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Summary
The article addresses the phenomenon of migration in the European Union (EU) based on the analysis
quantitative data on migration in the EU, but also the qualitative analysis of migration theories
of existing EU regulations in this area. There are presented relevant theories on migration,
as well as the evolution of the EU legislative framework addressing the issues addressed. An important role in
our research is on examining the demographic impact of migratory waves on the EU and a
measures to stimulate the integration of migrants. The author proposes a balanced approach of
the advantages and disadvantages of migration in the community space, leaving the reader the freedom to
formulate their own conclusions based on this analysis.
Abstract
This article analyzes the phenomenon of migration in the European Union (EU), using a
quantitative analysis based on EU data, but also a qualitative analysis of the theories on migration
and the EU regulations in this field. Some relevant theories on migration, as well as the evolution of
the EU legal framework is presented. An important section of our research is assigned to the
description of the demographic impact of migratory flows and measures to stimulate
integration of migrants. The author proposes a balanced approach to the benefits and
the disadvantages of migration in the Community space, leaving the reader the freedom to formulate his
own conclusions based on the analysis performed.
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*Contact person: Dr. Alina Ligia Dumitrescu , e-mail: alinaligia1@yahoo.com
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1. Introduction
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social security budgets in many Member States, as a result of the phenomenon highlighted by
aging population.
According to the European Commission's report on intra-Community migration of 2017,
Germany and the UK were the main countries of destination for migrants
in the context of the fact that in the year 2016 about 50% of the citizens
of EU-28 migrants headed to these two countries (Fries-Tersch, Tugran, Rossi &
Bradley, 2018) This phenomenon is due to the fact that, starting with 2015, flows
migrants in both countries have gradually increased and net mobility in Germany and the UK
was about four times higher than in any other Member State in 2015. Great Britain
Britain hosts the largest number of employees from other Member States in the past
ten years (1.8 million people), and Germany is considered a traditional country
destination, given that there have been massive inflows in the last two years of 1.4 million
of non-EU migrants. In addition, the annual entries of EU citizens in Germany have
increased by over 250% between 2009 and 2015, while in the UK they increased by 60%
(similar to EU growth).
It should not be neglected that the issue of free movement of labor
continues to be a hot topic on the community agenda, as it constituted
the subject of heated debates about Brexit. Future regulatory developments in
will depend mainly on the ability of Member States to find favorable solutions
to all parties involved, while still respecting the principles of free movement of force
the work.
Spain and Italy continue to be major destination countries, both for migration,
both Germany and the UK, but have not regained their attractiveness
held before the 2008 crisis. In the last three years, migrant inflows in both countries have
were lower than in 2009, particularly in Italy, where only half of them were registered
the entry level in 2009. Another country of major destination is France, with the fifth one
higher numbers of migrants in the EU-28 and a significant number of entries in 2015. After a
steady growth that debuted in 2009, migrant entrances to Austria were higher than
those in Italy in 2015, which made Austria the third country of destination in the EU
in 2015. The Netherlands and Sweden are other major destination countries, which have registered
such increases in migrant labor inputs in recent years.
2. Migration theories
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1 According to sociological theory, the social structure is a concept that expresses the way in which the composition and
the social group
functioning of system, their interaction, their place and their role in social dynamics at a certain stage of
society.
2 Ontology is a branch of philosophy which has as its object the existence, as such, of the common features and principles
of any existence.
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the differences resulting from wages between labor - rich countries and rich countries
capital.
Vanselow, Liebig & Koplanis (2016) draw attention that most empirical studies
on the role of migration on the labor market refers to the aggregate or specific impact
at the local level, to the detriment of the analysis of concrete case studies. Most research of
mentioned authors show that there is no major negative effect of immigration on wages
local and even on the job, while a small part of the analyzes show that they exist
only a minimal effect on the labor market in the country of destination. In the authors' opinion, the fact that
the impact remains at a minimum due to several factors, namely:
➢ the skills of migrants often complement those of natives;
➢ the native population occupies the highest occupational levels
compared to migrants;
➢ the flexibility of the native workforce is superior to migrants;
➢ the impact of migration can be diminished through the adjustment processes of
for example through changes in industrial structure and production technologies, as well
through capital flows.
The free movement of people, which can also be seen as a phenomenon of migration
free in the EU, is one of the main pillars of the single market and has evolved
gradually starting with the establishment of the European Community in 1957 until now.
Since 1957, one of the two Founding Treaties of the Economic Community
(The Treaty of Rome) contained principles that laid down the free movement of workers
by removing obstacles to labor mobility between Member States. However,
this treaty did not refer to the ways in which these principles were translated into practice,
at that stage, progress in the area of free movement of labor based on
the political decisions of each Member State. Articles 48 to 51 of the Community Treaty
European Economic and Social Committee refers to the abolition of discrimination due to nationality at
increasing labor mobility, cooperation between the European institutions and the authorities
national laws with a view to harmonizing laws and removing restrictions and protecting them
emigrant workers. Articles 52-58 referred to the right of establishment, which
implied the removal of some restrictions through specific programs and complex activity
The Council and the European Commission.
