Basic Electronic Circuits

(IEC-103)
Lecture-01

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Course Overview

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Course Objective

To build & analyze simple electronic circuits

using operational amplifiers as basic building
blocks.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Need for the Course
 Majority of engineering systems now have
at least one electrical sub system in it.

 Many electrical systems are composed of

electronic circuits.

 So, study of electronic circuits is essential to

build many engineering systems.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Pre-requisite

Basic Circuit Analysis (ES-I)

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Grading Plan
 Assignments/Quizzes – 10%

 Mid Exams – 35%

 End Semester Exam – 35%

 Lab – 20%

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Office Hours

5:00 – 7:00 pm on Wednesdays

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Signals and Systems

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Signals
 Signal: Can be represented as a function
(generally of time).

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Signals
 Signal: Can be represented as a function
(generally of time).

AC & DC Power Supply Signals

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Signals
 Signal can carry power or information.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Signals
 Signal can carry power or information.

Speech Signal

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Kinds of Signals
 Analog Signal : Function of continuous variable

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Kinds of Signals
 Analog Signal : Function of continuous variable
Examples:
s (t )  A sin( 2f 0t   )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Kinds of Signals
 Analog Signal : Function of continuous variable
Examples:
s (t )  A sin( 2f 0t   )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Kinds of Signals
 Discrete Signal : Function of discrete values of
independent variable or a sequence of numbers.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Kinds of Signals
 Discrete Signal : Function of discrete values of
independent variable or a sequence of numbers.
Example: x[n]  4,5,4,...

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Images
 Images: Functions of space. It is a 2D signal.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Images
 Images: Functions of space. It is a 2D signal.
s ( x, y )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Images
 Images: Functions of space. It is a 2D signal.
s ( x, y )
Example:

Heat Map Image

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Videos
 Video: Sequences of Images.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Videos
 Video: Sequences of Images.

 r ( x, y , t ) 
s ( x, y, t )   g ( x, y, t )
b( x, y, t ) 

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Videos
 Video: Sequences of Images.

 r ( x, y , t ) 
s ( x, y, t )   g ( x, y, t )
b( x, y, t ) 

 Number of independent variables is 3. It is a 3D

signal.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Videos
 Video: Sequences of Images.

 r ( x, y , t ) 
s ( x, y, t )   g ( x, y, t )
b( x, y, t ) 

 Number of independent variables is 3. It is a 3D

signal.

 Signals represent information.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Signal and Information
 Signals represent information.

 So information cannot exist without a Signal to

represent it.

 There can be signals without any information.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System

Inputs Outputs

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System

Inputs Outputs
Sub System Sub System

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Systems

x(t) System y(t)

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Systems

x(t) System y(t)

 Systems operate on signals to produce a modified

signal.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Systems

x(t) System y(t)

 Systems operate on signals to produce a modified

signal.

 Electronic systems process electrical signals.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Public Addressing System

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Fundamental Model of a
Communication System

m(t ) x(t ) r (t ) mˆ (t )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Important Signals

 Sinusoids and related signals

 Pulse-like signals

 Constructing and deconstructing a signal.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Pulse-like Signals
 Unit Step

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Pulse-like Signals
 Unit Step

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Pulse-like Signals
 Unit Pulse

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Pulse-like Signals
 Unit Pulse

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Pulse-like Signals
 Square Wave

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Pulse-like Signals
 Square Wave

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Building Signals
 Signal delay s (t   )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Building Signals
 Signal delay s (t   )

Unit Step Delayed Unit Step

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Building Signals
 Signal delay s (t   )

Unit Step Delayed Unit Step

What is u (t )  u (t   )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Building Signals
 Signal delay s (t   )

Unit Step Delayed Unit Step

What is u (t )  u (t   )

u (t )  u (t   )  p (t )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Building Signals
Signal construction as sum or difference of a simpler
signals is called signal superposition.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Building Signals
Signal construction as sum or difference of a simpler
signals is called signal superposition.

Example
s(t)

1 t

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Building Signals
Signal construction as sum or difference of a simpler
signals is called signal superposition.

Example
t

s(t) Unit Ramp r (t )   u ( )d



1 t

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Building Signals
Signal construction as sum or difference of a simpler
signals is called signal superposition.

Example
t

s(t) Unit Ramp r (t )   u ( )d



1
s (t )  r (t )  r (t  1)  u (t  1)

1 t

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Basics of Systems

 Simple Systems

 System Structures

 Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems

x(t) System y(t)

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems

x(t) System y(t)

 Gain

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems

x(t) System y(t)

 Gain y (t )  Gx(t )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems

x(t) System y(t)

 Gain y (t )  Gx(t )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems

x(t) System y(t)

 Gain y (t )  Gx(t )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems
 Time Delay

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems
 Time Delay
y (t )  x(t   )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems
 Time Delay
y (t )  x(t   )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems
 Time Delay
y (t )  x(t   )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems
 Time Delay
y (t )  x(t   )

 Time Reversal

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems
 Time Delay
y (t )  x(t   )

 Time Reversal
y (t )  x(t )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Simple Systems
 Time Delay
y (t )  x(t   )

 Time Reversal
y (t )  x(t )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Cascade

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Cascade

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Cascade

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Parallel

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Parallel

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Parallel

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Feedback

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Feedback

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 System Structures
 Feedback

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Systems

x1 System y1

x2 System y2

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Systems (Additivity)

x1 + x2 System ?

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Systems (Additivity)

x1 + x2 System y1 + y2

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Systems (Homogeneity)

m(x1) System ?

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Systems (Homogeneity)

m(x1) System m(y1)

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Systems (Linearity Test)

a(x1) + b(x2) System a(y1) + b(y2)

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear systems

An system which satisfies (passes) both additivity

and homogeneity properties is termed as a linear
system, otherwise it is termed as a nonlinear
system.

Examples: Resistive Circuit, Mass Spring Systems

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Linear Resistor and Light Bulb

v-i characteristics

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Spring Mass Damper System

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Spring Mass Damper System

Governing Equation

Is the system linear?

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Spring Mass Damper System

Input to the system is external force (Fe) and the

output is the displacement (x)

Apply linearity test to check.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Spring Mass Damper System

Input to the system is external force (Fe) and the

output is the displacement (x)

Since both additivity and homogeneity are satisfied

the system is linear.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Time Invariant Systems

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Time Invariant Systems

Systems that does not change their behaviour

with time are called time invariant systems

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Time Invariant System
System which is linear as well as time invariant is
called Linear Time Invariant System or an LTI
System.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Time Invariant System
System which is linear as well as time invariant is
called Linear Time Invariant System or an LTI
System.
Exercise: Check whether the systems are LTI

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Time Invariant System
System which is linear as well as time invariant is
called Linear Time Invariant System or an LTI
System.
Exercise: Check whether the systems are LTI
Linear Time Invariant

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Time Invariant System
System which is linear as well as time invariant is
called Linear Time Invariant System or an LTI
System.
Exercise: Check whether the systems are LTI
Linear Time Invariant

Linear Time Invariant

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Time Invariant System
System which is linear as well as time invariant is
called Linear Time Invariant System or an LTI
System.
Exercise: Check whether the systems are LTI
Linear Time Invariant

Linear Time Invariant

Nonlinear Time Invariant

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Linear Time Invariant System
System which is linear as well as time invariant is
called Linear Time Invariant System or an LTI
System.
Exercise: Check whether the systems are LTI
Linear Time Invariant

Linear Time Invariant

Nonlinear Time Invariant

Linear Time Varying

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad