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ISBN: 984-70277-0037-4

g~j¨: 80.00

2
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giûg †kL mwdDwχbi cyY¨ ¯§„wZi D‡Ï‡k¨|

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5
 ‡jL‡Ki ˆKwdqZ
Ôm„wóKZ©v mwZ¨B Av‡QbÕ ej‡j GKwU cÖkœ Gm g‡b †eu‡a: Zvn‡j wK GZ w`b wZwb wQ‡jb bv? gšÍe¨wU g~jZ Ôm„wóKZ©v wK
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KÕ‡i ewm †h cÖ‡kœi Drm n‡jv m‡›`n, wKš‘ mwVK cÖ‡kœi cÖavb Drm n‡jv AbymwÜrmv| me e¨vcv‡i Aek¨ AbymwÜrmv KL‡bv
KL‡bv fv‡jv ‡`Lvq bv- Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AbymwÜrmv‡K Avgiv ÔbvK Mjv‡bvÕ a„óZv eÕ‡jI AwfwnZ KÕ‡i _vwK| wKš‘
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AbymwÜrmv †h †bB GgbwU njd KÕ‡i ejv hv‡e bv| wb‡Ri ¯^iƒ‡ci mÜvb Kivi AwaKvi GKwU ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi- hw`,
Aek¨, †m Kvh©µg nq gvwR©Z| GB eB‡Z †jLK me mg‡q GB K_vwU g‡b ‡i‡L‡Qb| me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡jv, AKvU¨ Reve
cvIqvi ci cÖ‡kœ Avi †`v‡li wK _vK‡Z cv‡i? cÖkœ Kivi g‡Zv a„óZv bv †`Lv‡Z cvi‡j RevewU †`qv wK m¤¢e n‡Zv? ZeyI,
gy³ gb wb‡q eje, cÖkœ KÕ‡i hw` †Kv‡bv Aciva KÕ‡i _vwK, Znv‡j Zvi mvRv †c‡qwQ weMZ QqwU eQi aÕ‡i-DËi LuyR‡Z
wM‡q|

6
7
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1. m„wóKZ©v e‡jB hw` wKQz bv _v‡Kb, Zvn‡j Avjøvn, Ck¦i, fMevb †KDB _vK‡Z cv‡ib bv|
2. ‡Kvivb w`‡q m„wóKZ©vi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K cÖgvY Ki‡j Zv Avgvi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY Avwg †Zv ¯^qs
†Kvivb‡KB gvbwQ bv| †Kvivb‡K Avwg ZLbB gvb‡Z cvie hLb m„wóKZ©v‡K Ges Zv †_‡K
Avjøvn‡K-Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj fve‡Z cvie| Av‡M †Kvivb Ges c‡i m„wóKZ©v-G n‡jv wek¦vm; Acic‡ÿ,
Av‡M m„wóKZ©v Ges c‡i †Kvivb- G n‡jv ¯úó Ges weÁvbwfwËK cÖgvY| cÖgvY Qvov Avwg wKQz
gvb‡Z cvwi bv|
3. c„w_exi BwZnv‡m a‡g©i ga¨ †_‡K hviv m„wóKZ©v‡K †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb, Zuviv Zuv‡`i †mB ‡g‡b ‡bqvi
GKgvÎ Aej¤^b wn‡m‡e ‡e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb wek¦vm‡K, hyw³‡K bq| ejv evûj¨, wek¦vm gv‡bB hyw³ bq,
hZÿY bv ch©šÍ D³ wek¦vm hyw³i Øviv cy‡ivcywi cÖgvwYZ n‡”Q| AvRI ch©šÍ †KD cÖgvY Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb m„wóKZ©v Av‡Qb| GKBfv‡e Aek¨ G K_vI mZ¨ †h AvRI ch©šÍ †KDB cÖgvY Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb †h m„wóKZ©v †bB| gvby‡li AvR‡b¥i wØav؛ئ mvd Kivi Rb¨ Gi †h-‡Kv‡bv GKwU‡K cÖgvY
KivB h‡_ó| wKš‘ Zvi AvM ch©šÍ Avgiv †KD ej‡Z cvwi bv †h m„wóKZ©v Av‡Qb|
4. mwVKfv‡e cÖgvY bv Kiv ch©šÍ Avgiv †h-wek¦vm Kwi, Zv Avgv‡`i gvbweK AwaKvi, †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK
AwaKvi bq| Ab¨ K_vq, wek¦vm Kivi AwaKvi GKwU gvbweK AwaKvi, Zv †Kv‡bv Ávbwccvmy
wbi‡cÿ e¨w³i †gŠwjK AwaKvi bq| cÖkœ Kivi AwaKviB GKwU †gŠwjK AwaKvi|
5. AwaKš‘, GK_vI mZ¨ †h AvRI ch©šÍ †KDB cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb †h m„wóKZ©vi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ev
Abw¯ÍZ¡‡K cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e bq| myZivs Av‡M cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e Gi~c cÖgv‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡`Š Av‡Q
wK bv| hw` _v‡K, ZLb cÖgvY Kiv hv‡e m„wóKZ©v‡K wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e wK bv|
6. Z‡e GB RvZxq wKQz †hŠw³K cÖgvY cÖPwjZ Av‡Q hv P‚ovšÍ bv n‡jI hvi Reve †`qv Lye k³:
m„wóKZ©v‡K hw` _vK‡ZB nq Zvn‡j wbtm‡›`‡n Zuv‡K n‡Z n‡e me©kw³gvb Ges AbšÍ| wKš‘ hw`
†`Lv‡bv hvq †h Zuvi Kgc‡ÿ& GKwU AÿgZv Av‡Q, Zvn‡j Zuv‡K Aek¨B m„wóKZ©v wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi
Kiv hyw³m½Z n‡e bv| Zuv‡K hw` AbšÍKvj aÕ‡i Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj _vK‡Z nq, Zvn‡j Zuvi GKwU ÿgZv
_vKv m¤¢e bq: wZwb wb‡R‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| GB bv cvivUvB Zuvi GKwU AÿgZv, hvi
Kvi‡Y wZwb m„wóKZ©v bb| Avi hw` wZwb wb‡R‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Znv‡j wZwb bk¦i ev
aŸsmkxj| Avi bki eÕ‡jB wZwb m„wóKZ©v bb| myZivs m„wóKZ©v eÕ‡j wKQy †bB|

G¸wj wQj m„wóKZ©vi Abw¯ÍZ¡ m¤^‡Ü bvw¯ÍK‡`i gš‘e¨| A¯^xKvi Dcvq ‡bB †h A‡bK bvw¯ÍK
Av‡Qb huviv h_v‡hvM¨ cÖgvY †c‡j mwVK a‡g©i QvqvZ‡j G‡m wb‡R‡KI Avbw›`Z Ki‡Zb Ges a‡g©i I
gvbeRvwZi †mev Ki‡Zb| AwawKš‘, Z_vKw_Z A‡bK avwg©‡`i Ges ag©m¤úª`v‡qi gvbeZvwe‡ivax Ges
ag©we‡ivax bMœ iƒc †`‡L A‡bK m‡PZb Ávbx e¨w³B N„Yvq bvw¯ÍKZvi c_ †e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb|

wKš‘ `yt‡Li welq, bvw¯ÍKZviI wKQz N„Y¨ bMœ iƒc Av‡Q| K‡qKwU D‡jøL KiwQ|

8
1. avwg©K‡`i Ici Zviv †h-wefw³i †`vl Av‡ivc K‡ib, Zv †_‡K ZvivI gy³ bb| we¯§‡qi
mv‡_ jÿ¨ KiwQ †h bvw¯ÍKZviI wewfbœ iƒc Av‡Q, Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wVK †mB
bvw¯ÍKZv‡Kw›`ªK we‡ivaI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †gŠjev` eÕ‡j Zviv hv‡K eySvb, †m †`v‡l
ZvivI †`vlx|
2. wek¦vm hw` wbw®Œq †Kv‡bv g‡bvfve n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j Awek¦vmI ZvB| cÖgvY wenxb wek¦vm
Ges Awek¦vm mgvb †`v‡li, wbtm‡›`‡n| Awek¦vm Kivi AwaKvi hw` Zviv †fvM Ki‡Z Pvb
Zvn‡j m„wóZ©vi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K AcÖgvY Kivi `vwqZ¡I Zv‡`i Ici eZ©vq- hw` Aek¨ Zviv
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© ÔcÖMwZkxjÕ GesÔÁvbwccvmyÕ n‡q _v‡Kb| Ab¨_vq AšÍZ gy³wPšÍvi
avwg©K‡`i ag©wek¦v‡mi Ici AvNvZ nvbvi AwaKvi Zv‡`i ‡bB|

Av‡iKwU welq n‡jv, AvRxeb Ávb mvabv KÕ‡i ev weÁvbPP©v Kivi ci hviv m„wóKZ©vi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ Luy‡R bv †c‡q bvw¯ÍK n‡Z Ôeva¨Õ nb Zv‡`i gy‡L ÔAvwg bvw¯ÍKÕ K_vUv wKQz gvbvq e‡U,
KviY wZwb A‡bK Luy‡RI Zuv‡K cvbwb| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡k Ges we‡klZ fvi‡Z wKQz Ávbx
bvgavix e¨w³ Av‡Qb hviv wb‡R‡`i cÖMwZkxj eÕ‡j cwiPq †`b Ges gy³wPšÍvi gvbyl eÕ‡j
fv‡eb| Zviv †Kej AZx‡Zi wKQz e¨_© gbxlxi Ges `vk©wbK‡`i D”PvwiZ Awf‡hvM¸wj‡K
AveviI Zz‡j a‡ib Ges wb‡R‡`i‡K bvw¯ÍK eÕ‡j cwiPq w`‡q AvZ¥Z…wß jvf K‡ib| fveLvbv
eZ©gv‡b Ggb n‡q D‡V‡Q †h Giƒc e¨w³‡`i ‡ÿ‡Î wb‡R‡K bvw¯ÍK eÕ‡j wPwnœZ KivUv GKUv
d¨vkv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j GLb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ n‡Z n‡j, wPšÍvkxj Kwe mvwnwZ¨K
†jLK ÔwPšÍvwe`Õ nÕ‡j, wb‡R‡K Avw¯ÍK eÕ‡j wPwýZ KivUv †hb Zv‡`i Kv‡Q GKwU weivU
j¾vKi KvR eÕ‡j g‡b nq| a‡gi ÔMuvRvLywi Mí Ges ‡cŠivwYK KvwnbxMv_vÕ Zv‡`i‡K
ixwZg‡Zv Ôgb-Mov ev‡bvqvU Kvwnbxi cyi‡bv cÖZœZvwË¡K MÜ †`qÕ| a‡g©i bvgavix wKQz wKQz
†cŠivwYK Mv_vi KvíwbK wfwË we‡kølY KÕ‡i Zviv ‡h-wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nb, Zvi mv‡_
cÖZZ
œ vwË¡K Abyl½ †U‡b Zv‡K Zviv me a‡g©i †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z m‡Pó n‡q I‡Vb| A_P
Zviv GKevi †f‡eI †`‡b bv †h Z_vKw_Z Ô‡gŠjev`x‡`iÕ g‡Zv ZvivI nUKvix Z¡wiZ-
wm×všÍ‡K cÖk&ªq w`‡q‡Qb| ‡gŠjev`xi wPšÍv bv KÕ‡i hv e‡j, Zviv wPšÍv I M‡elYv KÕ‡i †mB
GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb|

ZvivI †Kvivb w`‡q Ges Ab¨vb¨ ag©MÖš’ w`‡q m„wóKZ©v‡K AcÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡ib|

‡gŠjev`x‡`i Ges Z_vKw_Z cÖMwZkxj wPšÍvwe`‡`i ga¨Kvi GB wgj Ges Zv‡`i

aŸsmvZ¥K Kvh©Kjvc Avgv‡K ˆK‡kvi †_‡K fvwe‡q Avm‡Q| cÖwZ c`‡ÿ‡c mewKQz †`‡Lï‡b
gg©vnZ n‡qwQ| †fZ‡i Ges evB‡i Lyu‡R wd‡iwQ cÖK…Z mZ¨‡K|

Ae‡k‡l Avwg weï× ‡hŠw³K Ges MvwYwZK Dcv‡q cÖgvY Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ †h
m„wóKZ©vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q! wcªq cvVK, Avwg Avcbv‡KI Avgvi GB Avb‡›`i Askx`vi Ki‡Z
†c‡i Avi †ewk Avbw›`Z ne|
9
 Avgvi cÖgv‡Yi wfwË wQj hyw³, MwY‡Zi Field Theory Ges Set Theory,
AvBwb÷vB‡bi Special and General Theories of Relativity, Big Bang
Theory-G¸wj †_‡K cÖvß c×wZ Ges Z_¨ Ges Avgvi wbR¯^ mgš^q| cÖgv‡Yi mvwe©K
KvVv‡gv wQj Inductive- Assumption Gi †`vl †_‡K †invB cvevi Rb¨B GB c×wZ
Aej¤^b K‡iwQ| M‡elYv-wbf©i mKj weÁv‡bi c×wZI Inductive | cÖgv‡Yi cÖwµqv wQj
MwY‡Zi Field Extension Gi cÖwµqv| Avwg Avgvi Z‡Ë¡i bvg w`‡qwQ Field Theory of
the Absolute|

Avwg cÖgv‡Y hv †`Lv‡Z †c‡iwQ:

 m„wóKZ©v Av‡Qb|
 wZwb Amxg (gvbexq A‡_© mgq I ¯’v‡bi wePv‡i)|
 wZwb me©kw³gvb|
 m„wóRM‡Zi fvM¨ Av‡M †_‡K wba©viY Kiv Zuvi c‡ÿ cy‡ivcywi m¤¢e|
(hw`I †m e¨vcv‡i Avwg AwaK gšÍe¨ Kwiwb|)
 Zuvi Øviv mewKQzB m¤¢e-KviY †Kv‡bv AvZ¥we‡ivaB (contradiction) Zuvi
Kv‡Q AvZ¥we‡ivax ev Am¤¢e bq|
 Avgiv †Kej Zuvi mÜvb †c‡Z cvwi Z‡e Zuv‡K †c‡Z cvwi bv, Zuvi Aw¯ÍZ¡
m¤^‡Ü wbwðZfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvwi, Z‡e Zuvi inm¨ m¤^‡Ü wKQz Rvb‡Z cvwi bv|
Avwg GUvI cÖgvY KÕ‡i †`wL‡qwQ †h Zv Rvbv m¤¢eI bq|

Avwg g‡b Kwi cÖgvYwU P~ovšÍ (hw`I Ab¨vb¨ c×wZ‡Z mZ¨wU‡K cÖgvY Kiv hvq wK bv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨I
Avwg AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q hvw”Q)| Z‡e Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv Assumption RwbZ ev c×wZMZ ÎæwU i‡q †M‡Q wK bv
Zv GB gyn~‡Z© Avgvi †Pv‡L aiv covi K_v bq| Zv _vK‡j co‡e Ab¨ Kv‡iv †Pv‡L| Z‡e, wb‡Ri e¨vcv‡i
Avwg ej‡Z cvwi †h, Avgvi Kv‡Q cªgvYwU‡K cy‡ivcywi mwVK g‡b n‡q‡Q|

Awm×v‡šÍi †`vjvq Avi †Kb fvm‡e wPšÍvkxj gvbeRvwZ? hw`I cÖgvY cvIqv Ges †g‡b Pjvi g‡a¨
inm¨gq e¨eavb i‡q‡Q, ZeyI AšÍZ hviv wek¦vmx Zv‡`i Rb¨ GB cÖgvYwU n‡e GKwU mwZ¨Kv‡ii weRq
Ges weij cvIqv- hv nq‡Zv Avwg wb‡RI cvIqvi †hvM¨Zv ivwL bv|

Z_vKw_Z AvaywbK wkÿvq wkwÿZ e¨w³‡`i Kv‡Q mPivPi wek¦mxMY gh©v`v cvb bv| GB cÖgv‡Yi ci me
m‡›`n wPiKv‡ji g‡Zv Ny‡P hv‡e| ZLb Awek¦mxivB Zv‡`i gh©v`v nviv‡e, hw` wek¦vm Kivi †hvM¨Zv Zv‡`i
bv _v‡K|

D‡jL¨, evsjv As‡k cÖgv‡Yi KwVb †hŠw³K eybU‡K †f‡O wKQzUv Zij Kiv n‡q‡Q mvaviY cvV‡Ki
eySvi myweavi Rb¨| cÖK…Z Theory- wU Dc¯’vwUZ n‡q‡Q Bs‡iwR As‡k| BsiwR As‡k wKQz welq Av‡Q hv
10
evsjv As‡k †`qv nqwb| Aek¨ Zv ev` w`‡qI mvaviY cvVK evsjv As‡kB Zvi Avmj wRwbmyKz †c‡q
hv‡eb| Avi hviv G e¨vcv‡i Av‡iv wPšÍv Ki‡Z Pvb, Zuv‡`i‡K Aby‡iva Kie Bs‡iwR AskwU‡K fv‡jvfv‡e
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z|

webxZ

Gm.Gg.RvwKi ûmvBb

b‡f¤^i 01, 1998

XvKv|

11
 bvw¯Í‡Ki `ywU cÖkœ

P‚ovšÍ cÖgv‡Yi Kv‡R jvM‡e Ggb `ywU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡kœi mwVK Reve †R‡b †bqv hvK| cÖkœ `ywU ïay
bvw¯Í‡KiB bq, wek¦vmx A_P †KŠZ~njx Avw¯ÍKi wb‡R‡K AvRxeb GB cÖkœ KÕ‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‘ cÖ‡kœi fvlvUv
bvw¯Í‡Ki fvlvi Av`‡j ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. m„wóKZ©v hw` †_‡KB _v‡Kb, Zvn‡j wZwb AbšÍ n‡Z cv‡ib bv, KviY Zuv‡K hw` AbšÍ n‡Z nq,
Zvn‡j Ggb n‡Z n‡e †h Zuvi †Kvb ïiæ wQj bv| wKš‘ huvi ïiæ ev m„wó nqwb, Zuvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡B
_vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Rb¥ Qvov Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv m¤¢ve bq| KviY Qvov Kvh© nq wKfv‡e? (hw` ejv nq †h
wZwb Avcbv †_‡KB AbšÍKvj aÕ‡i Av‡Qb Ges _vK‡eb, Zvn‡j Zv n‡e wbQK GKwU wek¦v‡mi
e¨vcvi| Zv‡K cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e bq|)
Avevi hw` ejv nq †h Zuvi †Kv‡bv m„wó wQj, Zvn‡j ‡Zv wZwb Avi m„wóKZ©vB _vK‡jb bv, AbšÍ
nIqv †Zv `~‡ii K_v| G †_‡K Avgiv cvw”Q GKUv AvZ¥we‡iva (self-contradiction)| A_©vr
m„wóKZ©v e‡j †KD †bB|
2. m„wóKZ©v hw` _vK‡ebB, Zvn‡j Zuv‡K Avgiv Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ n‡jI Luy‡R cvB bv †Kb? Zuv‡K
Avgiv eywS bv †Kb? †h-gvbyl wek¦eþ ª v‡Ði mewKQzB eyS‡Z cvi‡Q Ges Luy‡R cv‡”Q, †m †Kb
m„wóKZ©v bvgK †Kv‡bv mËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Lyu‡R cv‡”Q bv? Avm‡j wZwb †bB eÕ‡jB cvIqv hv‡”Q bv|
Reve