In 1985, the European Council relaunched the process of European integration through
through the Single European Act . In this document, the internal market is presented as one
a space without internal borders, in which the free movement of persons is ensured.
Since November 1993, after the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty , the citizens
Of the European Union were able to move freely on the basis of Article 14 of the Treaty,
Article 18 on European citizenship . The Treaty of Maastricht included a series of
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aspects of asylum policy, crossing the external borders of the European Union, politics
of immigration, known generically as the 3rd pillar of the European Union.
European citizenship defined by the Maastricht Treaty includes a series of rights and
obligations, as well as ways of participating in the political life of the Union. Through this treaty
aimed at creating a European identity and actively involving every citizen in the countries
Member States in the process of European integration.
In October 1997, the Treaty of Amsterdam was signed , providing for a period of
five years before the Community provisions are fully implemented. In that
a period of transition was aimed at creating an "area of freedom, security and justice", without
controls at internal borders for all EU citizens regardless of their nationality. In parallel,
the common standards required controls at the external borders of the European Union for
visas, asylum and immigration policies.
In February 2001, the Treaty of Nice was signed , on the basis of which the EU Council
adopted a series of measures related to the free movement of persons, with the imposition being essential
a transitional period during which the movement of citizens in the future Member States
were carried out on a limited basis (only on the basis of work permits) for up to 7 years. Tied up
in this respect, it should be stressed that the common position on the acquis regarding
Chapter 2 of the negotiations on the free movement of persons was addressed in a way
substantially in the final stage of the pre-accession process, taking into account
the political and practical complexity of social issues.
Directive 2004/38 / EC introduced EU citizenship as a basic status for nationals
Member States when exercising their right to move and reside freely
territory of the EU. In the first three months, every EU citizen has the right to live in the territory
to another EU country without any other conditions or formalities, with only the requirement to hold a card
identity or a valid passport. For periods longer than three months, the host Member State
may require a citizen to register his / her presence within a reasonable time
discrimination. Secondary legislation also provides for more detailed rules
regulation of free movement than Directive 2004/38 / EC on Citizens' Rights
The Union and their family members to move and reside freely
territory of the Member States.
Regulation (EU) No. 492/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5
April 2011 on the free movement of workers within the Union, Article 5 states that
"Free movement is a fundamental right of workers and their families.
Labor mobility within the Union must be one of the means through
which guarantees workers the opportunity to improve their living and working conditions
work and advance socially, while contributing to meeting the needs of the economies
Member States. It is necessary to affirm the right of all workers in the Member States to
within the Union, carry out an activity of their choice. "
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According to Eurostat data (2018a), in 2015, the year of the boom in EU migration, especially
extra-community, 4.7 million people immigrated to one of the states
EU members -28. Of the 4.7 million immigrants registered in 2015,
estimates that about 2.4 million were third-country nationals, 1.4 million were
citizens of an EU Member State other than the destination country, about 860,000 were citizens of
the EU Member State of destination (for example, "returning home" nationals;
nationals born abroad) and about 19,000 were stateless.
.
Table 1: Immigration at EU level by country of previous residence in 2015
State number immigration immigration Migrants with country of
member total of intra been non unknown residence
immigrants (thousands) (%) (thousands) (%) (thousands) (%)
(thousands)
Belgium 146.6 76.2 52.0 70.0 47.7 0.5 0.3
Bulgaria 25.2 7.1 28.1 18.1 71.7 0.1 0.3
R.Cehă 29.6 15.4 52.1 14.2 47.9 0.0 0.0
Denmark 78.5 33.0 42.1 44.9 57.2 0.5 0.7
Germany 1543.8 513.2 33.2 1015.6 65.8 15.0 1.0
Estonia 154 102 66.3 4.5 29.1 0.7 4.6
Ireland 76.9 38.7 50.3 38.2 49.7 0.0 0.0
Greece 64.4 43.0 66.7 21.5 33.3 0.0 0.0
Spain 342.1 119.4 34.9 222.7 65.1 0.0 0.0
France 363.9 133.4 36.6 230.5 63.4 0.0 0.0
Croatia 11.7 4.4 37.4 7.2 61.9 0.1 0.6
Italy 280.1 73.8 26.3 206.3 73.7 0.0 0.0
Cyprus 15.2 8.3 54.7 6.9 45.3 0.0 0.0
Latvia 9.5 4.9 51.4 4.6 48.6 0.0 0.0
Lithuania 22.1 15.4 69.4 6.7 30.4 0.0 0.2
Luxembourg 23.8 21.7 91.2 2.1 8.8 0.0 0.0
Hungary 58.3 30.5 52.3 27.7 47.5 0.1 0.2
Malta 12.8 6.3 49.5 6.5 50.5 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 166.9 78.0 46.7 87.6 52.5 1.3 0.8
Austria 166.3 71.1 42.7 90.1 54.2 5.1 3.1
Poland 218.1 102.9 47.2 115.2 52.8 0.0 0.0
Portugal 29.9 16.5 55.3 13.3 44.6 0.0 0.1
Romania 132.8 93.7 70.6 28.6 21.6 10.4 7.9
Slovenia 15.4 4.4 28.4 11.0 71.6 0.0 0.0
Slovakia 7.0 5.6 79.9 1.4 20.1 0.0 0.0
Finland 28.7 13.1 45.6 15.1 52.6 0.5 1.9
Sweden 134.2 38.1 28.4 92.7 69.0 3.5 2.6
M.Britanie 613.5 295.3 46.8 336.2 53.2 0.0 0.0
Source: Eurostat (2018a).
