advocated the abolition of the serf system as they had no relations
with the Muslims.[29]

Annexation
Even though Bosnia and Herzegovina was still part of the Ottoman Empire, at least formally, the Austrian-
Hungarian authorities had factual control over the country. Austria-Hungary waited for a chance to
incorporate Bosnia and Herzegovina formally as well. Any action concerning Bosnia and Herzegovina
depended on international opinion, which Austrian-Hungarian authorities were aware of. They used the
Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire to finally annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Young Turk
movement had gained support in mass protests throughout the Ottoman Empire during 1908, with their
intention to restore the suspended Ottoman constitution. The Austrian-Hungarian authorities were afraid
that the revolution could spread to Bosnia and Herzegovina, as it had support from the Bosnian Muslims
 and the Serbs, who supported the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina
within the Ottoman Empire. On 7 September 1908, the SNO and the MNO
demanded that Bosnia and Herzegovina accept the constitution as part of
the Ottoman Empire.[29]

On 5 October the Emperor Franz Joseph announced the annexation of

Bosnia and Herzegovina and ordered the Minister of Finance to compose a
constitution for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The annexation was announced
in Sarajevo two days later, on 7 October. This annexation led to an
international crisis, which was solved on 26 February 1909 when the
Ottoman Empire recognised the annexation having received material

Illustration from the compensation and on the Austrian-Hungarian garrisons leaving the Sanjak
French magazine Le of Novi Pazar. By this, Bosnia and Herzegovina was formally under the
Petit Journal on the Austrian-Hungarian sovereignty. On 21 March 1909, the German Empire
Bosnian Crisis: Bulgaria sent an ultimatum to the Russian Empire to recognise the annexation,
declares its which Russia did immediately. Soon, the Kingdom of Serbia recognised the
independence and its
annexation on 31 March, the Kingdom of Montenegro doing so on 5 April.
prince Ferdinand is [30]
named Tsar, Austria-
Hungary, in the person
The annexation caused unrest amongst the Muslim and Serb population.
of Franz Joseph,
The Streifkorps (special counterinsurgency units) were reestablished in
annexes Bosnia and
Herzegovina, while the context of demonstrations in Serbia and in Montenegro against the
Ottoman Sultan Abdul annexation.[31] The Muslims could not believe the sovereignty of the Sultan
Hamid II looks on could be overturned with a proclamation, and that they were now ruled by
helplessly a Christian emperor. The MNO and the SNO refused to give any official
statement about the annexation. In Budapest they held a meeting on 11
October 1908 they issued the Message to the People of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, where they stated that the people couldn't reconcile with the Austrian-Hungarian occupation
in 30 years and asked for the people to remain calm and wait for the decision of the superpowers. Both
parties announced that they would continue the struggle for the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[30]
However, since all European countries had already recognised the annexation, the SNO and the MNO, who
wanted to continue their activity as legitimate organisations, thus recognised the annexation; the SNO
doing so in May 1909 and the MNO in February 1910.[32] Unlike the Serbs and the Muslims, the Croats
enthusiastically accepted the Austrian-Hungarian annexation. In an audience to the Emperor Franz
Joseph, the representatives of the HNZ, Pilar, Nikola Mandić and Antonije Sunarić expressed the gratitude
of the Croat people to the Emperor for the annexation at the end of October 1908. However, Croat
enthusiasm did not endure, as Bosnia and Herzegovina failed to be joined with Croatia as expected.[33]

Politics
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, every major ethnic group was represented by its political party. The Muslims
were represented by the Muslim People's Organisation, the Serbs were represented by the Serbian People's
Organisation, while the Croats were represented by the two political parties, the Croatian People's Union
and the Croatian Catholic Association.
The Diet of Bosnia was established in 1910.

Parliamentary parties
◾ Croatian People's Union (Hrvatska narodna zajednica)
◾ Croatian Catholic Association (Hrvatska katolička udruga)
◾ Muslim People's Organisation (Muslimanska narodna organizacija)
◾ Serbian People's Organisation (Srpska narodna organizacija; Српска народна организација)

Non-parliamentary parties
◾ Muslim Progressive Party (Muslimanska napredna stranka)
◾ Muslim Democracy (Muslimanska demokracija)
◾ Serbian People's Independent Party (Srpska narodna nezavisna stranka)
◾ Socialdemocratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Socijaldemokratska stranka Bosne i Hercegvoine)

Demographics
Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Religion 1879–1910[12]