GB cÖ‡kœ¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Lye †gŠwjK Ges RwUj| Gi Reve †KD Luy‡R cvbwb eÕ‡j avwg©K‡`i g‡a¨ GB
g‡bvfveI Pvjy Av‡Q †h m„wóKZ©vi Drm wb‡q wPšÍv Kiv gnvcvc, Zv wbwl×| Zv Ki‡Z †M‡j ag©Py¨Z n‡q
†h‡Z nq| wKš‘ bv, Gme cÖ‡kœi MvwYwZK Reve Av‡Q| Avgiv av‡c av‡c G¸‡ev|

¯úóZB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h cÖ‡Z¨KUv cÖkœ GKUv AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai Rb¥ w`‡”Q| cÖkœ¸‡jvi GB AvZ¥we‡ivax
Pwi‡Îi welqwU‡K Avgiv c‡i we‡ePbv Kie| AvcvZZ †`‡Lv hvK m„wóKZ©v Av‡Qb aÕ‡i wb‡j cÖkœ¸‡jvi
ˆbe¨©w³K (objective) Ges †hŠw³K Reve †Kgb nq|

1. Zuv‡K Aek¨B AbšÍ ev wPi¯’vqx n‡Z n‡e, Ges

2. Zuv‡K Aek¨B `y‡e©va¨ n‡Z n‡e|

wØZxq cÖ¯ÍvebvUv‡K Av‡M cÖgvY Kiv hvK| aiv hvK A‡bK †LuvRv-LyuwRi ci gvbyl, Zuv‡K eyS‡Z cvij|
Zuv‡K cy‡ivcywi eySvi ci, Zvn‡j, gvbyl Avi ZLb Zuv‡K wb‡q mš‘ó _vK‡e bv, wZwb hZB fqsKi ev
ÿgZvkvjx ‡nvb bv †Kb| ZLb gvbyl LuyR‡e Ggb GKRb m„wóKZ©v‡K huv‡K †m cy‡ivcywi eyS‡Z cv‡i bv|
GB cÖwµqv AbšÍKvj aÕ‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e| gvbyl wPiKvj huv‡K cy‡ivcywi eyS‡Z cvi‡e Zuv‡KB AwZµg KÕ‡i
†h‡Z PvB‡e| mnR‡eva¨‡Z Zvi ‡Kv‡bv AvMÖn †bB| GKgvÎ ZvB-B gvby‡li gv_v bZ Ki‡Z cvi hv‡K †m
cy‡ivcywi †ev‡S bv| `~‡e©va¨Zv ZvB gvby‡li GZ cQ›`|

12
 myZivs m„wóKZ©v (hw` wZwb †_‡K _v‡Kb) mnR‡eva¨ n‡jI gvbyl wb‡Ri mš‘wói Rb¨ Zuv‡K `y‡e©va¨ KÕ‡i
ZzjZ|

A_©vr, cÖK…Z avwg©K m„wóKZ©v‡K eyS‡Z bv †c‡iB ‡ewk Avbw›`Z| wZwb Zuv‡K eyS‡Z cv‡ib bv eÕ‡jB
wek¦vm Ki‡Z cÖe„Ë nb †h wZwb Av‡Qb| Aek¨ GB eyS‡Z bv-cvivi ch©v‡q DcbxZ n‡Z n‡j m„wóRM‡Zi
A‡bK wKQzB eyS‡Z n‡e|

myZivs, AbšÍ gvby‡li AvKv•Lvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq †h, m„wóKZ©v‡K hw` _vK‡ZB nq, Zvn‡j Zuv‡K
Aek¨B `y‡e©va¨ n‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Z…wßi Rb¨B Avmj m„wóKZ©v‡K ‡m”Qvq D‡cÿv K‡i
wM‡q Ggb GKRb‡K Kíbv Ki‡e huv‡K †m †ev‡S bv|

`y‡e©va¨Zvi ¯’‡j ÔcvIqvÕ kãUv‡K ewm‡q GKBfv‡e ejv hvq †h gvbyl Zuv‡KB m„wóKZ©v eÕ‡j ¯^xKvi
Ki‡e hv‡K †h KLbI cv‡e bv eÕ‡j †m wbwðZ| †m hw` Zuv‡K ‡cZ, Zvn‡j Zuvi mnRjf¨Zvi Kvi‡Y Zuvi
Ici †_‡K Zvi †KŠZ‚nj Ges Av¯’v me PÕ‡j †hZ| ‡m LuyRZ Ggb GK Rb‡K huv‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ †m
Rxeb w`‡ZI ivwR, A_P †m Rv‡b †h Zuv‡K cvIqv hvq bv|

A_©vr, cÖK…Z Ávbx avwg©K m„wóKZ©v‡K cvb bv eÕ‡jB Lywk|

Avcwb GKwU cv‡Îi- aiv hvK Novi-g‡a¨ nvZ‡o GKUv GK UvKvi gy`ªv LuyR‡Qb| cv‡”Qb bv| Zvi
ciI cv‡”Qb bv| Zvi ciI bv|

Avcwb Zv †c‡jbB bv|

Ae‡k‡l Avcbvi m‡›`n n‡jv gy`ªvUv Nov‡Z Av‡`Š Av‡Q wK bv| IUv‡K w`‡jb Dcyo KÕ‡i|

‡bB|

KviY IUv‡Z Zv wQj bv|

djZ Avcwb wb‡R‡K eySv‡Z cvi‡jb,Ògy`ªvUv‡K Luy‡R cvIqv hvqwb G Kvi‡Y †h Zv ILv‡b wQj bv|Ó

wKšÍy cwiw¯’wZUv‡K GKUz Ab¨fv‡e fvev hvK| Avcwb wbwðZfv‡e Rv‡bb †h NovUv‡Z GKUv GK UvKvi
gy`ªv Av‡Q| NovUv‡K SuvKv w`‡j Zvi kãI n‡”Q| A_P Avcwb †hB NovUvi g‡a¨ nvZov‡”Qb, Agwb Zv
DavI n‡q hv‡”Q| Avcwb †Kv‡bv µ‡gB Zv Avi cv‡”Qb bv| Kx Kx m¤¢ve¨ Kvi‡Y Giƒc NU‡Z cv‡i? GKwU
KviY Ggb n‡Z cv‡i †h1 Avcwb gy`ªvUv‡K aivi Rb¨ †hB Novi g‡a¨ GK cv‡k nvZov‡”Qb, Agwb gy`ªvUv
wVK Zvi wecixZ cv‡k PÕ‡j hv‡”Q| wKsev nq‡Zv Avcwb †hB Zv‡K ai‡Z hv‡”Qb Agwb Zv Avcbvi KvQ
†_‡K `~‡i mÕ‡i hv‡”Q| Avcbvi nvZ †Kv‡bv Pz¤^‡Ki ‡Kv‡bv GKwU ‡giæ Ges gy`ªvUvI Ab¨ GKUv Pz¤^‡Ki
GKB †giæ n‡j GgbB NUZ (hw`I Pz¤^‡Ki GKwUgvÎ †giæ‡K KLbI Avjv`vfv‡e cvIqv m¤¢e bq)|
1
aÕ‡i wb‡Z n‡e †h NUbvwU‡Z †Kv‡bv hv`yK‡ii †fjwKevwR †bB|

13
 gvby‡li KvR Ges †hvM¨Zv mgq Øviv mxgve×| d‡j Avcwb GKwU we‡kl gyn~‡Z© ‡Kej NovUvi
GKUvgvÎ w`‡KB nvZovevi †hvM¨Zv iv‡Lb| d‡j Avcbvi nvZ Ges gy`ªvUv hw` D³ Kvq`vq ÔPz¤^KxÕ AvPiY
K‡i, Zvn‡j Avcwb mviv Rxeb nvZ‡oI gy`ªvUv‡K cv‡eb bv| A_P Avcwb wbwðZ †h Zv NovUvi g‡a¨
Av‡Q|

wKš‘ Avcbvi †hvM¨Zvi Amxg ch©šÍ evwo‡q †`qv hvK| aiv hvK †h Avcwb GKB gyn~‡Z© cÖK…wZi wbqg‡K
D‡cÿv KÕ‡i NovUvi me RvqMvq nvZov‡Z cv‡ib| Ges Av‡iv hvK †h gy`ªvUvi †PŠ¤^K‡Zi †auvKvevwR GLb
Avi Avcbvi nv‡Zi Amxg ÿgZvi mv‡_ cvjøv w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘ Avcwb we¯§‡qi mv‡_ jÿ¨ Ki‡jb †h
GeviI gy`ªvUv‡K Avcwb NovUvi g‡a¨ Luy‡R †c‡jb bv!

A_P Zv Zv‡Z Av‡Q|

Avcbvi nvZ GKB mv‡_ NovUvi †fZ‡ii me RvqMv `Lj KÕ‡i wb‡”Q|ZeyI IUv‡K Avcwb Luy‡R
cv‡”Qb bv|

MvwYwZKfv‡e Ges ZË¡xqfv‡e Avcwb wbwðZ †h Avcbvi cy‡iv nvZUv NovUvi †h-¯’vbUzKz `Lj KÕ‡i
Av‡Q, wVK Zvi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q gy`ªvUv| A_P Avcwb Zv Luy‡R cv‡”Qb bv|

Gi e¨vL¨v Kx n‡Z cv‡i? wKfv‡e GUv m¤¢e?

Avm‡j, Avcwb hLb gy`ªvUv‡K LuyRwQ‡jb, ZLb IUv Avcbvi nv‡Zi g‡a¨B Xz‡K cÕ‡owQj|

Avgiv hLb m„wóKZ©v Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev Abw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY Ki‡Z hvB, ZLb †mB welqe¯‘wU (A_©vr Zuvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev
Abw¯ÍZ¡) Avgv‡`i hyw³i c×wZi g‡a¨ Xz‡K cÕ‡o DavI n‡q hvq| d‡j Avgiv Avi mgm¨vi mgvavb Luy‡R
cvB bv|

gvbe hyw³ Zvi wb‡Ri g‡a¨ mxgve×| myZivs m„wóKZ©v wb‡q K_v ejvi Av‡M Avgv‡`i‡K Avgv‡`i hyw³i
kw³‡K ciL KÕ‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Kz‡qvi gv‡ci jvd w`‡q Kz‡qvi e¨v‡Oi c‡ÿ †Kv‡bvw`bI Kz‡qv †_‡K †ei
nIqv m¤¢e bq|2

Aek¨ Novi MíwU GKwU D`vniY gvÎ, †Kv‡bv cÖgvY bq| Avgiv my¯úó cÖgv‡Yi w`‡K hve|

2
hyw³i wfwË Ges Zv‡K we‡kølY Kivi GB `„wófw½ wb‡q GB eB‡Z hZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e Zvi cÖv_wgK exR †ivwcZ n‡q‡Q GB †jL‡Ki AÜKv‡ii
e¯¿niYt ˆeÁvwbK Ges eyw×e„wËK m„RbkxjZvi iv‡R¨ GK †Mvcb Awfhvb eBwU‡Z (‡iv‡nj cvewj‡Kkbm)|

14
 m„wóKZ©v †bB-GB ÔcÖgvYÕ
bvw¯ÍK cwÛZMY m„wóKZ©vi Abw¯ÍZ¡‡K wewfbœfv‡e cÖgvY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h Zuv‡`i
ÔcÖgvYÕ ch©vßfv‡e P~ovšÍ| GB cÖgvY¸‡jv †`qv n‡q‡Q wZbwU welq Aej¤^‡b:

 ag©MÖ‡š’i (‡hgb evB‡ej, †Kvivb) wee„wZ we‡kølY KÕ‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h Zv‡Z Am½wZ
Av‡Q, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î AvZ¥we‡ivax K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, hv‡`I GKwU mZ¨ n‡j AciwU Aek¨B wg_¨v
n‡Z eva¨| wKš‘ GB eB‡Z Avgiv D³ cÖgv‡Yi wek` Av‡jvPbvi hve bv| hvIqvi `iKviI n‡e
bv| †Kvivb w`‡q †Kvivb‡K cÖgvY ev AcÖgvY Kivi †Kv‡bv gv‡b nq bv| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó hyw³i
wm‡÷‡gi m¦fve GgbB (hv Avgiv c‡i †`Le) †h Zvi Øviv Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K cÖgvY Kiv hyw³m½Z
n‡jI Zv Øviv Zvi Abw¯ÍZ¡‡K cÖgvY Kiv Av‡`Š hyw³m½Z eÕ‡j we‡ewPZ nq bv| †Kvivb
evB‡ej‡K wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv‡`i evB‡i †_‡K-ch©‡eÿY w`‡q, weÁv‡bi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K
hyw³ w`‡q| GB wb‡lavÁvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv GB †h, GgbI †Zv n‡Z cv‡i †h †Kv‡bv
ÔAvmgvbxÕ ag©MÖ‡š’i `ywU wee„wZ Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q AvZ¥we‡ivax g‡b n‡”Q Avgiv Zv‡`i cÖK…Z gg©v_©
eyS‡Z cvwiwb eÕ‡j|

fz‡ji m¤¢vebv †_‡K wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ bv _vK‡Z cvi‡j hyw³ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e †auvKv †`q(hv Avgiv GKUz
c‡iB †`Le)

 wØZxq ai‡bi †h-cÖgvY¸”Q nvwRi Kiv nq Zv Av‡m ch©‡eÿYRvZ weÁv‡bi ZË¡ †_‡K|
†mLv‡bI cÖgv‡Yi GKB c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq- AvZ¥we‡iva (self-contradiction)|
eªþ‡Ði mewKQz mylg (symmetrical) Ges D‡Ïk¨PvwjZ (purposeful)-aªæc`x (classical)
c`v_©we`¨vi GB wm×všÍ (Ges A‡bKvs‡k Ôc~ea© viYvÕ ev assumption) †h AvaywbK weÁv‡bi
†hgb Quantum Physics) cÖvß Z‡_¨i mv‡_ mvhyR¨c~Y© bq, Ges d‡j m„wói †cQ‡b †h
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© †Kv‡bv mylg Ges gm„Y c~e©cwiKíbv †bB, Zv †`Lv‡bvi gva¨‡gB Giƒc cÖgvY
‡`Iqv n‡q _v‡K| Aek¨ ïay c`v_©we`¨vB bq, imvqYwe`¨v, Rxewe`¨v, weeZ©bev` BZ¨vw`i
Av‡jv‡K Av‡iv A‡bK LÛ-cÖgvY †`qvI n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Gme LÛ-cÖgv‡Yi D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv
e¨vcKZi(overall) wm×v‡šÍi mZ¨Zv‡K ev h_v_©Zv‡K Av‡iv gReyZ Kiv| Gme cÖm½
Avgv‡`i GB eB‡Z wewfbœ Av‡jvPbvi g‡a¨ Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vK‡e|
 m„wóKZ©vi Abw¯Í‡Z¡i me‡P‡q e¨vcK Ges †gŠwjK †h-cÖgvY¸‡jv †`qv n‡q _v‡K, Zv `vk©wbK
Ges †hŠw³K| cÖgvY wn‡m‡e G¸‡jvi †hŠw³KZv, wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv, Ges gh©v`v me‡P‡q †ewk|
G‡Z †Kv‡bv ag©MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ Xz‡K cÕ‡o Zvi g‡a¨ Am½wZ ev AvZ¥we‡iva †LuvRv nq bv eÕ‡j
cÖgv‡Yi GB `„wófw½Uv‡K wbi‡cÿ ejv P‡j| Z‡e `„wófw½ wbi‡cÿ n‡jI c×wZ Av‡Mi
g‡ZvB-A_©vr G‡ÿ‡ÎI cÖgv‡Yi GKgvÎ Aej¤^b n‡jv cÖwZwôZ hyw³‡Z GKwU AvZ¥we‡iva‡K
Zz‡j aiv|

15
 aiv hvK m„wóKZ©v Av‡Qb| Zvn‡j, Av‡M †hgb †`‡LwQ, Zuv‡K wbtm‡›`‡n n‡Z n‡e me©kw³gvb Ges
AbšÍ| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡jv, Zuvi wK †Kv‡bv AÿgZvB †bB? AšÍZ GKwU AÿgZv Zuvi Av‡Q, Ges Zv n‡jv GB
†h wZwb wb‡R‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| GwU wbtm‡›`‡n GKwU AÿgZv| myZivs me©kw³gvb eÕ‡j wKQz
†bB, Ges d‡j, m„wóKZ©v eÕ‡jI wKQz †bB| Acic‡ÿ, hw` ejv nq †h wZwb wb‡R‡KI aŸsm cv‡ib, Zvn‡j
‡Zv wZwb aŸsmkxj ev bk¦i n‡q †M‡jb| A_©vr m„wóKZ©v n‡Z cv‡ib bv| d‡j m„wóKZ©v eÕ‡j wKQz †bB|

GB auvauvi gg©v_© enb K‡i Ggb Av‡iv A‡bK mgvšÍivj auvauv Av‡Q, †hŠw³Kfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡j hv
†_‡K GKUvB wm×všÍ cvIqv hvq- m„wóKZ©v eÕ‡j wKQz †bB, Ges _vK‡Z cv‡iI bv| K‡qKwU we‡køwlZ
n‡jv|

Big Bang Theory3 Abymv‡i wek¦-eªþvÐUv GK mg‡q ‡QvU GKUv we›`yi ev Kj‡gi †LuvPvi (full
stop-Gi ) g‡Zv wQj| H we›`yUvi IRb wQj †MvUv m„wó-RM‡Zi IR‡bi mgvb| cÖkœ n‡jv: H we›`yUv wQj
†Kv_vq? A_©vr we›`yUvi Pvicv‡k Kx wQj?

k~‡b¨? wKš‘ k~b¨ Ges mgqI GK ai‡bi m„wó hv Av‡M wQj bv| eªþvÐ m„wói mv‡_ mv‡_B k~‡b¨i m„wó
n‡qwQj| AvBwb÷vB‡bi Av‡cwÿKZvev`I ZvB e‡j|

Zvn‡j? ‡Kv_vq wQj we›`ywU?

Avm‡j D³ ch©v‡q Avgv‡`i Kíbv †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv| gvbexq hyw³ space (k~b¨) Ges time (mgq)
Gi evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| Gme welq‡K we‡ePbv Kivi Av‡M gvbexq hyw³i ‡`Šo KZ`~i Zv †R‡b wb‡Z
n‡e|

Av‡iKUv auvauv n‡jv GKUv mvc‡K wb‡q| mvcwU ÿzav_© n‡j wb‡Ri †jR wM‡j Lvq| aiv hvK †m Zvi
‡jR wPwe‡q Lvq bv, wM‡j Lvq| Zvi D‡Ïk¨ †m wb‡R‡K cy‡ivcywi wM‡j †L‡q †dj‡e| Zv wK †m cvi‡e?
GKUz KÕ‡i wPšÍvi g‡a¨ G¸‡Z _vKzb Ges Kíbvq †`L‡Z _vKzb †m KZ `~i G¸‡Z cv‡i|

G cÖm‡½ wKQz cÖkœevY G‡m cÖkœKZ©v‡K we× Ki‡e:

Òwb‡Ri †jR †m wMj‡e-eySjvg, wKš‘ ivL‡e †Kv_vq?Ó

‡c‡U|

Ò‡cUI †Zv †m Lv‡e| ivL‡e †Kv_vq?Ó

Mjvq|

ÒMjvI †Zv Lv‡e| ivL‡e †Kv_vq?Ó

3
hv‡K Pi‡g wb‡q †M‡Qb weªwUk weÁvbx Stephen Hawking|

16
 Mv‡ji g‡a¨, A_©vr gy‡L|

ÒwKš‘ Zvi gyLUvI LvIqvi K_v, ‡h‡nZz †m wb‡R‡K cy‡ivcywi †L‡q ‡dj‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ gyL‡K †m Lv‡e
Kx w`‡q?Ó

gyL w`‡q|

ÒmvcUvi KqUv gyL?Ó

GKUv|

ÒZvn‡j G Av‡`Š m¤¢e bv|Ó

GK`g bv?

Òbv|Ó

hw` m„wóKZ©v Zv‡K Av‡`k †`b, Ômvc! ZzB wb‡R‡K cy‡ivcywi †L‡q †dj,Ó Zvn‡jI bv?

GB cÖ‡kœi DËi m¤¢e: hw` wZwb me©kw³gvY m„wóKZ©v nb, Zvn‡j wZwb †h‡nZz gvby‡li wPšÍvq hv m¤¢e
Ges Am¤¢e Zvi meB m¤¢e Ki‡Z cv‡ib, †m‡nZz Zuvi ‡`qv †KŠkj Abymv‡i mvcUv Zv cvi‡e|

wKfv‡e?

Zv ejv gvby‡li c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| Z‡e GUzKz ejv hvq †h Zuvi Øviv Zv m¤¢e|

Zv †h m¤¢e Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb?

wKfv‡e Zv m¤¢e Zv Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ Rvbv m¤¢e bq| Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡j ‡Zv Avgiv Zuv‡KB †R‡b †djZvg,
Ges ZLb Avi Zuv‡K m„wóKZ©v ejZvg bv| A_©vr ZLb wZwb Avi m„wó ZLb wZwb Avi m„wóKZ©v _vK‡Zb bv|
myZivs †h‡nZz Avgiv Rvwb †h Zv Zuvi Øviv m¤¢e, Ges †h‡nZz Avgiv Rvwb bv wKfv‡e Zv m¤¢e, †m‡nZz
GK_v cÖgvwYZ nq †h m„wóKZ©vi Øviv (hw` wZwb _v‡Kb) Zv cy‡ivcywi m¤¢e| Z‡e gvby‡li c‡ÿ Zv †`Lv
m¤¢e bq| gvbyl `¨v‡L †PvL w`‡q bq, hyw³ w`‡q, gw¯Í®‹ w`‡q| Zvi hyw³‡Z Giƒc NUbv †`Lvi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv
ÿgZv †bB eÕ‡j †m Zv †`L‡Z cv‡e bv| †mLv‡b hyw³‡K cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai Rb¥ †`‡e|
hyw³i ÿgZv †bB wb‡R‡K AwZµg Kivi| d‡j hv Zvi Avq‡Ëi evB‡i Zv Zvi wePv‡i A‡hŠw³K| wKš‘
Av‡iv DbœZ †Kv‡bv hyw³ _vK‡Z cvi hvi wePv‡i Giƒc NUbv A‡hŠw³K bq| Gfv‡e µ‡g µ‡g G¸‡Z
G¸‡Z nq‡Zv Ggb hyw³I cvIqv hv‡e hvi Kv‡Q A‡hŠw³K eÕ‡jB wKQz †bB| †mLv‡b meB †hŠw³K| Avi
†hŠw³K eÕ‡jB Zv †mLv‡b m¤¢e| hyw³i †m wm‡÷‡g †Kv‡bv AvZ¥we‡iva _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|

ÒPgrKvi| wKš‘ Av‡iv cÖgvY PvB|Ó

17
 Aek¨B| c‡i †`qv n‡e|

GKB RvZxq Av‡iKUv auvav Av‡Q: GK gv_vwewkó GK ivÿm iv‡M wb‡Ri gv_v wQ‡o wb‡R Lv‡”Q|
wKfv‡e?4

DËi GKB ai‡bi|

‡ek, Zvn‡j eyS‡Z myweav n‡jv †h Dc‡iv³ AvZ¥we‡ivagy³ †Kv‡bv hyw³ hw` _v‡K, Zvn‡j Zv Abymv‡i
m„wóKZ©v wb‡R‡K m„wóI Ki‡Z cv‡ib, aŸsmI Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e cv_©K¨ GLv‡b †h wb‡R‡K aŸsm Kivi
ciI wZwb m„wóKZ©vB _v‡Kb| Ges wb‡R‡K m„wó Kivi Av‡MI wZwb wQ‡jb|

Gvby‡li wePv‡i hv‡K aŸsm ejv nq, m„wóKZ©vi wePv‡i aŸsm gv‡b Zv bv-I n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK gvby‡li
wePv‡iI ‡Zv cy‡ivcywi aŸsm eÕ‡j wKQz †bB|kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î Abymv‡i, gvbyl m„wó-RM‡Zi †Kv‡bv kw³‡K
Ab¨ cÖKv‡ii kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi AvBwb÷vB‡bi weL¨vZ E = mc2 5 m~Î Abymv‡i c`v_©B
kw³, kw³B c`v_©| myZivs m„wóRM‡Zi †Kv‡bv c`v_©I aŸsm Kiv m¤¢e bq| ïay m¤¢e iƒcvšÍi|

GB hw` nq gvby‡li Ae¯’v, Zvn‡j m„wóKZ©vi †ÿ‡Î wbðqB e¨vcviwU Av‡iv w¯’i| GgbI †Zv n‡Z cv‡i
†h wZwb wb‡R‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z Ki‡Z m¤ú~Y© wb‡R‡ZB iƒcvšÍwiZ nb, wfbœ wKQz‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nb bv| A_©vr
Zuvi †Kv‡bv iƒcvšÍi †bB| Z‡e iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqvUv(process) Zuvi Rvbv Av‡Q| wb‡R‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z wZwb D³ aŸs‡mi cÖwµqvi6g‡a¨ RxweZ _v‡Kb Ges D³ cÖwµqvi ciI AÿZ Ae¯’vq _v‡Kb| wZwb
¯^qsm¤ú~Y©|

cvVK GZÿ‡Y wbðq jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb †h hyw³i kw³ ciL Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv evievi hyw³i Ici ûgwo
†L‡q cowQ| Zvi evB‡i †h‡Z cviwQ bv| Avgiv Avgv‡`i K_vq Nb Nb Ôm¤¢eZÕ Ôbv-I n‡Z cv‡iÕ Ônq‡ZvÕ
GB RvZxq kã e¨envi KiwQ| GgZve¯Ívq nq‡Zv Avcwb ej‡eb †h gvbexq hyw³ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© eÕ‡j Zvi
evB‡i Avgv‡`i hvIqvi `iKvi nq bv, Zvi g‡a¨ †_‡KB Avgv‡`i me KvR PÕ‡j hvq| wKš‘ G K_vi
h_v_©Zv KZLvwb Zv Avgiv ZZÿY eyS‡Z cviwQ bv hZÿY Avgiv hyw³i my‡ZvUv KZUyKz j¤^v Ges Zv w`‡q
KZ`~i †cuŠQv‡bv hvq Zv †`LwQ|

4
‡bqv n‡q‡Q AÜKv‡ii e¯¿niY eBwU †_‡K| †mLv‡b Giƒc auvauvi Ges †mU w_Iwi welqK evU©ªvÛ iv‡m‡ji auvauvwUiI (c‡i Av‡jvP¨) ¯úó †hŠw³K
mgvavb †`qv n‡q‡Q|
5
‡hLv‡b E= kw³, m = e¯‘i fi, c= Av‡jvi †eM|
6
cÖwµqvi aviYvi Ici wfwË KÕ‡i AÜKv‡ii e¯¿ni‡Yi bvqK GKwU ZË¡ D™¢veb K‡iwQj hv w`‡q †m iv‡m‡ji auvauv‡KI e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQj|

18
 hyw³i †`Šo
‡gvjøvi †`Šo gwmwR` ch©šÍ eÕ‡j †gvjøv‡K Mvj cvovi Af¨vm Av‡Q, A_P Avgiv wK †KD KLbI †f‡e
†`‡LwQ †h †h-hyw³ w`‡q Avgiv †gvjøv‡K †Kej gwmwR` ch©šÍ †`Š‡o wM‡q †_‡g †h‡Z †`wL ZvI †gvjøvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ PÕ‡j Zvi mv‡_B †_‡g hvq? GLb Avgiv ¯úófv‡e †`Le hyw³ KZ `~i †`Šovq| Ges Zv Ki‡Z
wM‡q Avgiv KZ¸wj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges AgxgvswmZ wel‡qi P‚ovšÍ mZ¨wU Rvbe| welq¸wj n‡jv:

 gvby‡li Áv‡bi mxgv †Kvb ch©šÍ? Zvi Áv‡bi mxgve×Zv Kx Kx?

 ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv (completeness) ej‡Z Avm‡j Kx eySvq?
 hyw³ wK m¦qsm¤ú~Y© (complete ev self-sufficient)?
 ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv Ges mxgvi (limit) g‡a¨ m¤úK©?
 AvZ¥we‡iva (self-contradiciton) ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
 hyw³ KLb Ges †Kb AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai Rb¥ †`q?
 cÖgvY (proof) Kv‡K e‡j Ges Zvi c×wZ¸wj Kx Kx?
 ‡Kv‡bv wKQz cÖgvY Kivi †ÿ‡Î AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai aviYvi Ici KZLvwb wbf©i Kiv hvq?
 AvZ¥we‡iva Kv‡K cÖgvY K‡i?
 ‡Kv‡bv †hŠw³K wm‡÷‡g AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avewk¨K wK bv? GB cÖkœ¸‡jvi weï× (abstract)
Reve cvIqv m¤¢e n‡jB †Kej cÖgvY Kiv hv‡e m„wóKZ©v Av‡Qb wK ‡bB|

gvby‡li Áv‡bi mxgv

welqwU‡K we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbv AZ¨šÍ KwVb| KviY cÖ_‡gB Ávb‡K ¯úófv‡e msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †`L‡Z
Áv‡bi Drm Kx Kx|

wKš‘ LywUbvwU Av‡jvPbvq hvIqvi †Kv‡bv `iKvi Avgv‡`i n‡e bv| Avgiv mivmwi Áv‡bi †Mvovq ev
†gŠwjK ch©v‡q nvZ w`‡e| ZeyI mv`vgvVvfv‡e ejv hvq, Áv‡bi Drm n‡jv c‡Âw›`ªq, hyw³, Kíbv, wek¦vm,
AwfÁZv| eySvB hv‡”Q †h hyw³ ev‡` Ab¨vb¨ Drm¸‡jv †_‡K AwR©Z Ávb mxwgZ Ges Aweï× Ges
cÿcvwZZ¡c~Y© n‡Z eva¨| wKš‘ Avgiv cy‡ivcywi D`vi fv‡e aÕ‡i wbe †h gvby‡li Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Drm n‡jv
hyw³-weï× MvwYwZK hyw³, hvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡Kw›`ªKZv †bB(subjectivity) | Gfv‡e wePvi Ki‡j
GK_vI D`vifv‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv hvq †h, D³ hyw³i Øviv AwR©Z Ávb mivmwi ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡
K‡i| wKš‘ ZeyI Zvi Ávb mxwgZ n‡Z eva¨|

D`vniY †bqv hvK| Avgiv Rvwb †h Ôgvbyl giYkxjÕ| wKš‘ GB Rvbv wK weï×? gvbyl wK mwZ¨B
giYkxj? wKfv‡e Avgiv Zv Rvbjvg? Gi †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg GB ch©šÍ nqwb wVKB, wKš‘ †KD wK GUv cÖgvY

19
Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †h Gi †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg n‡e bv? aiv hvK †KD cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb †h Gi †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg n‡e
bv, wKš‘ Zvi Øviv wK GUv cÖgvwYZ nq †h Gi †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg nIqv m¤¢e bq?

HwZn¨MZfv‡e (traditionally) hyw³‡K cÖavbZ `ywU chv‡q †djv nq: Ae‡ivn (inductive) Ges
Av‡ivn (deductive)|

Ae‡ivn hyw³
& n‡jv cÖK…wZRM‡Zi ÿz`ª ÿy`ª Z_¨ †_‡K e¨vcKZi †Kv‡bv Z_¨ (ev wm×všÍ) †ei KÕ‡i
†bqvi c×wZ| †hgb:

iwng gvbyl|

Kwig gvbyl|

Zviv g‡i‡Q|

GB ch©šÍ c„w_ex‡Z hZ gvbyl Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q mevB g‡i‡Q|

myZivs gvbyl giYkxj|

Ae‡ivn hyw³ n‡jv e¨vcKZi (general) ‡Kv‡bv wm×všÍ ev mZ¨ †_‡K we‡kl (specific) ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³
e¯‘ BZ¨vw` m¤^‡Ü wm×všÍ ‡bqvi cÖwµqv| †hgb:

gvbyl giYkxj|

fwel¨‡Z c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl Rb¥ †b‡e|

myZivs fwel¨‡Zi gvbylI giYkxj n‡e|

GLv‡b Ae‡ivn c×wZi wm×všÍ‡K mZ¨ aÕ‡i wb‡q me©Kv‡ji †MvUv gvbeRvwZi GK Ask (A_©vr
fwel¨‡Zi gvbyl) m¤^‡Ü wm×všÍ †bqv n‡q‡Q| GB hyw³ ï× (valid)| cÖ_g evK¨wU‡Z hw` †Kv‡bv fzj bv
_v‡K Zvn‡j Gi wm×v‡šÍI †Kv‡bv fzj ‡bB|

wKš‘ cÖ_g evK¨wU (A_©vr Ôgvbyl giYkxjÕ) wK ï×? Ggb hw` nq †h fwel¨‡Z weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹vi
ev D™¢ve‡bi e‡`Šj‡Z gvbyl wPiRxex n‡Z cvi‡e, Zvn‡j? Giƒc m¤¢vebvi K_v g‡b †i‡L GKRb gy³wPšÍvi
gvbyl n‡q wK ¯^xKvi KÕ‡i †bqv hvq †h gvbyl giYkxj? Av‡`Š bq|

cvVK nq‡Zv GB gyn~‡Z© cÖkœ Ki‡Qb, ÒG K_v mZ¨ †h gvbyl KLbI wPiRxex n‡Z cvi‡e bv| myZivs
gvbyl giYkxj K_vwU mZ¨|Ó

Avcbv‡K †K ejj †h gvbyl KLbI wPiRxex n‡Z cvi‡e bv?

20
 Ò‡h-B ejyK, cvi‡e bv| hw` KLbI cv‡i, ZLb Avgvi K_v Avwg wdwi‡q †be| wKš‘ Zvi AvM ch©šÍ
Avgvi K_v mZ¨|Ó

‡ek, Zvn‡j Ôgvbyl giYkxjÕ K_vUvi e`‡j ej‡Qb bv †Kb ÔGKwU wbw`ó mg‡qi AvM ch©šÍ gvbyl
giYkxj (hw`I Avwg Rvwb †mB mgqUv KLb ïiæ n‡e)Õ?

m¤¢eZ GKb ¸g n‡q †M‡Qb|

Av”Qv, aÕ‡i wbjvg †h Avmj mZ¨ n‡jv gvbyl giYkxj- nq‡Zv Amxg Kvj hveZ †eu‡P ‡_‡K ch©‡eÿY
Ki‡j Avgiv K_vUvi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z cvie| myZivs Gi~c Am¤¢e hvPvB‡qi Sv‡gjvi g‡a¨ bv wM‡q|
¯^xKvi KÕ‡i wbjvg †h gvbyl gi‡eB, AvR †nvK Avi Kvj|7 wKš‘ hyw³‡Z Zv Avm‡Q bv †Kb? ˆea (valid)
hyw³wU n‡e Giƒc:

iwng Ges Kwig wQj gvbyl|

Zviv g‡i‡Q|

GB ch©šÍ c„w_ex‡Z hZ gvbyl G‡m‡Q mevB g‡i‡Q| †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg †`Lv hvqwb|

myZivs GB ch©šÍ c„w_ex‡Z hZ gvbyl R‡b¥wQj (Ges g‡iwQj) Zviv mevB wQj giYkxj|

GUvB n‡jv ˆea wm×všÍ| G †_‡K Avgiv eo †Rvo GUzKz Abygvb (infer) Ki‡Z cvwi!

myZivs fwel¨‡ZI †hme gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z Rb¥v‡e Zv‡`iI giYkxj nIqvi A‡bK m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|

Gi evB‡i wM‡q hw` †Kv‡bv gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j Zv n‡e A‡hŠw³K Ges A‰eÁvwbK| Zvn‡j †`Lyb †Zv
hyw³i wK mxgve×Zv! Ôgvbyl giYkxjÕ K_vUv cÖK„Z mZ¨ n‡q _vK‡jI hyw³i gva¨‡g Zv cvIqv hv‡”Q bv|
Avi GB cÖwµqvq ‡h mvaviYxK…Z (generalized) Ávb cvIqv hvq, Zv‡Z fzj _vK‡j Av‡ivn c×wZi
gva¨‡g Zv †_‡K M„nxZ †h-‡Kv‡bv wm×všÍB fzj n‡Z eva¨|

mivmwi Av‡ivn (deductive) Ávb eÕ‡j wKQz †bB-AšÍZ weÁv‡bi `„wó‡Z Zv †bB| cÖwZw`b m~h© Dw`Z
nq Ges A¯Í hvq †`‡L Avgiv eo‡Rvo ej‡Z cvwi †h AvMvgxKvjI GKB NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q, wKš‘
wbðq KÕ‡i ej‡Z cvwi bv †h AvMvgxKvj Zv Aek¨B NU‡e| Z‡e Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b hyw³
& i GZ m~ÿZv
mPivPi eR©b KÕ‡iB Pwj|

7
AmxgKvj hveZ †eu‡P †_‡K hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡j wKš‘ hvPvBKvix‡K wPiKvjB †eu‡P _vK‡Z n‡e! d‡j Ôgvbyl giYkxjÕ K_vUv‡K cÖgvY Ki‡Z wM‡q
wZwb Zvi D‡ëvUvB cÖgvY KÕ‡i em‡eb!