Germany reported the highest total number of immigrants (1,543,800) in 2015, being
followed by the United Kingdom (613,500), France (363,900), Spain (342,100) and Italy (280,100)
(Table 1). In parallel, Germany reported the largest number of emigrants in 2015
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(347,200), followed by Spain (343,900), Great Britain (299,200), France (298,000) and
Poland (258,800). In 2015, 17 of the EU Member States reported a greater share of
immigration rather than emigration, but in Bulgaria, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Cyprus, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Latvia and Lithuania, the number of migrants exceeded the number of immigrants.
Concerning gender distribution of immigrants from EU Member States in
2015, there was a slight prevalence of males versus women (56% versus 44%). State
the largest male member of the immigrant population was Germany
(63%); Instead, the largest proportion of female immigrants was recorded in
Cyprus (57%). In 2015, immigrants from the EU Member States were, on average, much younger
than the total population already resident in their country of destination, under the conditions of average age
of immigrants in the EU-28 in 2015 was 27.5 years.
Subsequently, in 2016, the number of immigrants fell to 4.3 million people.
Of these, 2.0 million people were citizens of third countries, 1.3 million citizens of a third country
Member State other than the one to which they emigrated, around 929,000 people were nationals
or nationals born abroad and about 16,000 were stateless. Germany reported the most
large number of immigrants (1,029,900) in 2016, followed by the UK (589,000),
Spain (414,700), France (378,100) and Italy (300,000).
On 1 January 2017, the number of people residing in an EU Member State
with a third-country nationality amounted to 21.6 million, representing 4.2% of the population
EU-28. In addition, on the same date, in one of the EU Member States 16.9 million
people lived with the citizenship of another EU member state. In absolute terms, the highest
number of non - resident citizens living in EU Member States were located in
Germany (9.2 million people), Great Britain (6.1 million), Italy (5.0 million),
France (4.6 million) and Spain (4.4 million). Foreign citizens from these five Member States
together accounted for 76% of the total number of foreign citizens living in all states
EU Member States, while the same five Member States accounted for 63% of the population
EU-28. In contrast, foreign citizens accounted for less than 1% of the population of Poland and a
Romania (0.6% each) and Lithuania (0.7%).
A percentage of 3.8% of EU citizens of working age (20-64 years) had
resident in a Member State other than their nationality in 2017. This share has increased since
2.5% ten years ago. The situation varies between Member States from 1.0% for
Older citizens able to work in Germany up to 19.7% for Romanian citizens.
High rates of migrant workers were registered by Lithuania (15.0%), Croatia
(14.0%), Portugal (13.9%), Latvia (12.9%) and Bulgaria (12.5%). EU Member States with
the lowest share of mobile nationals (of the total population of the country) is Germany
(1.0%), the UK (1.1%), Sweden and France (both 1.3%). Compared to 2007,
the share of Romanian nationals living in another Member State increased by 12.3 points
percentage. Latvia (10.0 pp), Lithuania (9.5 pp) and Bulgaria (8.0 pp)
such a significant increase (Figure 1). The employment rate of mobile EU citizens is
76.1%, being higher compared to the total employment rate at the Community level, which is
72.1% (Eurostat, 2018c).
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Source: Chart developed by the author on the basis of data provided by Eurostat (2018c).
Compared with other demographic phenomena (births, deaths), migration is a process with
multipurpose implications. Moreover, migration is seen by many experts in
demographic as a means of counteracting the decline in fertility and aging
population at the level of the European Union.