Muslim Orthodox Catholic Jewish

Census Total
Number Share Number Share Number Share Number Share

1879 448,613 38.7% 496,485 42.9% 209,391 18.1% 3,675 0.3% 1,158,440

1885 492,710 36.9% 571,250 42.8% 265,788 19.9% 5,805 0.4% 1,336,091

1895 548,632 35.0% 673,246 42.9% 334,142 21.3% 8,213 0.5% 1,568,092

1910 612,137 32.2% 825,418 43.5% 434,061 22.9% 11,868 0.6% 1,898,044

Administration
Bosnia and Herzegovina was governed jointly by Cisleithania
(Austria) and the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungary)
through the joint Ministry of Finance. In the Ministry of Finance,
there was the Bosnian Office which controlled Bosnia and
Herzegovina over the Government based in Sarajevo. The
Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina was headed by a governor,
who was also a commander of military forces based in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The government was also composed of the governor's
deputy and chiefs of departments. At first, the government had
only three departments, administrative, financial and legislative.
Later, other departments, including construction, economic,
education, religion, and technical, were founded as well.[34]
Districts (Kreise) of Bosnia and
Herzegovina: Banja Luka, Bihać,
Mostar, Sarajevo, Travnik, Tuzla
In the 1910 Constitution, the Emperor proclaimed Bosnia and Herzegovina to be unique administrative
territory under responsible leadership of the joint finance minister. With the implementation of the
constitution, the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not change. It remained a corpus separatum
administrated by Austria and Hungary. The constitution implemented three new constitutions, the Diet of
Bosnia, the National Council and the municipal councils. The Diet of Bosnia had very limited legislative
powers. The main legislative power was in hands of the emperor, parliaments in Vienna and Budapest and
the joint minister of finance. The Diet of Bosnia only proposed decisions which needed to be approved by
the both parliaments in Vienna and Budapest.[33] The Diet also had no impact on the administrative-
political institutions, the National Council and the municipal councils and also it didn't have right to
participate in every decision making; the Diet could participate only in decisions that mattered Bosnia and
Herzegovina exclusively, while decisions on armed forces, commercial and traffic connections, customs
and similar matters, were made by the parliaments in Vienna and Budapest.[35]
The Austrian-Hungarian authorities left the Ottoman division of Bosnia and Herzegovina untouched, they
only changed the names of divisional units. Thus the Bosnia Vilayet was renamed to Reichsland, sanjaks
were renamed to Kreise, kazas were renamed to Bezirke, while nahiyahs were renamed to Exposituren.[34]
There were six Kreise and 54 Bezirke.[36] Head of the Reichsland was a Landsschef, heads of the Kreises
were Kreiseleiters and heads of the Bezirke were Bezirkesleiters.[34]

Governors
 Name
№ Portrait Term of Office Ethnicity
(Birth–Death)

Josip Filipović 18 November

1 13 July 1878 Croat
(1818–1889) 1878

Wilhelm von Württemberg 18 November

2 6 April 1881 German
(1828–1896) 1878

Hermann Dahlen von

3 Orlaburg 6 April 1881 9 August 1882 German
(1828–1887)

Johann von Appel 8 December

4 9 August 1882 German
(1826–1906) 1903

Eugen von Albori 8 December

5 25 June 1907 German
(1838–1915) 1903

Anton von Winzor

6 30 June 1907 7 March 1909 German
(1844–1910)

Marijan Varešanin
7 7 March 1909 10 May 1911 Croat
(1847–1917)

8 Oskar Potiorek 10 May 1911 22 December Slovene

(1853–1933) 1914
 Stjepan Sarkotić 22 December 3 November
9 Croat
(1858–1939) 1914 1918

Religion
The emperor of Austria-Hungary had the ability to appoint and dismiss religious leaders and to control
religious establishments financially through agreements created with the Pope, the Ecumenical
Patriarchate, and the Sheikh-ul-Islam.[37]

The occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina led to great reforms of the Catholic Church in that country,
after centuries in the Ottoman Empire. In 1881, Vrhbosna was elevated to an archdiocese, and the dioceses
of Banja Luka and Mostar-Duvno were formed. Work began on the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Sarajevo in
1884 and was completed by 1889.

See also
◾ Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
◾ Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry
◾ Ludwig Thallóczy

References
Citations

1. Zovko 2007, p. 13.

2. Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878—Excerpts on the Balkans
(http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.asp) hosted by Fordham University
3. Oršolić & June 2000, pp. 289-291.
4. Oršolić & June 2000, p. 299.
5. Oršolić & June 2000, p. 294.
6. Oršolić & June 2000, p. 304.
7. Oršolić & June 2000, p. 301.
8. Oršolić & June 2000, pp. 302-303.
9. Rothenberg 1976, p. 101-02.
10. Sugar 1963, p. 201.
11. Ramet 2008, pp. 74–76.
12. Velikonja 2003, pp. 130-135.
13. Zovko 2007, p. 17-18.
14. Hajdarpasic, Edin (2015). Whose Bosnia? Nationalism and Political Imagination in the Balkans, 1840-
1914. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 160–198. ISBN 9780801453717.
15. Zovko 2007, p. 18.
16. Zovko 2007, p. 18-19.
17. Zovko 2007, p. 19.
18. Zovko 2007, p. 19-20.
19. Zovko 2007, p. 20.
20. Zovko 2007, p. 20-21.
21. Zovko 2007, p. 21.
22. Zovko 2007, p. 21-22.
23. Zovko 2007, p. 22.
24. Zovko 2007, p. 22-23.
25. Zovko 2007, p. 23-24.
26. Zovko 2007, p. 24.
27. Krišto 2006, p. 61.
28. Zovko 2007, p. 24-25.
29. Zovko 2007, p. 25.
30. Zovko 2007, p. 26.
31. (Holbach 1910, p. 154): "The " Streifkorps " were disbanded many years ago, but reorganised in
October, 1908, at the time of our second visit to Bosnia, on account of the demonstrations in Servia
and Montenegro that followed the annexation,..."
32. Zovko 2007, p. 26-27.
33. Zovko 2007, p. 27.
34. Zovko 2007, p. 16.
35. Zovko 2007, p. 27-28.
36. Džaja 1994, p. 45.
37. Okey 1992, p. 63.

Bibliography

◾ Džaja, Srećko M. (1994). Bosnien-Herzegowina in der österreichisch-ungarischen Epoche 1878–1918

(in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 3-486-56079-4.
◾ Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics
(https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xpAAAAMAAJ). Dialogue Association.
◾ Krišto, Jure (November 2006). "Ivo Pilar's Role in the Organization of Croats in Bosnia and
Hercegovina" (http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=100259&lang=en). PILAR
- Croatian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Croatian History Institute (2). ISSN 1846-3010
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1846-3010).
◾ Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1976). The Army of Francis Joseph. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-
55753-145-2.
◾ Zovko, Ljubomir (2007). Studije iz pravne povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine: 1878. - 1941 (in Croatian).
University of Mostar. ISBN 978-9958-9271-2-6.
◾ Oršolić, Tado (June 2000). "Sudjelovanje dalmatinskih postrojbi u zaposjedanju Bosne i Hercegovine
1878" (http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=18800&lang=en) (PDF). Radovi /
 Institute for historical sciences in Zadar (in Croatian). Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
ISSN 1330-0474 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1330-0474). Retrieved 2011-01-13.
◾ Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina
(https://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA130). Texas A&M University Press.
ISBN 1-58544-226-7.
◾ Europa Publications, ed. (2003). Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004
(https://books.google.com/books?id=5J_gAU8c9NIC). ISBN 978-1-85743-186-5.
◾ Sugar, Peter F. (1963). Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina: 1878–1918. University of Washington
Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0295738147.
◾ Ramet, Sabrina P. (2008). "Nationalism and the 'Idiocy' of the Countryside: The Case of Serbia".
Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007. LIT Verlag
Münster. ISBN 3-03735-912-9.
◾ Hajdarpasic, Edin (2015). Whose Bosnia? Nationalism and Political Imagination in the Balkans, 1840-
1914 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZACnCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1). Cornell University
Press. ISBN 0801453712.
◾ Banac, Ivo (1988). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University
Press. ISBN 0-8014-9493-1.
◾ Okey, Robert (1992). "State, Church and Nation in the Serbo-Croat Speaking Lands of the Habsburg
Monarchy, 1850–1914". Religion, State and Ethnic Groups. New York University Press.
ISBN 1-85521-089-4.
◾ Holbach, Maude M. (1910). Bosnia and Herzegovina: Some Wayside Wanderings
(https://books.google.com/books?id=L_dMAAAAMAAJ). J. Lane.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austro-

Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&oldid=869816972"

This page was last edited on 20 November 2018, at 15:37 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark
of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.