21
 weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e ÁvbvR©‡bi GKUvB Dcvq n‡jv Ae‡ivn (inductive) c×wZ- hv‡Z cÖK…wZ †_‡K
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ †bqv GB mvaviYxK…Z wm×všÍ †_‡K Aek¨ c‡i Av‡ivn (deductive)
c×wZ cÖ‡qvM KÕ‡i we‡kl †Kv‡bv wel‡q Abygvb Kiv hvq| †hgb:

1. ‡gŠgvwQ Do‡j ¸Y¸Y kã nq|

2. ILv‡b ¸Y¸Y kã n‡”Q|
3. myZivs ILv‡b †gŠgvwQ Do‡Q|

g‡b n‡Z cv‡i †h GLv‡b 1 bs evK¨ mZ¨ n‡j 3 bs evK¨I mZ¨, bB‡j bq| wKšÍy 1 bs evK¨ wK mZ¨?
ILv‡b †Zv GKUv †fvgivI Do‡Z cv‡i| †fvgiv Do‡j †Zv ¸Y¸Y kã nq| wKsev GKUv eo gvwQI †Zv
Do‡Z cv‡i| myZivs 3bs evK¨ ï× bq| ï× evK¨ n‡e: myZivs ILv‡b nq‡Zv †gŠgvwQ Do‡Q| 1bq evK¨wU
hw` n‡Zv Ô‡Kej ‡gŠgvwQ Do‡jB ¸Y¸Y kã nqÕ, Zvn‡j 3bs evK¨ Aek¨B mZ¨ n‡Zv| wKš‘ Avcbv‡K †K
wbðqZv †`‡e †h ‡Kej †gŠgvwQ Do‡jB ¸Y ¸Y kã nq? G wbðqZv †c‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K c„w_exi me
cZ‡½i Iovi gyn~‡Z©I kã‡K ch©‡eÿY KÕ‡i Av‡M wbwðZ n‡q wb‡Z n‡e K_vwU wVK wK bv| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e
Zv m¤¢e nq bv| Avi Zv m¤¢e nq bv eÕ‡jB Ae‡ivn c×wZi gva¨‡g A‡bK¸‡jv (me bq) cZ‡½i Iovi
kã‡K ch©‡eÿY KÕ‡i GKwU e¨vcK (generalized) wm×všÍ †bqvi †Póv Kiv nq| A_©vr gvby‡li Ávb
ZZLvwb cy‡ivcywi ‰ea hZLvwb †m ch©‡eÿY †_‡K AR©b Ki‡Q| Ges †mB ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mZ¨Zvi Ici Zvi
hyw³i †`Šo wbf©i K‡i| A_P cÖK…wZi m‡Z¨i A‡bK wKQzB gvbye hyw³i aiv-‡Quvqvi evB‡i| d‡j:

nZ¨v Kiv Aciva|

wkwÿZ gvbyl f`ª nq|

gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe|

BZ¨vw` wm×všÍ¸wj cy‡ivcywi m¤¢e bq| Av`vjZ hw` KvD‡K nZ¨vi mvRv †`b, Zvn‡j (&H Av`vj‡Zi `„wó‡Z
Av`vj‡Zi ivq‡K gvb¨Kvix †jv‡K‡`i `„wó‡Z) Zv †Kv‡bv Aciva eÕ‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e bv; me wkwÿZ gvbyl
f`ª bv-I n‡Z cv‡ib; wKQz wKQz gvbyl AmvgvwRKI n‡Z cv‡i (hw` Zviv iwebmb µz‡mvi g‡Zv msmviwcÖq
bv nq)|

wKš‘ GB Ávb¸‡jv k¦vk¦Z Ges e¨wZµgnxb:

(‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †ÿ‡Î) hv mZ¨ Zv (H †ÿ‡Î) mZ¨B|

‡h g„Z †m RxweZ bq|

2+2=4

22
BZ¨vw`| jÿ KiæY, GLv‡b ÔmZ¨Õ Øviv ÔmZ¨Õ ‡K, ÔRxweZ bqÕ (=g„Z) Øviv Ôg„ZÕ‡K Ges 2+2 Øviv 4 †K
cÖgvY Kiv n‡”Q| †Kv‡bv Z_¨‡K Zvi wb‡Ri Øviv wPwýZ Kiv n‡”Q| Giƒc Ávb ï×| Z‡e Giƒc Ávb AR©b
Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K cÖK…wZRM‡Zi w`‡K ZvKv‡Z nq bv, ïay ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ k㸇”Qi †hŠw³K m¤úK©
†`L‡jB P‡j| hyw³ n‡jv GKvwaK (c‡`i ev ) aviYvi g‡a¨i m¤úK© wPwýZ Kivi Dcvq|

wKš‘ Ae‡ivn w`‡q Ae‡ivn‡K cÖgvY ev hvPvB Kiv hvq bv| Ae‡ivn ÔwKQzÕ †_‡K Ôme¸‡jvÕ m¤^‡Ü
AbygvY K‡i| d‡j RM‡Zi m¤¢ve¨ me Ae‡iv‡ni mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i ÔwKQzÕ
msL¨K †_‡KB me¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e, hv n‡q hv‡e Am¤ú~Y©| A_©vr Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi:

Ae‡ivn c×wZ weï× m‡Z¨i mÜvb †`q bv|

myZivs, †h‡nZz ch©‡eÿYRvZ Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv Dcvq n‡jv Ae‡ivn c×wZ, Ges †h‡nZz
Ae‡iv‡ni ˆeaZv mxwgZ, ‡m‡nZz gvbe Áv‡bi †`ŠoI mxwgZ|

wKš‘ G †Zv †Mj gvbe Áv‡bi †`Šo, Avgv‡`i me‡P‡q ‡ewk hv `iKvi Zv n‡jv gvby‡li hyw³i †`Šo|

Z‡e Zvi Av‡M †`Lv hvK gvby‡li Rvbvi (A_©vr Áv‡bi) mxgve×Zv †Kgb| A_©vr Avgiv Rvbe g~jZ
gvby‡li Rvbvi †hvM¨Zvi mxgve×Zv m¤^‡Ü wKQz Z_¨|

ÁvbvR©‡bi gva¨‡g †h c‡Âw›`ªq, Zv‡`I mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| Zv‡`i GKwUi †h ÿgZv Av‡Q Ab¨wUi Zv
†bB| †hgb Avgiv evZvm‡K Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi, wKš‘ †`L‡Z cvwi bv| Avgiv Av‡jv‡K ‡`L‡Z cvwi, Z‡e
Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi, wKš‘ †`L‡Z cvwi bv| Avgiv Av‡jv‡K ‡`L‡Z cvwi, Z‡e Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi bv (hw`
Zvi mv‡_ Abyfe‡hvM¨ Zvc bv _v‡K)| Avgiv wgwó Kx Zv Av¯^v`b KÕ‡i eyS‡Z cvwi, wKš‘ Quy‡q ‡`‡L cvwi
bv|

wKš‘ GB Bw›`ªq¸wji GKwUi mxgve×Zv‡K Ab¨wUi ÿgZv Øviv wKQzUv c~iY Kiv hvq|8 wKš‘ Zvi ciI
me mxgve×Zv‡K AwZµg Kiv hvq bv| wKQz wRwbm Av‡Q hv ïay hyw³ w`‡qB eySv hvq-aiv †Quvqv ev Av¯^v`b
Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ GB hyw³iI mxgve×Zv Av‡Q (hv Avgiv GKUz c‡iB †`Le)|

Perpetual machine ev k¦vk¦Z h‡š¿i K_vB aiv hvK| eûKvj hveZ D™¢veKMY Ggb GKwU †gwkb
DØveb Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb hv‡K GKevi evB‡i †_‡K kw³ cÖ‡qvM KÕ‡i Pvjy KÕ‡i w`‡j Zv wPiKvjB Pj‡Z
_vK‡e- Avi †Kv‡bv kw³i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv| wbDU‡bi MwZwelqK cÖ_g m~Î9 e‡j †h Zv bxwZMZfv‡e
m¤¢e| A_P ev¯Í‡e Ggb †gwkb ‰Zix Kiv Av‡`Š m¤¢e bq|

8
‡`Lyb AÜKv‡ii e¯¿niY|
9
m~ÎwU n‡jv: evB‡i †_‡K ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j MwZkxj e¯‘ wPiKvj MwZkxj Ges ( Av‡cwÿK A‡_©) w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z PvB‡e| m~ÎwU
g~jZ M¨vwjjIi|

23
1618 mv‡j Bs‡iR Wv³vi ievU© d¬vW (Robert Fludd, 1574-1637) Giƒc GKwU †gwkb ˆZwiI
K‡iwQ‡jb, wKš‘ Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR nqwb| Zvi ci A‡b‡KB †Póv K‡i‡Qb KvRwU Ki‡Z, wKš‘ †KDB mdj
nbwb| GLb Aek¨ cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h Giƒc †gwkb m¤¢e bq| KviY †gwkbwU MwZkxj n‡j †h Nl©Y Drcbœ
nq Zv-B D³ MwZ‡K _vwg‡q †`q| A_©vr Nl©‡Yi Kv‡R wKQz kw³ LiP n‡Z _v‡K| †`Lyb †Zv, Ggb
†gwk‡bi K_v gvbyl fv‡e cv‡i A_P †m Zv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GLv‡b fve‡Z cvivUvI hyw³m½Z Ges
evbv‡Z bv cvivUvI hyw³m½Z| Zvn‡j Kx jvf n‡jv hyw³ w`‡q? Zv †Zv gvby‡li †hvM¨Zv‡K fvebvi ¯Í‡i
G‡b w`‡Z cvij bv|
wb‡Pi wmuwo¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKvb| Gi †h-‡Kv‡bv wmuwo w`‡q Nwoi KuvUvi MwZi w`‡K hvÎv ïiæ Kiæb (g‡b
g‡b)| g‡b n‡”Q †hb cÖ‡Z¨K eviB Avcwb Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Qb| A_P Avcwb Avm‡j Av‡`Š Dc‡i DV‡Qb
bv| eis KL‡bv KL‡bv wb‡PB bvg‡Qb| GwU †Kej Qwe‡ZB m¤¢e, ev¯Í‡e Giƒc wmuwo evbv‡bv m¤¢e bq|
A_©vr wØgvwÎK (two-dimensional, GLv‡b KvM‡Ri gvÎv `ywU: ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’) Z‡j hv m¤¢e, wÎgvwÎK
†¯ú‡m (three-dimensional space) Zv m¤¢e bv-I n‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ-1

GKwU Qwei K_vB aiæb hv KvM‡Ri Ici AvuKv n‡q‡Q ev hv †Kv‡bv e¨w³i ev¯Íe d‡Uv| QwewU‡K
†`qv‡j AvVv w`‡q †mu‡U w`b| Gevi `~‡i, Kv‡Q, WvB‡b, ev‡q BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b mÕ‡i wM‡q QwewUi
w`‡K ZvKvb| †`L‡eb †h Avcwb †h-‡KŠwYK `~i‡Z¡B mÕ‡i hvb bv †Kb, QwewU Avcbvi w`‡KB ZvwK‡q
Av‡Q| Zv‡K hZ `k©KB †`LyK, cÖ‡Z¨‡K g‡b Ki‡e †h Zv Zvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q Av‡Q| wUwfi ev wm‡bgvi
c`©vqI Avgv‡`i †`Lv Giƒc avivevwnK (continuous) Ges eûgyLx| wKš‘ wÎgvwÎK †¯ú‡m †Kv‡bv g~wZ© ev
†Kv‡bv ev¯Íe gvbyl Avcbvi mv‡_ ev Zvi GKvwaK `k©‡Ki mv‡_ Giƒc AvPiY Ki‡e bv| Ab¨ K_vq, †`Lvi
D³ †hvM¨Zv wÎgvwÎK †¯ú‡m G‡m Aÿg n‡q c‡o| Zv †Kej wØgvwÎK Z‡ji †ÿ‡ÎB mxwgZ|

24
 GB wPÎwU †`Lyb| GLv‡b `yB gvÎvi mv‡_ wZb gvÎv GK n‡q A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e wg‡k †M‡Q| d‡j G †Kej
AsK‡YB m¤¢e, ev¯Í‡e Giƒc wKQz ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e bq| nvZ w`‡q QwewUi cÖvšÍ eÜ KÕ‡I Zv‡K †`Lvi †Póv
Kiæb| Gevi wb‡Pi cÖvšÍ †_‡K ïiæ K‡I cyiv QwewU‡K Av‡iKevi †`Lyb|

wPÎ-2

Dc‡ii D`vniY¸wj †_‡K GKwU e¨vcvi ¯úó ÔwÎgvwÎK hyw³‡ZÕ hv AvZ¥we‡ivax e¨vcvi, ÔwØgvwÎK
hyw³‡ZÕ Zv cy‡ivcywi m¦vfvweK Ges †hŠw³KI n‡Z cv‡i| Av‡cwÿK space-time wenxb †h k¦vk¦Z
ev¯ÍeZv, Ges d‡j hvi gvÎv Kx Zv Avgiv †KD Rvwb bv, Zv‡Z wK AvZ¥we‡iva eÕ‡j wKQz Av‡Q?

weL¨vZ e„wUk c`v_©we` Ges MwYZwe` Roger Penrose (whwb Stephen Hawking Gi eÜzI)
¯úófv‡e †`wL‡q‡Qb †h GgbI †ÿ‡Î _vK‡Z cv‡I †hLv‡b mewKQz wba©vwiZ (deterministic) Ges
†hŠw³K, AZP Zvi msL¨v MYbv KÕ‡I †kl Kiv hvq bv|

gvby‡li A‡hvM¨Zvi wKQz wKQz mxgv †K Zvi hyw³ A‡bKvs‡k AwZµg KÕ‡I †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb,
1,2,3,4,…. Amxg ch©šÍ msL¨v¸wji GKwUi mv‡_ AciwUi †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Yb. fvM KÕ‡I hZ msL¨A
cvIqv hvq Zv ¸‡Y †KD †kl Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h Zv MYbv‡hvM¨ (denumerable)|10

gvby‡li ÿgZvi GKUv eo mxgve×Zv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Rvgv©b c`v_©we` nvB‡mbevM© (1901-1976), hv
Zuvi weL¨vZ AwbðqZv bxwZ ev Uncertainty Principle bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB bxwZi g~j K_v n‡jv: †Kv‡bv
GKwU MwZkxj KYvi (‡hgb B‡jKUª‡bi) Ae¯’vb (positon) Ges MwZ‡eM (velocity) GKB mv‡_
wbf©yjfv‡e gvcv m¤¢e bq| cÖ_gwU‡K wbf©~jfv‡e gvc‡Z †M‡j wØZxqwUi cwigv‡c ÎæwU _vK‡e Ges

10
mnR we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb AÜKv‡ii e¯¿niY|

25
wecixZµ‡g| wZwb GB welqwU‡K MvwYwZK fv‡e GK ai‡bi g¨vwUª‡·I gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb Ges m~Î
e× K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi GB Avwe®‹vi c`v_©we`¨vi hyMvšÍKvix cvjve`j NwU‡q †Kvqv›Uvg c`v_©we`¨Ai
wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb K‡iwQj Ges 1932 mv‡j Zuv‡K †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi G‡b w`‡qwQj|

nvB‡mbev‡M©I AwbðqZv bxwZ g~jZ ZuviB AMÖR mnKg©x †Wbgv‡K©I c`v_©we` bxjm& †ev‡ii (Neils
Bohr, 1886-1962, †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi cvb 1922 mv‡j) Complementary i ev cÖwZc~iKZvi aviYvwUi
GKwU we‡kl w`K| Zuvi GB aviYvi g~j K_v n‡jv: †Kv‡bv GKwU wm‡÷‡gi GKwU w`K‡K wbf©yjfv‡e
Rvb‡Z ‡M‡j Zvi Aci GKwU m¤ú„³ w`K‡K wbf©yjfv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| wZwb c`v_©we`-we‡klZ cigvYywe`-
nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zuvi GB aviYv‡K ïay cigvYyi ch©v‡q mxgve× iv‡Lbwb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wZwb wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb
†h mZ¨ (truth) Ges ¯úóZv (clarity) n‡jv complementary ev cÖwZc~iK; A_©vr mZ¨‡K ¯úófv‡e
eY©bv Ki‡Z †M‡j Zv Avi cy‡ivcywi mZ¨ _v‡K bv| Aveiv Zv‡K cy‡ivcywi mZ¨ ivL‡Z n‡j Zvi eY©bv n‡q
hv‡e wKQzUv Svcmv ev A¯úó|11 evU©ªvÛ iv‡mjI (1872-1970) GKB gšÍe¨ K‡iwQ‡jb: ¯úóZv me©`vB
ï×Zvi kÎæ|12 †h-‡Kv‡bv wPšÍvwe`B Zuvi g‡bi K_vwU‡K fvlvq cÖKvk Kivi mg‡q G K_vi mZ¨Zv nv‡o
nv‡o †Ui cvb|

‰`bw›`b Rxeb †_‡K Giƒc A‡bK NUbvhyMj‡K †`Lv‡bv hvq| Gi GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_P
mnR‡eva¨ D`vniY n‡jv perspective ev cwi‡cÖwÿZ| Qwe AuvK‡Z wM‡qB gvbyl GB aviYvwU‡K †ewk
e¨envi K‡i‡Q- Ges eû Av‡M †_‡KB GwU gvby‡li Rvbv wQj| cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Zi me©cÖ_g mv_©K we¯ÍvwiZ
R¨vwgwZK Av‡jvPbvI K‡iwQ‡jb GKRb wPÎKi-wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfw (1452-1519)| GB aviYvwUi
we‡kølY cy‡ivcywi R¨vwgwZ-wbf©i| Gi mv‡_ cwiwPZ bv n‡j †Kv‡bv Qwe AuvKvB m¤¢e bq| Gi mnR eY©bv
n‡jv Giƒc: Avcwb †Kv‡bv GKwU wRwbm‡K (‡hgb feb‡K) ¯úófv‡e †`L‡Z PvB‡j Zvi mgMÖ‡K †`L‡Z
cv‡eb bv, Ges, wecixZµ‡g, Zvi mgMÖ‡K †`L‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K ¯úófv‡e †`L‡Z cvi‡eb bv| A_©vr,
K_v¸wj‡K GKwU AÆvwjKvi D`vni‡Yi Ici DcwicvZb KÕ‡I ejv hvq, Avcwb hw` AÆvwjKvwUi c~Y©v½
`„k¨wU †`L‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j Avcbv‡K Zv †_‡K A‡bK `~‡I mÕ‡i†h‡Z n‡e, hLb Avcwb Zvi LuywUbvwU
welq¸wj‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb bv| Avevi Avcwb hw` Zvi Kÿ, `‡ivRv, Rvbvjv, wPÎKg© BZ¨vw` wRwbm¸wj
†`L‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j Avcbv‡K Zvi Lye Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e, Ges d‡j Avcbvi c‡ÿ Avi mgMÖ QwewU †`Lv
m¤¢e n‡e bv| GB Kvi‡Y Qwe‡Z `~‡ii ‡Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K †QvU Ges Kv‡Qi wRwbm‡K eo KÕ‡i †`Lv‡bv nq|

G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU PgrKvi welq n‡jv, AÆvwjKvwU hZ eo n‡e, Zv‡K c~Y©v½fv‡e †`L‡Z Avcbv‡K †h‡Z
n‡e ZZ `~‡i| Ask‡K †`L‡Z n‡j me AÆvwjKvi †ÿ‡Î mgvb ˆbKU¨B h‡_ó, A_P c~Y©v½‡K †`LvB hZ
mgm¨v|

11
‡`Lyb Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory (Vintage, 1993) P.58.
12
Mysticim and Logic (Routledge, 1994) P.78

26
 gvby‡li gvcvi (Ges Rvbvi, KviY weÁv‡b Rvbvi GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv gvcv) GB mxgve×Zv †_‡KB eySv
hvq †h Zv Avm‡j ïay mxgve× bq, w¯’iI e‡U| GB hw` nq ev¯ÍeZv, Zvn‡j GB m„wóRMr‡K c~Y©v½fv‡e
†`L‡Z †M‡j Zv †_‡K KZ `~‡I †h‡Z n‡e? wKš‘ Avgiv wK m„wóRMr †_‡K Av‡`Š evB‡I †h‡Z cvwi? Cvwi
bv eÕ‡jB Avgv‡`I c‡ÿ Gi Dr‡mi inm¨ AšÍZ weÁv‡bi Øviv †Kv‡bv w`bI Rvbv m¤¢e bq| ZvQvov
†Kv‡bv wKQzi g‡a¨ †_‡K Zvi mgMÖ‡K ‡`Lv Av‡`Š m¤¢e bq, As‡ki g‡a¨ mgMÖ _vK‡jI| As‡ki g‡a¨
mgMÖ _vK‡jI H mg‡MÖi Drm D³ As‡ki g‡a¨ †bB|13 d‡j m„wóin‡m¨I P~ovšÍ e¨vL¨v Avmv m¤¢e hyw³
†_‡K, weÁvb †_‡K bq|

wKš‘ Zvi Rb¨ Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e hyw³ †Kb KvR K‡i, KLb K‡i, Ges KLb K‡i bv| GK K_vq DËi
w`‡Z †M‡j ej‡Z nq hyw³ GRb¨ KvR K‡I †h Zv ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| wKš‘ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv Avm‡j Kx? Hv
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Zv wK gvbexq `„wó‡Z Amxg n‡Z cv‡i? GB cÖ‡kœi DËi †c‡j GB eB‡Z hv cÖgvY Ki‡Z
PvIqA n‡q‡Q Zv ¯úófv‡e cÖgvY Kiv hv‡e|

Av‡iKwU mnR A_P PgrKvi welq wb‡q GLb fvev hvq: Avgiv †mB wRwbmwU‡K wKfv‡e Qwe‡Z AuvwK hv
GZ `~‡I Av‡Q †h Avgiv Zv‡K ‡`L‡ZB cvB bv? Zv‡K Avgiv GK`g AuvwKB bv| A_P Zvi ci Avgiv
QwewU‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© fvwe|

Wek¦RMr‡K Avgiv †KD †`wL bv, †`wL Avgv‡`I gb I hyw³i g‡a¨ Zvi AswKZ Qwe| †mB Qwe‡Z hv
†bB Zv‡K Avgiv Avi ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z PvB bv| GUv n‡jv gvby‡li mvgwMÖK mxgve×Zv|

13
cieZ©x‡Z cÖ`Ë Bs‡iwR Ask †`Lyb|

27
 hyw³i ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv

hyw³i †`Šo KZ `~I Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e Zv †Kvb gv‡V †`Šovq| Z‡e cvV‡Ki fq cvevi wKQz
†bB, hyw³ hw`I weï× weg~Z© GKwU welq, ZeyI Avgv‡`I Av‡jvPbv eyS‡Z Avcbviv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡e bv|
KviY Avgiv hyw³i †`n-e¨e‡”Q` Kie bv-hv Avm‡j GKwU RwUj `vk©xbK welq, Avgiv ïay Zvi †`nwU‡K
evB‡I (Ges †fZi) †_‡K Quy‡q †`Le| cÖ_‡g Avgiv GKwU cÖ¯Ívebv‡K cÖgvY Kie
hyw³ †h-gv‡V †`Šovq, Zvi meLv‡bB †m †`Šovq| GB A‡_© hyw³ n‡jv ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©|
cÖ_‡gB Rvbv `iKvi gvV ej‡Z GLv‡b Kx eySv‡bv n‡”Q| Avm‡j GLv‡b gvV Øviv GK ai‡bi weg~Z©,
m¤ú~Y© aviYv-wbf©I MvwYwZK space ev AÂj‡K eySv‡bv n‡”Q| Gi mv‡_ ev¯Íe k~Y¨Zvi ev ¯’v‡bi †Kv‡bv
m¤úK© †bB| d‡j Zv ¯’vb-Kvj wbf©I bq|14 Z‡e gbð‡ÿ †`Lvi myweavi Rb¨ Zv‡K GKwU Z‡ji (A_©vr
ˆ`N©¨ I cÖ¯’wewkó wØgvwÎK space Gi) mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq|15 GB gvV‡K GLb Avgiv wPwýZ Kie Ges
gvce| Z‡e AZ¨šÍ mnR Kvq`vq wKQz msL¨v wb‡q †Ljv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Avgiv Zv Kie|

Kíbvq aÕ‡I wbb †h Avcwb GLb †_‡K AvbygvwbK Qq nvRvi eQi Av‡M my‡gixq mfZvi hy‡M
R‡b¥wQjb| Avcwb AZ¨šÍ eyw×gvb, m„Rbkxj, Ges Aa¨emqx| ZLb gvby‡li MYbv Kivi myweavi Rb¨
Avcwb Zv‡`i‡K 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 GB `kwU msL¨v Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb|16 nv‡Zi `kwU AvOzj
†_‡KB MYbvi GB aviYvwU Avcwb †c‡qwQ‡jb| Avcbvi GB D™¢ve‡b my‡g‡ii Awaevmxiv AZ¨šÍ Avbw›`Z
n‡jv| Zviv wkKv‡ii Kv‡R, e¨emv-evwYR¨, †jb-‡`‡b Avcbvi msL¨v¸‡jv‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z jvMj (aiv
hvK Zviv wVK GB cÖZxK¸wjB e¨envi KiZ|)

wKš‘ mgm¨v GKwU n‡jv: 10 Gi †ewk msL¨K †Kv‡bv wRwbm Zviv ¸Y‡Z cvij bv| GgbwK (aiv hvK)
20 wU wRwbm‡K †Mvbvi ‡ÿ‡Î †h 10 †K 2 evi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Zviv ZvI eySj bv- †h‡nZz Zvi †ewk
msL¨v Zv‡`I Rvbv †bB, Ges d‡j Zv‡`I AwfÁZvq Zv †bB| Zviv G‡m Avcbvi Kv‡Q G e¨vcv‡I
Awf‡hvM Kij|

Avcwb †f‡e †`L‡jb, ZvB‡Zv, 1 †_‡K 10 ch©šÍ msL¨v gvby‡li Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| KviY Zv‡`I ga¨Kvi
`ywU msL¨v‡K †hvM Ki‡j Ggb †bvZzb †Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v cvIqvi K_v hv 1 †_‡K 10 Gi g‡a¨ †bB|
‡hgb, 9 + 3 = ..? Gi Rb¨ Avcwb ‡bvZzb †Kv‡bv msL¨A DØveb K‡ibwb| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRb Avcbvi
D™¢ve‡bi mxgve×Zv‡K †g‡b wb‡”Q bv| d‡j Avcwb cÖ_‡g 1 `k, 2 `k, 3 `k BZ¨vw` Kvq`vq aiv hvK
1,000 ch©šÍ msL¨v D™¢veb Ki‡jb| wKš‘ Zv‡ZI mgm¨vi bxwZMZ mgvavb n‡jv bv-hw`I GLb Av‡Mi
†P‡q †ewk wRwbm †Mvbv m¤¢e n‡jv| GeviI †`Lv †Mj †h 1 †_‡K 1000 Gi ga¨Kvi `ywU ev Z‡ZvwaK

14
AvcvZZ|
15
Zv‡K wÎgvwÎK k~‡b¨i mv‡_I Zzjbv Kiv †hZ, Z‡e RwUjZv Govevi Rb¨ wØgvwÎK ZjB Avgiv †e‡Q wbe| ZvQvov MvwYwZK hyw³ Øviv †h-‡Kv‡bv
welq‡K †h-‡Kv‡bv gvÎvi Z‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv m¤¢e|
16
GB Av‡jvPbvq BwZnv‡mi avivevwnKZv wKQzUv iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q, cÖK…Z BwZnvm bq| KviY Zv Avgv‡`I cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

28
msL¨v‡K †hvM KÕ‡i Ggb msL¨vi aviYv cvIqv hv‡”Q hv cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv msL¨v 1 †_‡K 1000 Gi
g‡a¨ †bB, A_©vr Avcbvi msL¨vi †mUwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© (complete) bq| A_©vr Zv ‡h-mgm¨vi Rb¥ †`qvi
†hvM¨Zv iv‡L Zvi mgvavb †`evi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L bv| d‡j Avcwb ey‡L †dj‡jb †h 1, 2, 3, 4,…….GB
avivi †Kv‡bv †kl msL¨v eÕ‡j wKQz _vKv DwPZ bq Ges Zv ‡bB| A_©vr avivwU Amxg| GgbwK Avcwb 1
†_‡K 1 †KvwU ch©šÍ msL¨v D™¢veb Ki‡jI Zv ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Zv bv KviY, D`vniYmiƒc, 1,00,00,000+1
†K wjL‡Z n‡j †h msL¨vi `iKvi Zv D³ 1 †_‡K 1 †KvwUi g‡a¨ ‡bB| d‡j Avcwb Avcbvi †`kevmx‡K
Rvwb‡q w`‡jb †h ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †Kv‡bv †kl mxgv _vK‡Z cv‡I bv-_vK‡j Zv ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡e bv|

wKš‘ Avcbvi Kv‡Q Av‡iv Awf‡hvM Avm‡Z jvMj: 1 †_‡K 1 †KvwUi ga¨Kvi †h-‡Kv‡bv `ywU msL¨vi
GKwU †_‡K AciwU we‡qvM Ki‡j we‡qvMdj D³ msL¨v¸wji g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K e‡U, Z‡e †QvU msL¨v
†_‡K eo msL¨v‡K we‡qvM Ki‡j †h-msL¨v cvIqvi K_v Zv 1 †_‡K Amxg ch©šÍ msL¨vi g‡a¨I †bB|17
d‡j Avcwb †bvZzb KÕ‡i Av‡iv msL¨v D™¢ve‡b iZ n‡jb| Avcwb †`L‡jb †h, D`vniY¯^iƒc, 2wU Miæ
†_‡K 2wU Miæ ev` w`‡j GKwU MiæI _v‡K bv| GB ÔwKQz -bvÕ †K Avcwb ej‡jb 0,18 Ges wbqg †eu‡a
w`‡jb †h †Kv‡bv msL¨vi mv‡_ GwU‡K †hvM Ki‡j ev †Kv‡bv msL¨v †_‡K GwU‡K we‡qvM Ki‡j dj cvIqv
hv‡e D³ msL¨vB| Gevi Avcwb GK nvRvi eQi †eu‡P iB‡jb Ges MÖxK mf¨Zvi hy‡M G‡m cvUxMwYZ‡K
AwZµg KÕ‡i exRMwYZ D™¢veb Ki‡jb| †mLv‡b Avcwb †QvU msL¨v †_‡K eo msL¨v‡K wKfv‡e we‡qvM
Ki‡Z nq Zvi Rb¨ GKwU wbqg `uvo Kiv‡jb| Avcwb †NvlYv Ki‡jb †h †mme ‡ÿ‡Î we‡qv‡Mi wnmveUv
_vK‡e mvaviY we‡qv‡Mi g‡Zv, A_P we‡qvMd‡ji Av‡M GKwU we‡qvM wPý ewm‡q eywS‡q w`‡Z n‡e †h
†m‡ÿ‡Î GKwU †QvU msL¨v †_‡K GKwU eo msL¨v‡K we‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ges Avcwb Av‡iv †`L‡jb †h, -
1, -2, -3, -4,.......Giƒc we‡qvM‡evaK msL¨vI _vK‡Z n‡e Amxg msL¨K, bB‡j ….-4, -3, -2, -1, 0,
1, 2, 3, 4,…..-GB ‡mUwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡e bv|

Avcwb wR‡bv, cx_v‡Mvivm, m‡µwUm, ‡cø‡Uv cÖgyL `vk©wbK‡K MwYZ wkwL‡q‡Qb| Zv‡`i‡K †kLv‡Z wM‡q
wb‡RB wk‡L‡Qb Av‡iv ‡ewk| D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb msL¨v‡iLv‡K, hv‡Z wewfbœ we›`yi Øviv Avcbvi D™¢vweZ
msL¨vi ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© †mUwU‡K †`Lv‡bv hvq:

Amxg
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

17
Aiv hvK †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡b †QvU msL¨v †_‡K eo msLv‡K we‡qvM Kivi `iKvi n‡qwQj| Ab¨ ai‡bi eY©bv Ges we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ GB †jL‡Ki The
Beauty of Mathematics eBwU †`Lyb|
18
hw`I k~b¨ Avwe®‹…Z n‡qwQj A‡bK c‡i|

29
Avcwb GKvwaK msL¨vi mgš^q NUvevi Rb¨ ïay †R‡b‡Qb Ô‡hvMÕ (+) Ges Ôwe‡qvMÕ (-) GB `ywU ¯^gš^q ev
operation Gi aviYv| d‡j Avcbvi D™¢vweZ c~Y©msL¨vi (whole number) Amxg †mUwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©
(complete ev closed)-A_©vr D³ `ywU mgš^q-wµqv e¨envi KÕ‡i Avcwb hZ¸wj msL¨v wb‡qB wnmve
K‡ib bv †Kb, mgš^‡qi dj D³ msL¨v‡iLvi g‡a¨B _vK‡e| d‡j Avcwb mevB‡K Afq w`‡jb: †h‡nZz
Avgvi msL¨v-e¨e¯’vwU (number system) ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©, †m‡nZz D³ msL¨v¸wji gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ †h-
‡Kv‡bv mgxKiYB mgvavb m¤¢e|19

wKš‘ hy×R‡qi Rwg fvMvfvwM‡Z Av‡jKRvÛvi mn Ab¨vb¨ i³wccmy ivóªbvqK‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q
Avcwb †`L‡jb †h, 5 ÷ 2= 2, 6 ÷ 2 = 3, 12 ÷ 6 = 2 BZ¨vw` fvMdj Avcbvi msL¨v‡iLvi ga¨Kvi
†Kv‡bv-bv-‡Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K cÖKvk K‡I, wKš‘ 3 ÷ 2 = ? 4 ÷ 3 = ? 7 ÷ 4 = ? BZ¨vw` ‡ÿ‡Î fvMdj hv
nIqv DwPZ Zv cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv msL¨v Zv‡Z ‡bB| Rwg fvM Ki‡Z Avcbvi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nw”Qj
bv- †h‡nZz MÖxKiv Avcbv‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y R¨vwgwZ wkwL‡qwQj-wKš‘ fvMdj‡K As‡Ki gva¨‡g cªKvk
Ki‡ZB nw”Qj hZ Sv‡gjv| djZ Avcwb cÖ_g cÖ_g mgš^q¸wj‡K ïay wPý w`‡qB wj‡L ivL‡jb 3 ÷ 2 =
3 5
, 5 ÷ 4 = BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ Avcbvi †ewk †`wi n‡jv bv, Avcwb Aí K‡qK w`‡bi g‡a¨B D³
2 4
fvMdj¸wj‡K 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 AsK¸wj Ges GKwU wP‡ýi (hvi bvg Avcwb †i‡L‡Qb
`kwgK we›`y)20 mvnv‡h¨ wjL‡Z cvi‡jb| G‡Z Avcwb wew¯§Z n‡jb: Avcwb †f‡ewQ‡jb †h msL¨v‡iLvi 1,
2, 3, …..BZ¨vw` c~Y©msL¨vi evB‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv msL¨v wQj bv, wKš‘ GLb †`L‡jb †h ‡iLvwUi cÖwZwU
A`„k¨ we›`y‡Z cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨B msL¨v i‡q‡Q, hviv c~Y©msL¨v bq| GLb Avcwb, D`vniY¯^iƒc, 2x = 1
1 1
RvZxq mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb cv‡”Qb| KviY x = Gi = KZ? Zv Avcwb Rv‡bb| Gfv‡e Avcwb b ‡h-
2 2
1 1
‡Kv‡bv msL¨v n‡j = KZ n‡e Zv †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb| AvKv‡ii msL¨vwU‡K Avcwb bvg w`‡jb b Gi
inverse (multiplicative inverse ev ¸YvZ¡K wecixZ)| GZw`b ax + b = 0 AvKv‡ii me
mgxKiY‡K Avcwb mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv, KviY Avcbvi c~Y©msL¨vi †mUwU fvM-cÖwµqvi mv‡c‡ÿ
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© wQj bv (was not closed with respect to division)| wKš‘:

ax + b = 0

ax = -b

x=-
1
=-b×

19
‡Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb‡hvM¨Zvi cÖv_wgK kZ© GUvB|
20
cÖwµqvwU GLv‡bv †`Lv‡b n‡jv bv| Gi †gŠwjK µgweeZ©b m¤^‡Ü Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb GB †jL‡Ki The Beauty of Mathematics.

30
 1
eÕ‡j, Ges -b (we‡qvM‡evaK c~Y©msL¨v, hv Avcbvi msL¨v‡iLvq wQj) Ges (a Gi inverse) Gi gv‡bi
Rb¨ `iKvix msL¨v Avcbvi msL¨v‡iLvq Av‡Q eÕ‡j, Avcwb D³ AvKv‡ii hveZxq mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb
w`‡Z cvi‡Qb| Avcwb g‡b Ki‡jb †h c„w_ex‡Z hZ ai‡bi msL¨v _vKv m¤¢e Zvi meB GLb Avcwb †c‡q
†M‡Qb Ges Avcbvi msL¨v †iLvi mij‰iwLK gv‡V Ô+Õ, Ô-Õ, Ô÷Õ, Ô×Õ GB hyw³i †Nvov¸‡jv cÖwZwU we›`y‡Z
cv †i‡L †`Šovq|
wKš‘ R¨vwgwZi GKwU we‡kl †ÿÎ †_‡K AvniY KÕ‡i cx_v‡Mvi‡mi GK Abymvix Avcbv‡K GKwU
mgxKiY w`‡jb:

ax2 – b = 0

ax2 = b

x2 =

hvi mgvavb w`‡Z wM‡q Avcwb †`L‡jb †h Avcbvi D³ Z_vKw_Z msL¨vi Amxg †mUwU (hv‡K Avcwb bvg
w`‡q‡Qb the set of rational numbers) h‡_ó bq| Avcwb wb‡R‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jb:

b = 8, a = 2 n‡j
8
= =4
2

‡Kvb msL¨v‡K †mB msL¨v Øviv ¸Yb Ki‡j ¸Ydj nq 4?

DËi: 2 (KviY, 2 × 2 = 4)|

myZivs-

2x2 - 8 = 0 n‡j

2x2 = 8
8
x2 =
2

x2 = 4

x =√4

x×x=2×2

31
 x = 2|

‡h msL¨vwU‡K mgvb `ywU msL¨vi ¸Ydj wn‡m‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q Zv‡K Avcwb Ô√ Õ wP‡ýi g‡a¨ ivL‡jb|
d‡j Avcwb †`L‡jb †h √9, √16, √39 BZ¨vw`I Rb¨ c~Y© msL¨vq gvb cvIqv hvq, hv Avcbvi
msL¨v‡iLvq Av‡M †_‡KB Av‡Q| ZvB Gme mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb w`‡Z Avcbvi †Kv‡bv †eM ‡c‡Z n‡jv bv|

wKš‘ Avcwb wb‡R‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z _vK‡jb: †Kvb msL¨v‡K †mB msL¨v Øviv ¸Yb Ki‡j ¸Ydj n‡e 4?

DËiI †c‡jb, 2|

Gevi cÖkœ Ki‡jb, †Kvb msL¨v‡K ‡mB msL¨v Øviv ¸Yb Ki‡j ¸Ydj n‡e 2?

DËi: ……?

Avcwb Sv‡gjvq cÕ‡o †M‡jb| 1 × 1 = 1| 1.5 × 1.5 = 2.25, …….| †Kv‡bv mgvavb †c‡jb bv|
Zvi ci nvRvi nvRvi eQi †K‡U †Mj| Avcwb eÕ‡m wn‡me K‡iB hv‡”Qb| nVvr GKw`b cÖgvY Ki‡Z
cv‡jb21 †h, msL¨vwU hvB †nvK bv †Kb, Zv‡K AvKv‡i A_©vr `yÕwU c~Y©msL¨vi wKsev `kwgK msL¨vi
fvMdj wn‡m‡e, cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv| G n‡jv m¤ú~Y© wfbœ GK Rv‡Zi msL¨v| Ges ivev‡ii ˆZwi Avcbvi
†mB msL¨v‡iLvwU‡K †Rv‡i †U‡b j¤^v Ki‡ZB Avcwb †`L‡Z †c‡jb †h Zv‡Z AmsL¨ we›`y Lvwj cÕ‡o wQj,
†h¸wj‡Z Avm‡j √2, √3, √7 BZ¨vw`i gvb¸wj emv‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv `ywU rational number Gi
fvMd‡ji gva¨‡g (A_©vr †mB Gi gva¨‡g) G‡`i‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv eÕ‡j Avcwb G‡`i bvg w`‡jb
irraitional number, Ges Avcwb Zv‡`i gvb †ei KiviI GKwU my›`i c×wZ Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb|22

Avcbvi GLb mvnm Ávb Ges eqm meB †e‡o †M‡Q| Avcwb| AvaywbK hy‡Mi KvQvKvwQ G‡m †cuŠ‡Q
†M‡Qb| GLb Avcbvi msL¨v‡iLvwU AmsL¨ msL¨vq fivU Ges ¯^qsm¤ú~Y|© Zv GLb kw³kvjx Kvq`vq
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© eÕ‡j †h-‡Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi mgvavbB GLb Zv †_‡K cvIqv hvq| Avcwb hveZxq msL¨vi bvg
ivL‡jb real number Gi set|

B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avcwb ¸Yb I fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î 0 Gi f~wgKv msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Avcwb GI msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb
‡h `yÕwU we‡qvM‡evaK msL¨vi ¸Ydj n‡e †hvM‡evaK| d‡j:

(-x) × (-x) = x2
21
cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb The Beauty of Mathematics. GB cÖgv‡Yi g~j wfwË n‡jv ÔAvZ¥we‡ivaÕ, hv GB eB‡qi cÖgvY-c×wZi †gŠwjK
nvwZqvi¸wji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcwb hw` g‡b Ki‡Zb †h †h‡nZz rational field Gi ga¨ †_‡K √2 AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai Rb¥ w`‡”Q †m‡nZz GwU
†Kv‡bv msL¨vB bq, Zvn‡j Avcbvi D³ rational field UvB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© eÕ‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Zv bv| KviY Zv †h-mgm¨vi Rb¥ w`‡Z cviZ Zv I mgvavb
Ki‡Z cviZ bv| wKš‘ Avcbvi wek¦vm wQj †h mgm¨v wPiKvj mZ¨, Ges Zvi mgvavb _vK‡ZB n‡e| d‡j Avcwb Avcbvi field Uv‡KB we¯Í…Z
Ki‡jb|
22
D³ eBwU †`Lyb|

32
 ‡hgb: (-2) × (-2) =4

Ges (2) × (2) = 4 GKB

wecixZµ‡g:

√4 =2 ev -2

‡h-‡Kv‡bvwU n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GK w`b GK MwYZwe` Avcbv‡K ax2 + b = 0 mgxKiYwU G‡b †`Lv‡jb,
†hLv‡b Gi gvb cvIqv hv‡”Q FYvZ¥K|

A_©vr:

ax2 + b = 0

ax2 = -b

x2 = −

x=± −

= m ai‡j-

X = ± √−m

GLv‡b Avcwb co‡jb Sv‡gjvq| Avcwb †`‡L‡Qb †h, D`vniY¯^iƒc, (-2) × (-2) = (+4) Ges 2 × 2 =
(+4)| A_©vr Dfq †ÿ‡Î ¸Ydj aYvZ¥K| †Kv‡bvµ‡gB FYvZ¥K ¸Ydj cvIqv hv‡”Q bv| A_©vr, √m =
± n n‡j, n × n = m Ges (-n) × (-n) = m cvIqvi K_v| FYvZ¥K m wKfv‡e cvIqv hv‡e?

‡Kv‡bv K~j-wKbviv bv †c‡q Avcwb ej‡jb †h FYvZ¥K †Kv‡bv msL¨vi eM©g~j nq bv| Avcwb Av‡iv
†NvlYv Ki‡jb: †h‡nZz Giƒc msL¨vi eM©g~j‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv msL¨v Avgv‡`i msL¨v‡iLvq †bB,
‡m‡nZz †Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Giƒc cvIqv ‡M‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †h Avm‡j Zvi †Kv‡bv mgvavb †bB|
Giƒc msL¨v‡K Avcbvi †Zgb cQ›` n‡jv bv Ges Avcwb Zvi bvg ivL‡jb msL¨vi Qvqv ev KvíwbK msL¨v
(imaginary number)|

wKš‘ Avcbvi msL¨v‡iLvi miæ gv‡Vi Ici w`‡q wKQz wKQz mgxKi‡Yi †eqvov †Nvov hLb †`Š‡o †h‡Z
_v‡K, ZLb wKQz wKQz M‡Z© Zv‡`i cv AvU‡K hvIqv‡Z Zviv †nuvPU Lvq| Avcwb A‡jŠwKK ivev‡ii ˆZwi

33
msL¨v‡iLv‡K Av‡iv †Rv‡I ‡U‡b ciL KÕ‡i †`L‡Z jvM‡jb Zv‡Z ‡bvZzb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi msL¨vi Rb¨ wKQz
MZ© Lvwj cÕ‡o Av‡Q wK bv| wKš‘, †bB|

Zvn‡j †Nvov¸‡jv Agbfv‡e †nuvPU Lv‡”Q †Kb?

ch©‡eÿY KÕ‡i Avcwb wbwðZ n‡jb †h Iiv Avm‡j msL¨v‡iLvi †Kv‡bv M‡Z© cÕ‡o hv‡”Q bv- KviY
Zv‡Z Avi †Kv‡bv duvKv MZ© †bB| Avm‡j Iiv †iLvUv‡ZB _vK‡Z Pv‡”Q bv-cvk¦©eZ©x Z‡ji ( plane) w`‡K
AvK…ó n‡q Qz‡U hv‡”Q nq‡Zv|

Avcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb †h miæ mij‰iwLK gv‡V GB KvíwbK msL¨v¸wj †`Šov‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡`i PvB
cÖk¯Í wØgvwÎK (two-dimensional) Zj (plane)| Avcwb gv_vi A‡bK¸‡jv Pzj Siv‡bvi ci eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb †h √−m RvZxq msL¨vi eM©g~j Av‡Q e‡U, Z‡e hw` Zv‡K †Rvi KÕ‡i eM©g~j ejv nq| †Rvi
Avcbv‡K Ki‡ZB n‡jv, KviY Avcwb Avcbvi ms¨vi wm‡÷gwU‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© AvKv‡i †`L‡Z Pvb| d‡j
Avcwb ÔaÕ‡i wb‡jbÕ i2 = -1, Ges i = √−1| GLb GKwU msL¨vi bvg n‡q †Mj i - hvi ‡Kv‡bv cwigvY
eÕ‡j wKQz †bB| G‡K msL¨v bv‡g AwfwnZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gy³ wPšÍv& Ges mvnm Avcbvi wQj| d‡j,
we¯§‡qi e¨vcvi GB †h, Avcbvi †mB ÔD™¢vebBÕ GK mg‡q Avmj mZ¨ eÕ‡j we‡ewPZ n‡jv| eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb †h Zv †Kv‡bv D™¢veb wQj bv, wQj ixwZg‡Zv Avwe®‹vi| hv Av‡M †_‡K wQj Avcwb ZvB Luy‡R
†c‡qwQ‡jb| Avcwb †`L‡jb †h Avcwb Giƒc msL¨v‡K Kv‡Z©mxq (c×wZwUi D™¢veK `vk©wbK Ges MwYZwe`
Descartes (1596-1650) Gi bvg Abymv‡i) ¯’vbvs‡Ki wm‡÷‡g G‡KKwU we›`yi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| Avcwb √−1 †K i Øviv wPwýZ KÕ‡i †h-‡Kv‡bv Giƒc ivwk‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z wkL‡jb:

√−4 = √4 × √−1 = 2 × √−1 = 2 i

√−7 = √7 × √−1 = √7i BZ¨vw`|

Gi mv‡_ mgxKiY †_‡K D‡V Avmv Ab¨ msL¨vI hy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i, hvi d‡j Gi mvaviY iƒc nq a + bi
AvKv‡ii, †hLv‡b a I b n‡jv real number Ges i n‡jv unit imaginary number ev √−1 Gi
gvb| Avcwb a + bi AvKv‡ii msL¨v¸wji bvg ivL‡jb complex number| Avcwb †`L‡Z †c‡jb †h
c~‡e© Avwe®‹…Z me real number B complex number Gi G‡KKwU we‡kl iƒc, KviY a + bi Gi b
=0 n‡j _v‡K ïay a, hv n‡jv GKwU real number|23

23
Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbvsK wm‡÷g wb¤œiƒc:

34
GLb Avcwb Avcbvi wØgvwÎK gv‡Vi bvg †i‡L‡Qb complex plane| Ges GLb Avcwb wbwðZ †h m„wó
RM‡Z hZ ai‡bi msL¨v Av‡Q (A_©vr natural, whole, rational, irrational- mevB‡K GK‡Î real,
Ges complex) Zv‡`i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK‡K Ô+Õ, Ô-Õ, Ô÷Õ, Ô×Õ Øviv hZfv‡eB mgwš^Z Kiv †nvK, Zvi dj
wn‡m‡e †h-msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e Zv GB complex field/plane-G Aek¨B Av‡Q|

A_©vr Avcbvi gv‡Vi me we›`y w`‡qB GLb Avcbvi MvwYwZK mgš^‡qi hyw³i †Nvov †`Šovq|

Ab¨ K_vq, Zv †hw`‡KB †`ŠovK, gvV AwZµg Kivi ÿgZv Zvi †bB|

A_©vr, gvVwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© ïay bq, Zv mxwgZI|

¯^qsm¤ú~Y© eÕ‡jB Zv mxwgZ|

Zv mxwgZ eÕ‡jB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©|

Zv‡Z msL¨vi msL¨v Amxg, Z‡e msL¨vi cÖKvi mxwgZ| mgš^‡qi (operation) ixwZ mxwgZ- A_©vr Zv
†Kej Ô+Õ, Ô-Õ, Ô÷Õ, Ô×Õ Gi wbðqZv †`q|

Gi evB‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mgš^‡qi cÖwµqv hw` gvby‡li Rvbv _vKZ Zvn‡j Zvi dj Avi GB field Gi
g‡a¨ _vKZ bv|

b a + bi

-x x
o a

-y

ci¯úi j¤^ `ywU †iLv †bqv hvK, hv‡`i GKwU‡K x-Aÿ Ges AciwU‡K y-Aÿ eÕ‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡e| G`I †Q`we›`y n‡jv 0| a + bi AvKv‡ii
msL¨v‡K GB plane-G ¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z n‡j x A‡ÿ 0 †_‡K a cwigvY `~i‡Z¡ (a ‡hvM‡evaK n‡j Wvb w`‡K Ges we‡qvM‡evaK n‡j evg w`‡K) GKwU
we›`y wb‡Z n‡e| Gevi GKBfv‡e b- Gi mgvb `~i‡Z¡ 0 †_‡K y A‡ÿ GKwU we›`y †bqv hvK| Gevi a we›`yi ga¨ w`‡q y A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj KÕ‡i Ges
b we›`y w`‡q x A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj KÕ‡i `ywU †iLv AuvKv hvK| GB †iLv `ywUi †Q`we›`yB n‡jv a + bi wb‡`©kK we›`y| Gfv‡e Aÿ `ywUi cÖwZwU PZzfv© ‡Mi
cÖwZwU we›`yi Rb¨B msL¨v complex plane-G Av‡Q| jÿ¨Yxq: a + bi Gi b = 0 n‡j msL¨vwU em‡e x A‡ÿi Ici; Ges a = 0 n‡j (Ges b ≠
0 n‡j) Zv em‡e y A‡ÿi Ici| d‡j complex plane Gi cÖwZwU A`„k¨ we›`y‡Z Av‡Q G‡KKwU complex msL¨v|

35
 ‡h‡nZz me ai‡bi msL¨vi mv‡_ me ai‡bi mgš^‡qi me ai‡bi m¤¢ve¨ djB G‡Z Av‡Q, †m‡nZz GK_v
¯úófv‡e ejv hvq †h GB me msL¨v Ges mgš^q‡K cÖ‡qvM KÕ‡i †Kv‡bv w`bI GB plane Gi evB‡i hvIqv
hv‡e bv|24

cvVK nq‡Zv cÖkœ Ki‡Qb, ÒGi evB‡i Avi †Kv‡bv space _vK‡j †Zv? m„wóRM‡Zi m¤¢ve¨ me ai‡bi
space B Gi AvIZvf‚³|Ó

wKš‘, wcÖq cvVK, hw` _v‡K? Avcwb †h‡Z cvi‡Qb bv eÕ‡j wK GwU cÖgvwYZ nq †h GB gv‡Vi evB‡i
Avi †Kv‡bv gvV †bB? bv, Zv nq bv| †mLv‡b bv wM‡q Avcwb wbf©yjfv‡e wKfv‡e eyS‡eb Zv Av‡Q wKbv?
Avcwb wKfv‡e natural number Gi †mU †_‡K ch©vqµ‡g whole number, rational number,
real number, Ges Ae‡k‡l complex number Gi †m‡U DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb Zv g‡b †bB? †hgb -4, -
3, -2, -1, 0, 1,2, 3, 4, ……..-GB field G ïay Ô+Õ Ges Ô-Õ cªwµqv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Avcwb AbšÍKvj
c‡iI Zv †_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z cvi‡eb bv| hLbB Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv Ô÷Õ cÖwµqvi, ZLbB Avcwb Zv
†_‡K rational field G hvIqvi my‡hvM †c‡jb| GLb, GgbI †Zv n‡Z cv‡i †h, Ggb ai‡bi hyw³ ev
operation Av‡Q hv +, -, ÷, × GiI evB‡i-GgbwK gvby‡li cÖwZwôZ hyw³iI evB‡i c‡o, Ges Zv
cÖ‡qvM KÕ‡i complex plane ‡_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ GK plane-G †cuŠ‡Q hvIqv hvq| A_©vr complex
field I k¦vk¦Zfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq, Zvi D‡ëv wc‡Vi Z‡j ‡h field wU i‡q‡Q ZvI GK ai‡bi field|
Avm‡j Zv Av‡QI| Complex field wU‡KI ‡Zv Avcwb Mv‡qi †Rv‡i evwb‡q wb‡qwQ‡jb, bq wK? A_P
ZvB-B GLb MwYZ I weÁv‡bi D”PZg ch©v‡q me‡P‡q †ewk Kv‡R jv‡M|

Av‡iv G¸‡bvi Av‡M GB gvVwU‡K GKevi Kz‡qvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvK: complex field Uv n‡jv
GKwU Kz‡qv| Avgiv mevB e¨vO| Avgiv 1, 2, 3, 4,BZ¨vw`I Ici fi KÕ‡i Ô+Õ, Ô-Õ, Ô÷Õ, Ô×Õ-GB Kz‡qvi
gv‡ci jvd¸‡jv w`w”Q| d‡j Kz‡qv †_‡K †ei n‡Z cviwQ bv| wKš‘ Kz‡qvi evB‡i mvMi Av‡Q| †mLv‡b
Avgiv †Kv‡bv w`bB †h‡Z cvie bv, KviY jvdv‡bvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †KŠkj Avgv‡`I Rvbv †bB| Avgv‡`i
hyw³‡Z †m mvMi Kz‡qvi gv‡ci mvMi| wKš‘ cÖK…Z mvM‡ii Avgiv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvie|
1 1
GKwU †QvU MvwYwZK D`vniYI †bqv hvK| wZbwU ivwk †bqv hvK: 1, (-1 + √−3), (-1 - √−3)|
2 2
Avcbv‡K hw` ejv nq †h ¸Yb-cÖwµqv Qvov Ab¨ wKQz Avcwb e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv, Zvn‡j Avcwb GB
msL¨v¸wj‡K wb‡q AvRxeb wnmve KÕ‡iI G‡`i evB‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv msL¨vq †h‡Z cvi‡eb bv| †hgb, wZbwU
msL¨v‡K G mv‡_ ¸Yb Ki‡j ¸Ydj n‡e 1, hv GLv‡b Av‡Q| wØZxq msL¨v `ywUi ¸Ydj n‡e 1| cÖ_gwUi
eM© n‡e wØZxqwU, wØZxqwUi eM© n‡e cÖ_gwU| myZivs ¸Y‡bi jvd w`‡q GB Kz‡qv †_‡K †ei nIqv m¤¢e
bq| Avcwb hw` ¸Y‡bi evB‡i wKQz bv Rvb‡Zb Zvn‡j wK Avcbvi ejv DwPZ n‡Zv †h wek¦eªþv‡Ð G‡`i
evB‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ivwk †bB? wKš‘ †`Lyb: †hvM cÖwµqvq GLvb †_‡K †ei nIqv hvq| G‡`i †hvMdj ïY¨!

24
Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi mathematical structure Av‡Q Ges me †ÿ‡Î Giƒc K_v cÖ‡hvR¨|

36
 Zvn‡j Avgiv GLb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zvi (completeness) GKwU mij A_P †gŠwjK msÁv †`evi Rb¨
cÖ¯‘Z:
‡Kv‡bv wm‡÷g †h-mgm¨vi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i Zv hw` Zvi mgvavb †`eviI †hvM¨Zv iv‡L, Zvn‡j Zv‡K
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© wm‡÷g e‡j| Av‡iKUz ‡hŠw³K fvlvq, †Kv‡bv wm‡÷g ‡h-cÖwµqvi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv hw` Zvi
djI avib K‡i, Zvn‡j ejv nq? †h wm‡÷gwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| wKsev Av‡iv MvwYwZK fvlvq, †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi
†h-‡Kv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ Zvi †h-‡Kv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi †h m¤úK©, Zvi mg‡MÖi mv‡_I D³ †h-‡Kv‡bv
Dcv`v‡bi hw` †mB m¤úK© Kvh©Ki _v‡K Zvn‡j ejv nq †h wm‡÷gwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©|

cybwe©‡ePbv KÕ‡i ejv hvq, complex plane Gi †h-‡Kv‡bv msL¨vi mv‡_ Ab¨ †h-‡Kv‡bv msL¨vi
†hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Yb, fvM GB mgš^q-wµqv¸wji d‡j D™¢~Z msL¨vI n‡e GKwU msL¨v hv D³ complex
plane Gi m`m¨| A_©vr m¤ú‡K© Zviv ci¯úi m‡nv`i| GgbwK Amxg ch©šÍ Giƒc hveZxq msL¨v‡K
†Kv‡bv Kvq`vq mgwš^Z Ki‡jI †h-msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e (hw`I Zv GLb Avi †Kv‡bv msL¨v bq, msL¨vi
GKwU aviYvgvÎ), ZvI D³ plane Gi GKwU m`m¨| A_©vr cy‡iv plane wU wb‡RB wb‡Ri fvB!

e¨vcviwU‡K AvZ¥we‡ivax eÕ‡j g‡b n‡”Q bv? wKš‘ GKv‡bv †Kv‡bv AvZ¥we‡iva †bB| AvZ¥we‡iva n‡jv
g~jZ m¤ú‡K©i H‡K¨i aŸsm| GLv‡b †miƒc †Kv‡bv aŸsm-mvab nqwb| d‡j, e¨vcviwU wb‡q fve‡Z fve‡Z
Af¨¯Í n‡q †M‡j Avi †Kv‡bv AvZ¥we‡iva †Pv‡L co‡e bv| ZvQvov complex plane Gi hveZxq
msL¨v‡K †hvM Ki‡j †Kv‡bv msL¨vB cvIqv m¤¢e bq, †m‡ÿ‡Î cvIqv hvq D³ plane wU‡KB, hv n‡jv
GKwU aviYv-A_©vr ¯^qs wm‡÷gwUB|

wKš‘ AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai aviYv Av‡m ZLbB hLb ejv nq †h plane wU Ave×, A_©vr mxwgZ| g‡b cÖkœ Rv‡M:
hvi g‡a¨ me Av‡Q, Zvi evB‡i Avevi wKQz _v‡K wKfv‡e? Zvi evwni e‡jB †Zv wKQz †bB|

wKš‘ Zvi evB‡iI wKQz Av‡Q| KviY †h-hyw³i Ici D³ wm‡÷gwU cÖwZwôZ, †mB hyw³i system ev
space wUB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| Zvi GKwU wKbvi Av‡Q| †m H wKbv‡ii evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| †h‡Z Pvq bv|
AvgivI Zvi D³ mxgvi g‡a¨ _vwK eÕ‡j, Ges _vK‡Z PvB eÕ‡j, †fZ‡ii mewKQz‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© eÕ‡j g‡b
Kwi| Ges Zvi evB‡i †h‡Z n‡j †m-hyw³ Avi Ôhyw³Õ _v‡K bv eÕ‡j, Ôhyw³kxjÕ Rxe wnmv‡e Avgiv Zvi
evB‡i †h‡ZI PvB bv| hLbB Avgiv Zvi evB‡i hvIqvi †Póv Kwi, ZLbB Zv A‡hŠw³K AvPiY K‡i, A_©vr
AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai Rb¥ †`q| ZLb Avgiv Zv‡K euvwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Zvi g‡a¨B †_‡K hvB|

Avm‡j Zvi evB‡iI hvIqvi RvqMv Av‡Q| Z‡e †mLv‡b †h‡Z n‡j †mB hyw³‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j †h‡Z
nq| RxweZ Ae¯’vq GKevi hw` †mLv‡b hvIqv m¤¢e n‡Zv, Zvn‡j Avi Aci cÖv‡šÍ wM‡q Avgiv g‡b Ki‡Z
cviZvg bv Av‡M †Kv_vq wQjvg wKsev Av‡`Š †Kv_vI wQjvg wKbv, KviY †mB hyw³i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v g‡b ivLv
hvq ‡Kej †mB hyw³i mvnv‡h¨B| Zv bv _vK‡j Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯§„wZI Avi _v‡Kbv-AšÍZ GUyKz mZ¨ †h Zv
Avi A_©c~Y© _v‡K bv|

37
 GUvB †Zv AvZ¥we‡iva-hvIqv m¤¢e, A_P hvIqvi ci Avi eySv m¤¢e bq Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K Av‡`Š
†mLv‡b wM‡qwQjvg wK bv| cvMj n‡q hvevi ci cvMj wK e‡j †m †h cvMj? hw` e‡j, Zvn‡j †KD Zv
wek¦vm Ki‡e bv| †m cvMj wVKB, Z‡e Zvi msÁv Abymv‡i bq| nq‡Zv †m Zvi msÁv Abymv‡i my¯’, Z‡e
†Kv‡bv my¯’ e¨w³i msÁv Abymv‡i bq| †m wK ej‡Z cv‡i cvMj nevi Av‡M †m my¯’ wQj wK bv? cv‡i bv|
cvi‡j †m LuvwU cvMj bq| Ges †KD Zv wek¦vmI Ki‡e bv, KviY †m Zvi cvMj nIqvi Av‡Mi my¯’Zvi
Ae¯’v‡K we‡kølY Ki‡Q cvMjvwgc~Y© Amy¯’ hyw³ w`‡q| Avm‡j †m my¯’ Ae¯’vi hyw³‡K AwZµg KÕ‡i †hB
cvMj n‡q‡Q, Agwb †m fz‡j †M‡Q †h Av‡M †Kv_vq wQj| KviY †m Av‡M ‡Kgb wQj Zv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡j
Zvi g‡b Av‡Mi †mB hyw³I ejer _vK‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Zv GLb Avi Zvi g‡a¨ ‡bB| hw` _v‡K, Zvn‡j †m
cvMj bq, Wv³vi hZB ejyb|

cvM‡ji K_vq wek¦vm KÕ‡i Zv‡K †h cvMj e‡j, †mI cvMj|

gvby‡li Áv‡bi me‡P‡q eo mxgve×Zv n‡jv GB †h Zvi wbq‡gi Ici wbf©ikxj, Zv †h-hyw³i Øviv
AwR©Z †mB hyw³i Ici Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©ikxj| Zvi Ávb ZZÿY ˆea, hZÿY H hyw³I ˆea| GKBfv‡e,
gvby‡li hyw³i me‡P‡q eo mxgve×Zv n‡jv GB †h Zv †h-Áv‡bi m„wó K‡i, †m-Ávb‡KI †m cy‡ivcywi
wb‡Ri wbq‡g we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| hLb †m Zv cv‡i bv, ZLb †m D³ Ávb‡K Avi Ávb e‡j bv, A_P
wb‡R‡K hyw³hy³ eÕ‡jB cwiPq w`‡Z Pvq| ZLb Zvi wb‡Ri mv‡_B wb‡RB we‡iva †j‡M hvq| AvZ¥we‡iva
Kvnv‡K e‡j!

38
 m„wóKZ©vi Aw¯Í‡Zi cÖgvY
Avm‡j hyw³ wb‡RB wb‡Ri Ici w`‡q †ewkÿY †`Šov‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv gy³cÖvšÍ (open-ended)| cÖv‡šÍ
wM‡q †m wb‡Ri mv‡_ wb‡R †g‡kwb| Zvi `ywU †PvL-GK †PvL hLb Aci †Pv‡Li w`‡K ZvKvq, ZLb GKwU
†PvL AÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j †m wb‡R‡K †`L‡Z cvq bv| Zvi †Zv Avi †`n †bB| Av‡Q ïay GK †Rvov †PvL|

hLb †m wb‡R‡K †`L‡Z cvq bv, ZLb †m wb‡Ri Qvqv‡K `¨v‡L| Ges †f‡e e‡m †h †m †eu‡P Av‡Q|
wKš‘ †m wek¦vm Ki‡ZB Pvq bv †h †m ZLb g„Z| g„Zz¨i ci wK ‡KD wb‡R‡K wb‡R ‡`L‡Z cv‡i? GB auvauvB
Zv‡K RxweZ KÕ‡i †Zv‡j|

Ôhyw³kxjÕ gvbyl hyw³i GB giv-euvPv‡K †`L‡Z cvq bv| KviY †m hyw³ w`‡qB hyw³‡K `¨v‡L| Ges d‡j
†m Zv‡K ZLbB `¨v‡L hLb Zvi hyw³ AveviI †eu‡P I‡V| AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai gyn~‡Z© hyw³i GB g„Zz¨‡K †m
†`L‡Z cvq bv eÕ‡j †m ïay AvZ¥we‡ivaUv‡KB `¨v‡L, Ges fv‡e †h AvZ¥we‡ivaUv mZ¨, A_©vr hyw³ mZ¨,
A_©vr hvi mv‡_ AvZ¥we‡iva Zv wg_¨v|

Gfv‡e AvZ¥we‡ivaB hyw³‡K euvwP‡q iv‡L| A_©vr hyw³i g„Zz¨i fqB hyw³‡K euvwP‡q iv‡L| hyw³ fv‡e:
g‡i †eu‡PwQ| A_P hyw³we` ZLbI †eu‡PI gÕ‡i Av‡Qb| wcªq cvVK, Avgvi K_v¸wj‡KI wK AvZ¥we‡ivax
eÕ‡j g‡b n‡”Q? hw` nq, Zvn‡j Zv n‡”Q D³ g„Z hyw³iB Kvi‡Y| cÖgvY w`w”Q|

Avwg GKUz Av‡MB e‡jwQ †h, cy‡ivcywi ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© complex plane Gi evB‡iI Ab¨ †Kv‡bv plane
Av‡Q| Avcwb nq‡Zv K_vwU †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib wb| g‡b g‡b cÖkœ Zzj‡Qb: evB‡i hw` wKQz †_‡K _v‡K,
Zvn‡j ZvI Gi g‡a¨ Av‡Q| A_©vr evB‡i †bB|

AZ¨šÍ my›`i Reve, hw`I fzj| Avwg ej‡Z Pvw”Q †h Avcbvi wb‡Ri hyw³ Abymv‡iB Zv fzj
(AvZ¥we‡iva!)|

Zv †h fzj Zv †`Lvevi Rb¨ GKUv cvëv cÖkœ Kwi: cy‡iv complex plane wU wK Zvi wb‡Ri g‡a¨
Av‡Q? Avcwb ej‡jb, nu¨v| ZLb Avwg AveviI ejjvg, Zvn‡j †Zv GLb Zvi AvK…wZ †e‡o †Mj| wb‡R‡K
†L‡q mvcwU GLb wظY †gvUv n‡q †Mj| Zvn‡j GB wظY ‡gvUv mvcwUI wK Av‡Mi mvcwUi g‡a¨ Av‡Q?

cÖkœwU Avcbvi Kv‡Q GZ f‚Zz‡o ai‡bi fv‡jv †j‡M‡Q †h Gi Reve †`evi B”Qv Avcbvi †bB| wKš‘
GB Avb›` f~Zz‡o eÕ‡jB Mv‡qi †ivg hLb Avi Lvov _vK‡e bv ZLb hyw³ G‡m Avcbv‡K AveviI Rq KÕ‡i
wb‡e| d‡j ej‡eb, G †Zv cy‡ivcywi AvZ¥weiæ×| †m wb‡Ri g‡a¨ wb‡R †bB|

‡`Lyb †Zv, GLb AvcwbB †Zv cÖgvY KÕ‡i w`‡jb †h Zvi evB‡iI †m Av‡Q!

39
 GB mgm¨vi `yBUvB mgvavb Av‡Q: GK, Giƒc cÖ‡kœ Kvb bv †`qv (avwg©Kiv †h Dcvq Aej¤^b K‡ib),
Ges `yB, hyw³‡K cy‡ivcywi wek¦vm bv Kiv (hv avwg©Kiv Ki‡Z Pvb bv, KviY Zuviv hyw³ w`‡qB a‡g©i mZ¨Zv
cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvb)| Avcwb †Kvb c_ †e‡Q wb‡eb?

e¨w³MZfv‡e Avwg ej‡Z PvB †h, Avwg †Kv‡bv c_B †e‡Q wbe bv|

Gevi Avcwb AveviI AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai MÜ cv‡”Qb| ej‡Qb `ywUB gvÎ c_, A_P †Kv‡bvUvB †e‡Q wb‡eb
bv| Zv wKfv‡e nq? Zvn‡j wK Avcwb mgm¨vwUi mgvavb Pvb bv?

Aek¨B PvB| d‡j, Avwg Dfq c_B †e‡Q wbe|

Gevi m¤¢eZ Avcwb †n‡m †dj‡Qb, hw` mwnòz e¨w³ nb, wKsev †i‡MB ‡M‡Qb, hw` hyw³we` n‡q
_v‡Kb|

wKš‘ Avwg Avgvi g‡Z AUj| KviY Avgvi Kv‡Q mgm¨vwU‡K †Kv‡bv mgm¨vB g‡b nqwb| mgvav‡bi ci
hw` †`Lv hvq †h mgm¨v Avi mgm¨v †bB, Zvn‡j Zv‡K wK Avcwb mgvavb ej‡eb? cÖ‡kœi Reve †`qvi ci
Avcwb hw` †cQ‡b wd‡i ZvwK‡q `¨v‡Lb †h cÖkœ Avi cÖkœ wQj bv, Zvn‡j wK Avcwb †Kv‡bv ReveB
w`‡qwQ‡jb?

Avwg hw` cÖgvY KÕ‡i †`B †h AvZ¥we‡iva eÕ‡jB wKQz †bB, Zvn‡j wK mgm¨v Avi mgm¨v _vK‡e? Zvn‡j
wK †Kv‡bv Dˇii cÖ‡qvRb n‡e? Ges †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi?

hv ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©, Zvi evB‡i wKQz _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| G n‡jv hyw³i K_v| wKš‘ ‡Kvb hyw³ Abymv‡i K_vUv
mZ¨?
hvi evB‡i wKQz _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvi ‡fZ‡i †m wb‡RB †bB| GI wK hyw³i K_v? ‡m wK Zvn‡j GKB
space G wfbœ time Gi Ke‡j cÕ‡o `yB fv‡M fvM n‡q †M‡Q? GLv‡b mgq Ges `yBfvM-Gi aviYv `ywU
Avgv‡`i cieZ©x Kv‡R jvM‡e|

iv‡m‡ji auvauvwUB aiv hvK| Z n‡jv †mB †mU¸wji †mU hviv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i AšÍfy³
© bq, A_©vr hviv
wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i m`m¨ bq| gvbe wPšÍvq Giƒc hZ †mU _vKv m¤¢e Zvi me¸wj Z Gi AšÍfy³ © | Zvn‡j Z
wK wb‡Ri AšÍfy³© , A_©vr Z Gi g‡a¨ wK †m wb‡RB Av‡Q?

hw` ejv nq, nu¨v Av‡Q, Zvn‡j †m wb‡Ri g‡a¨ †bB, KviY †Kej Ggb †mU¸‡jvB Zvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z
cv‡i hviv wb‡Ri AšÍf³ ©~ bq| Avevi hw` ewj, bv, ‡bB, Zvn‡j †m wb‡RB wb‡Ri AšÍf³
©y , KviY Giƒc
hveZxq †mUB Zvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q| m„wó n‡jv AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai| mgvavb Kx?

jÿ¨ Kiæb, Avcwb †hB Ônu¨vÕ †Z hv‡”Qb, Agwb Avcbvi hyw³ PÕ‡j hv‡”Q ÔbvÕ †Z| Avevi Avcwb †hB
ÔbvÕ †Z PÕ‡j hv‡”Qb, Agwb Avcbvi hyw³ PÕ‡j hv‡”Q Ônu¨vÕ †Z| G‡KB e‡j LuvwU AvZ¥we‡iva| wKš‘ hw`

40
cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h GB hyw³ wb‡Ri mv‡_ wb‡R we‡ivwaZv K‡i, Ges †mR‡b¨ Zvi wb‡Ri g‡a¨ mxgve×,
A_©vr Zvi Kz‡qv †_‡K †m evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvn‡j wK D³ cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e cvIqv hv‡e †h m„wóKZ©v eÕ‡j
†KD †bB?

cÖm½µ‡g D‡jøL¨, †mU w_Iwi m¤úwK©Z GB auvauvwU iv‡mj wb‡R ˆZwi Ki‡jI wZwb wb‡RB Zvi
m‡šÍvlRbK mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|25 A_©vr Zuvi hyw³ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq- KviY Zvi g‡a¨ †_‡K wZwb †h
mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Zvi g‡a¨ †_‡K wZwb Zvi mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡ib bv|

GB auvauvwUi Abyiƒc GKwU auvauv †ek cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, hv eyS‡Z cviv Av‡iv mnR| Zv Giƒc: GK kn‡i
GK bvwcZ Av‡Q| H kn‡ii hZ †jvK wb‡Ri `vwo Kvgvq bv Zv‡`i mevi `vwo †m Kvgvq| Zvn‡j †m wK
wb‡Ri `vwo Kvgvq?

hw` ewj nu¨v, Zvn‡j †m wb‡Ri `vwo Kvgvq bv, KviY Zvi wbqgB‡Zv ïay †mB †jv‡K‡`i `vwo Kvgv‡bv
hviv KLbB wb‡R‡`i `vwo Kvgvq bv| Avevi hw` ewj bv, Zvn‡j †m wb‡Ri `vwo Kvgvq, KviY wb‡Ri `vwo
Kvgvq bv Ggb me †jv‡Ki `vwoB †Zv Zv‡K Kvgv‡bvi K_v, Avi †mI †Zv H kn‡ii me †jv‡K‡`i g‡a¨
GK Rb| AvZ¥we‡iva| Avcwb hv‡”Qb Ônu¨vÕ †Z, Avcbvi hyw³ Avcbv‡K †V‡j wb‡q hv‡”Q ÔbvÕ †Z-Ges
D‡ëvfv‡eI|

GLb †`Lv hvK Giƒc auvauv‡K solve Ki‡Z n‡e bvwK dissolve Ki‡Z n‡e|G‡K solve Kiv m¤¢e
bq hw` †h-hyw³i Ici auvauvwU `uvwo‡q Av‡Q Zv‡K k¦vk¦Z eÕ‡j a‡i †bqv nq| Avi hw` cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h
Zv k¦vk¦Z bq, Zvn‡j auvauvwU‡K dissolve Ki‡Z n‡e, A_©vr Zv Avi auvauvB _vK‡e bv| ZLb †h-hyw³i
mÜvb cvIqv hv‡e Zv‡Z meB mZ¨, Zv‡Z AvZ¥we‡iva eÕ‡j wKQz ‡bB, Zv‡Z gnv‡mU Z wb‡RI wb‡Ri
AšÍf³ ©~ n‡Z cv‡i, †Kv‡bv kZ©B bvwcZ‡K wb‡Ri Ges A‡b¨i `vwo Kvgv‡bv †_‡K weiZ ivL‡Z cv‡i bv,
ZLb mvcwU wb‡RB wb‡R‡K †L‡q †dj‡Z cvi‡e Ges Zvi ciI †m †eu‡P _vK‡e, ZLb m„wóKZ©v wb‡R‡K
aŸsmI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb -‡Kv‡bviƒc AÿgZvi Møvwb Zv‡K eB‡Z n‡e bv, Ges GKB mv‡_ ZLb Zv‡K
†Kv‡bviƒc bk¦iZvi MøvwbI eB‡Z n‡e bv-KviY wb‡R‡K aŸsm Kivi ciI wZwb AÿZ _vK‡eb| ZLb GK
†giæ wewkó Pz¤^K cvIqv hv‡e, GK nv‡Z Zvwj evRv‡bv hv‡e, wb‡RB wb‡Ri gy‡LvgywL n‡q `uvov‡bv hv‡e|
ZLb m¤¢e Avi Am¤¢e, mZ¨ Avi wg_¨v, fv‡jv Avi g›`, MZKvj Avi AvR Avi AvMvgxKvj, aŸsm Avi
m„wó- meB GKB Z‡j Ae¯’vb Ki‡e, GKwU AciwUi wecixZ n‡q `uvov‡e bv|

cÖK…Z ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv n‡jv AvZ¥we‡ivanxbZv| †MvUv wek¦-eªþvÐ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©, KviY Zvi wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb †m
wb‡RB †gUv‡Z mÿg| wb‡Ri †h-‡Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi Reve †m wb‡RB Rv‡b|

nq‡Zv hyw³we` GLb m‡›`n Zzj‡eb, ÒGiƒc †Kv‡bv bvwcZ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY Zvi _vKv DwPZ
bq|Ó