A more detailed analysis of the 2080 forecasts shows that European countries with
the largest populations will be Britain (82.4 million inhabitants), France (78.7
million inhabitants), Germany (77.8 million inhabitants), Italy (53.8 million inhabitants)
inhabitants) and Spain (51.0 million inhabitants) (Eurostat, 2018b). The population is
estimated to grow by more than 35% in three other European countries: Luxembourg (where
estimates a population increase of 85.1%), Sweden (by 46.1%) and Norway (by 37.4%).
The rapid increase in population anticipated for Luxembourg is based on the fact that levels
relatively high net migration observed over the last decade will continue in the coming years.
Slight increases in population, ranging from 25-35%, are estimated in Ireland and Belgium over time
the number of inhabitants is expected to increase by 15-20% in Denmark, Malta, Cyprus,
France, the Netherlands and Austria, and less than 10% in Spain and Finland.
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Table 2: The demographic balance of the EU, January 1, 2016 to January 2080
(in thousands)
countries The populationbirths
- deaths increase migration evolution The population
European January natural net population expected
2016 population - January
2080
EU-28 510 279 327 121 383 991 -56 870 65 521 8652 518 798
Belgium 11311 8866 8369 497 2405 2902 14189
Bulgaria 7154 3181 5622 -2441 -120 -2560 4593
Czech Republic 10554 6402 8101 -1 699 923 -776 9778
Denmark 5707 4324 4304 20 1131 1150 6858
Germany 82 176 46050 64 848 -18 798 14442 -4356 77 794
Estonia 1316 777 1014 -237 63 -174 1140
Ireland 4725 4054 3197 857 700 1557 6221
Greece 10784 4276 8058 -3780 260 -3519 7265
Spain 46 440 31360 35 194 -3834 8384 4550 50 998
France 66 760 54400 46 803 7596 4430 12027 78 689
Croatia 4191 2034 3169 -1 135 221 -914 3276
Italy 50 666 29 124 47 870 -18 746 11764 -5982 53 785
Cyprus 848 526 598 -72 228 157 1005
Latvia 1969 951 1502 -551 -134 -685 1284
Lithuania 2889 1246 2037 -791 -439 -1230 1658
Luxembourg 576 572 488 84 406 490 1066
Hungary 9830 5663 7777 -2113 9074 -1139 8692
Malta 434 305 341 -36 119 83 517
Netherlands 16 979 12615 12488 127 2621 2748 19726
Austria 8690 5783 6824 -1 041 2422 1381 10072
Poland 37 967 18 868 28 421 -9553 631 -8923 29045
Portugal 10341 4330 7908 -3579 817 -2762 7580
Romania 19760 10491 14634 -4144 -1 063 -5207 14530
Slovenia 2064 1220 1563 -345 220 -126 1938
Slovakia 5426 3070 4101 -1 031 319 -711 4715
Finland 5487 3547 4106 -560 651 90 5578
Sweden 9851 9291 7386 1905 2634 4539 14388
M. Britain 65 383 53 794 47265 6529 10513 17042 82 424
Norway 5214 4380 3797 584 1368 1952 7166
Source: Eurostat (2018b).
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about a third - while the largest reduction in the total number is foreseen in
Lithuania, as the population is expected to decline by 42.6% between 2016-2080 (Table 2).
PLACES
OF
THE WORK
ensuring facilitating
of houses integration in
appropriate and the system of
integration education
accessible migranţilor-
directions of
action
granting Access to
of assistance the system
social publicly by
specific health
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available locally. Facilitating integration into the labor market requires insurance
language courses and in-service training and in-service training. Of
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3 The social economy, also called "solidarity economy" or "third sector", includes various forms of organization,
such as cooperatives, mutual societies, associations, foundations, and so on.
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According to the same source, several countries (eg Australia, Denmark, Germany,
Switzerland) offers adult apprentices relevant work experience to end more
faster than the standard training time.
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6. Conclusions
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the work of institutions dealing with the labor market across the EU as well
strengthening social protection systems in all Member States.
With the integration of the Central and Eastern European states into the EU, a flow has been ensured
much more free of labor, which has led to a more efficient allocation of resources
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human activity in the EU, has stimulated the efficiency of Community production and has led to growth
competitiveness of European products. Also, through the free movement of its people
increased overall welfare across the EU, both in Member States of destination through
increase in social security contributions and taxes paid by migrant workers, as well
and in home countries by increasing remittances.
Migration is influenced by a combination of economic factors (poverty, lack of places
), environmental (natural disasters), policies (armed conflicts) and social (discrimination)
in the country of origin of migrants. On the other hand, migration is also stimulated by factors
economic, social, and destination policies. Therefore, it is obvious that prosperity and
the political stability of the EU has exerted a considerable attraction on immigrants, but not
it must be neglected that they have contributed greatly to the growth and
economic development in the EU host states.
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