25
‡`Lyb, AÜKv‡ii e¯¿niY|

41
 wKš‘ `yt‡Li welq, Kv‡iv _vKv bv _vKv Ab¨ Kv‡iv DwPZ AbywP‡Zi Ici wbf©ikxj bq|

ÒwKš‘Ó, wZwb AveviI cÖwZev` Ki‡eb, ÒZvi wb‡Ri DwPZ AbywP‡Zi Ici Zvi _vKv bv _vKv
wbf©ikxj|Ó

Avwg eje, bv, Av‡`Š bq| Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡B Zvi DwPZ‡K ‰Zwi K‡i| Giƒc bvwcZ _vKv m¤¢e-hv m¤¢e bq
Zv n‡jv Zvi Ici Av‡ivwcZ kZ©¸wj| hw` Avcbvi kZ©¸wj‡K Avcwb hyw³hy³ ej‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j
bvwcZ‡KI hyw³hy³ ej‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K wg_¨v ej‡j kZ©¸wj‡K ej‡Z nq Ggb AvBb hv cÖYqb Kiv nq
Zvi Rb¨ hvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡B †bB|
GLb, kZ© _vK‡j bvwcZ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv; bvwcZ _vK‡j kZ© _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GUvB †Zv GKwU
AvZ¥we‡iva, A_P Av‡MiwU GLb Avi †Kv‡bv AvZ¥we‡iva bq| Avcbvi jwRK‡K wVK †i‡L Avcwb hw`
AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai wb®úwË Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j Av‡iKUv AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai g‡a¨ ûgwo †L‡q co‡eb| Avcbvi jwRK
Zvi cÖv‡šÍ wM‡q AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai Rb¥ †`q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv jwR‡K †cuŠ‡Q hvevi Rb¨|

bvwcZ Av‡Q| Zvn‡j wK Avcwb GLbI kZ©¸wj Av‡ivc KÕ‡i ej‡ZB _vK‡eb †m ‡bB? wb‡Ri †PvL
ey‡R wK cÖgvY Kiv hvq Avcbvi mvg‡b †h eÕ‡m Av‡Q †m Avm‡j †bB?

wKsev Avcwb wK †PvL eo eo KÕ‡i Ly‡j †i‡L cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvb †h Avcwb hv‡K †`L‡Z cvbwb †m
Avm‡j ‡bB? wb‡Ri †Pv‡Li e¨vcv‡i wK †Kv‡bv cÖkœB Zzj‡eb bv? Avcbvi hyw³ wK mZ¨B k¦vk¦Z?

mf¨Zvi ïiæ †_‡KB GB ch©šÍ me `vk©wbKB g‡b K‡i‡Qb †h hyw³ ¯’vb-Kvj-cvÎnxb, k¦vk¦Z
(universal)| wKš‘ hyw³ k¦vk¦Z bq!

hyyw³ mgqwbf©i|

hyw³ ¯’vb wbf©i|

evsjv‡`‡ki hyw³ weª‡U‡b hy³

& iv‡óª GgbwK Puv‡`i †`‡kI mZ¨, AvR‡Ki hyw³ AvMvgxKvjI mZ¨ _vK‡e-
hw` Zv weï× hyw³ nq, wKš‘ ¯’vb-Kvj eÕ‡j hw` wKQz bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î gvbexq hyw³i MZvbyMwZK
iƒcI Avi _vKvi K_v bq|

hyw³i `ywUB gvÎ †PvL, A_P †m GKB mg‡q `ywU †PvL w`‡q †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K †`L‡Z cv‡i bv| †m GK
gyn~‡Z© †Kej GKwU †PvL w`‡qB †`L‡Z cvq| Zvi GK †PvL hv `¨v‡L, Zvi Aci †PvLwU Zvi D‡ëvUvB
`¨v‡L| d‡j †m ˆeafv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Zvi GB AÿgZvi (A_©vr `ywU †PvL w`‡q GK mv‡_ †`L‡Z bv
cvivi) Kv‡Q FYx|

hyw³i GK †PvL Av‡Q GK Z‡j, Zvi Ab¨ †PvLwU Av‡Q wVK wecixZ Z‡j| d‡j Zv GKwU we‡kl gyn~‡Z©
ïay ev¯ÍeZvi GKwU ZjB †`L‡Z cvq|

42
 Avm‡j ev¯ÍeZvi GKwUB Zj-`yB Zj eÕ‡j Zv‡Z wKQz †bB| wKš‘ `yB †PvL w`‡q GK mv‡_ Zv‡K †`L‡Z
bv cvivi Kvi‡Y hyw³ Zv‡K LwÛZ Ae¯’vqB `¨v‡L, Ges †f‡e e‡m ‡h Zvi `ywUB Zj|

hyw³i mdjZv Zvi c~e©aviYvi (assumption) Ici wbf©ikxj| †m ïiæ n‡Z Rv‡b bv| Zv‡K ïiæ
Kwi‡q w`‡j †Kej †m Pj‡Z cv‡i| Pjvi c‡_ Zvi GK †PvL Aci †Pv‡Li †`Lv †c‡j †m †_‡g hvq-ZLb
ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y Zvi GK †PvL R¡Õ‡j Ab¨wU wbf‡Z _v‡K| ZLb †m Ônu¨vÕ ej‡Z wM‡q ÔbvÕ eÕ‡j †d‡j, ÔbvÕ
ej‡Z wM‡q Ônu¨vÕ eÕ‡j †d‡j| Zvi GK †Pv‡Li bvg ÔbvÕ, GK †Pv‡Li bvg Ônu¨vÕ| GKwU Aw¯ÍZ¡, Ab¨wU
Abw¯ÍZ¡| d‡j Zvi GK †PvL Abymv‡i hv Av‡Q, Ab¨wU Abymv‡iI Zv Av‡Q, KviY Ab¨wU ZLb AÜ, †m
Av‡MiwUi ivq‡K †g‡b wb‡”Q| d‡j hv Av‡Q, Zv †bB n‡Z cv‡i bv, Ges wecixZµ‡g, hv †bB Zv _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv| G ïay Zvi †`Lvi e¨vcvi| ev¯ÍeZvq meB Av‡Q-GKB mv‡_ GKB gyn~‡Z© ÔAw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Abw¯ÍZ¡Õ I
Av‡Q, ZvIev‡`i (Taoism) GB cÖZxKwUi g‡Zv:

wPÎ-5

GLv‡b Aw¯ÍZ¡ (mv`v) Ges Abw¯ÍZ¡ (Kv‡jv) GKB Z‡j wg‡k Av‡Q| GKwUgvÎ Z‡j Giƒc †Kv‡bv †gwkb
ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e bq, KviY Zv nu¨v-bv hyw³‡K, A_©vr, 0-1 hyw³‡K, A¯^xKvi K‡i| wKš‘ wPšÍvq-gy³ wPšÍvq-
Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q| Kgvm`„k wRwbm `ywU‡K hw` Av‡jvi Pjvi MwZ‡Z Nyiv‡bv nq, Zvn‡j, AvBwb÷vB‡bi
ZË¡ Abymv‡i, Zv GKB mg‡q mv`v Ges Kv‡jv‡K-A_©vr Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Abw¯ÍZ¡‡K-aviY Ki‡e| Zv‡Z GKB
mg‡q Ônu¨vÕ Ges ÔbvÕ eZ©gvb| Zv‡Z GKB mg‡q m„wó Ges aŸsm we`¨gvb| A_©vr †m‡ÿ‡Î Ôm„wóÕ I ÔaŸsmÕ
K_v `ywUi MZvbyMwZK A_© †bB|

Gevi ÔKgvÕ `ywUi MwZ‡eM Kgv‡Z _vKzb| mv`v Ges Kv‡jv, Ônu¨vÕ Ges ÔbvÕ, ÔAw¯ÍZ¡Õ Ges ÔAbw¯ÍZ¡Õ,
ÔmZ¨Õ Ges Ôwg_¨vÕ, Ôfv‡jvÕ Ges Ôg›`Õ mg‡qi Øviv Ges mg‡qi e¨eav‡b G‡K Aci †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q
hv‡e| m„wó n‡e A¨vwi‡÷vUjxq mv`v-Kv‡jv hyw³,26 hvi Ici `uvwo‡q Av‡Q gvbe wPšÍv-‡MvUv weÁvb `k©b

26
0-1 hyw³| Zv Abymv‡i: hv Av‡Q Zv †bB n‡Z cv‡i bv; hv †bB Zv GKB gyn~‡Z© _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi bvg Law of Excluded Middle|

43
mf¨Zvi wfZ| ZLb AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai m„wó n‡Z _vK‡e, hv Av‡M wQj bv; ZLb AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai duv‡` cÕ‡o
Avgv‡`i‡K ej‡Z n‡e †h m„wóKZ©v †bB, A_P Kgv `yÕwU Av‡jvi †e‡M †Nvivi mg‡q wZwb wQ‡jb|

GKB K_v D‡ëvfv‡e ejv hvq †h Kgv `ywUi `ªæZ †_‡K `ªæZZi Ki‡Z _vK‡j D™¢~Z NUbv‡K e¨vL¨v
Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K GK ch©v‡q 0-1 jwR‡Ki field ‡_‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv jwR‡Ki field-G PÕ‡j †h‡Z
n‡e|

m„wóKZ©vi hyw³ Abymv‡i AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai aviYvUvB GKwU AvZ¥weiæ× e¨vcvi| KviY Zuvi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv
wKQzB AvZ¥weiæ× bq| Zuvi Kv‡Q ÔbvÕ (A_©vr 0) Ônu¨vÕ Gi (A_©vr 1 Gi) mv‡_ GK n‡q wg‡k Av‡Q| 0 ‡K
1 ‡_‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q GKwU gvÎ Dcv`vb- mgq| mgq eÕ‡j ‡hLv‡b wKQz †bB, †mLv‡b Ônu¨vÕ Ges ÔbvÕ eÕ‡j
wKQz †bB| †mLv‡b me wKQz GKB Z‡j Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q, wVK GB gxweqvm w÷‡ci g‡Zv (MwYZwe` gxweqvm
GwU‡K D™¢veb (bvwK Avwe®‹vi?) K‡ib):27

wPÎ-6

Gi GKwU Z‡ji Ici w`‡q Avcwb GKwU Kjg w`‡q `vM w`‡Z w`‡Z GwM‡q hvb, `vMwU Avcbv †_‡KB
Aci ZjwU‡Z †cuŠ‡Q hv‡e| A_P †Kv‡bv wØZjwewkó KvM‡Ri ( ev †Kv‡bvwKQzi) Ici Zv m¤¢e bq| Avcwb
†Uwe‡ji KvV dz‡Uv bv KÕ‡i Zvi wb‡Pi Z‡j †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡ib bv| wKsev Zvi wKbv‡i bv wM‡q Avcwb Zvi
wb‡Pi Z‡j †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡ib bv| A_P wKbv‡i †M‡jB hZ Sv‡gjv| Dc‡ii Z‡ji Ônu¨vÕ ZLb wb‡Pi Z‡ji
ÔbvÕ Gi mv‡_ wgk‡Z Pvq bv| ïiæ nq AvZ¥we‡iva| 0-1 Gi jovB| A_P gxweqvm w÷ª‡ci Z‡j 0-1
Giƒc †Kv‡bv jovB K‡i bv|

Big Bang Theory Abymv‡i †MvUv wek¦eªþvÐ GK mg‡q, A_©vr Zvi m„wói gyn~‡Z©i wKQzUv c‡i, GKwU
dzj÷‡ci g‡Zv wQj| Zvi w_Iwi AvBwb÷vB‡bi Av‡cwÿZvev‡`i Ici cÖwZwôZ, hv Abymv‡i ZLb space
Ges time eÕ‡j wKQz wQj bv| Space hw` bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j we›`ywU wQj †Kv_vq? A_©vr Zvi Pvicv‡k Kx
wQj? †mwK wb‡Ri g‡a¨B wb‡R Ae¯’vb K‡iwQj? Zvn‡j †Zv gnv‡mU Z Gi g‡a¨ Z wb‡RB Av‡Q| Zvn‡j
†Zv 0-1 jwRK Avi KvR Kij bv| Zvn‡j †mB we›`ywUi m„wói Av‡M eªþvÐ †Kv_vq wQj? Znv‡j wK Zvi

27
c×wZ: GK dvwj KvMR wb‡q Zv‡Z GKUvgvÎ †gvPo w`b| Gevi `yB cÖvšÍ‡K AvVv w`‡q jvwM‡q w`b|

44
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨B Zvi Abw¯ÍZ¡ wQj, wKsev Zvi Abw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨B Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ jywK‡q wQj? 0 -Gi mv‡_ 1
wg‡k wQj?

0-1 jwRK‡K mZ¨ ej‡Z n‡e ZZÿY ch©šÍ, hZÿY ch©šÍ ¯’vb Ges mgq Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q A_©en| A_©vr
¯^qs hyw³B ev¯ÍeZv wbf©i| Zv k¦vk¦Z bq|

Zvn‡j AvZ¥we‡iva Kv‡K e‡j? Zv Kv‡K cÖgvY K‡i? Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ KZÿY mZ¨?

AvZ¥we‡iva n‡jv 0 Ges 1 Gi ga¨Kvi we‡iva|

AvZ¥we‡iva Zvi mZ¨ZvB cÖgvY K‡i hvi mv‡_ †m AvZ¥we‡iv‡a wjß nq (A contradiction proves
what it contradicts)| A_©vr †Kv‡bv AvZ¥we‡iva‡K hw` AvZ¥we‡iva ej‡Z nq, Zvn‡j eySv hvq †h
†m‡ÿ‡Î 0-1 jwRK‡K mZ¨ aÕ‡i †bqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j AvZ¥we‡iva Øviv ZZÿYB †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K cÖgvY Kiv
hvq hZÿY 0-1 jwRK mZ¨ _v‡K, Ges hZÿY hv‡K cÖgvY Kiv n‡”Q Zv ¯’vb (space) Ges Kv‡ji
(time) c`v_©we`¨v-kvwmZ MwÐi AvIZvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q| Zvi evB‡i ¯^qs c`v_©we`¨vB A_©nxb|28

AvZ¥we‡iva n‡jv 0-1 jwRK †_‡K D³ jwR‡KiB †ei n‡q Avmvi GKwU cÖ‡Póv| wKš‘ Avgiv †Rvi
KÕ‡i Zvi Kz‡qvi g‡a¨ aÕ‡i ivwL| GB cÖ‡Póv‡K AvZ¥wgj‡bi cÖ‡Póv bv eÕ‡j AvZ¥we‡iva eÕ‡j AvL¨vwqZ
KÕ‡i 0-1 jwR‡Ki ˆeaZv‡K wUwK‡q ivwL|

0-1 jwRK hw` k¦vk¦Z bv nq, Zvn‡j ¯^qs AvZ¥we‡ivaB k¦vk¦Z bq| ZLb †h ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv weivR K‡i,
ZvB n‡j k¦vk¦Z ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv| Avgiv AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai gva¨‡g Zvi mÜvb cvB (ab¨ev` AvZ¥we‡iva‡K), Z‡e
Zv‡K cvB bv|

Zv‡K †c‡jB Avgiv Avevi Zv‡K ev` w`‡q Ggb wKQz‡K LuyRZvg hv‡K Avgiv †cZvg bv|

Zv‡K ZZÿY ch©šÍ cvIqv m¤¢e bq hZÿY Avgiv 0-1 jwRK w`‡q Zv‡K LuyRwQ|
28
myZivs AvZ¥we‡ivaB 0-1 jwR‡Ki †kl mxgv| Ab¨ `„wó‡Z, GwU GKwU mgm¨v hvi mgvavb 0-1 jwR‡Ki g‡a¨ †bB| Zvn‡j gvbe hyw³ wesev Zvi
wf‡Zi Ici `uvwo‡q _vKv complex field I ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| KviY Zv †h-mgm¨vi (A_©vr AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai) Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i, Zvi mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡i
bv| A_©vr D³ field Ggb GKwU Amxg Universal Field Gi g‡a¨ Av‡Q hv‡Z AvZ¥we‡iva eÕ‡jB wKQz †bB| MvwYwZK fvlvq, complex field
Gi †MvUv †mUwU‡K Fc Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡j ej‡Z nq †h, Zv‡Z hv †bB Zv n‡jv Zvi complement ev Fć| d‡j Df‡qi †hvMdj, ev Fc U Fć,
n‡jv Fu ev Universal Field| Gi g‡a¨ ïay 0-1 jwRKB †bB, Av‡Q Kvh©-KviY m¤úK©‡K mg‡qi ci¯úivq D‡ë †`qv AvZ¥we‡ivanxb jwRKI,
hv gvbe g‡b ev Free Will G †`Lv hvq (c‡i Av‡jvP¨)| Fc Gi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb KÕ‡i wePvi Ki‡j ejv hvq †h Fc ∩ Fć = , A_©vr Fc Ges Fć
Gi g‡a¨ common wKQz †bB| wKš‘ Fć Gi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb KÕ‡i wePvi Ki‡Z cvi‡j †`Lv ‡hZ †h Fc ∩ Fć ≠ , A_©vr Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz wRwbm
common Av‡Q- Ges Zv n‡jv: Fc ∩ Fć = Fc| G Kvi‡Y Fu ‡Z †Kv‡bv AvZ¥we‡iva †bB| c~e©eZ©x m¤úK©¸wj †_‡K Av‡iv Abygvb Kiv hvq †h:
Fc U Fć = Fu, KviY Fc ⊆ Fu, Ges Fć U Fu = Fu, KviY Fć ⊆ Fu| U = '+' Ges '∩' = '×' Gfv‡e aÕ‡i wb‡j:
Fc + Fc' = Fu
Fc + Fu = Fu
Fc' + Fu = Fu
Fu + Fu = Fu
Fu × Fu = Fu
A_©vr me †ÿ‡ÎB Pig dj cvIqv hv‡”Q Fu| wKš‘ Fu-Fu=? Avm‡j G‡ÿ‡ÎI Fu, 0 bq|

45
 Zv‡K GKevi †c‡j ZLb Avi g‡b ivLv m¤¢e bq †h GK mg‡q Avgiv Zv‡K Luy‡RwQjvg| KviY ZLb
Avgv‡`i wPšÍvq 0-1 ‡bB-Zv‡Z 0 Ges 1 mgq Ges ¯’vb Øviv wew”Qbœ bq|

Zv‡K Avgiv cvB bv eÕ‡jB Avbw›`Z nB| Zv‡K Avgiv cvBbv eÕ‡jB GK_v cÖgvwYZ nq †h wZwb
Av‡Qb|

wZwb complex plane Gi evB‡i, A_P complex plane -B Zvi AšÍf©~³, KviY Avi complex
plane eÕ‡j wew”Qbœ †Kv‡bv duvwKevR Ô¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Õ †Kv‡bv plane ‡bB|

m„wóKZ©vB eªþvЇK m„wó K‡i‡Qb| m„wói gyn~‡Z© wZwb mg‡qi GK-gyLx †¯ªv‡Zi Ici fvwm‡q w`‡q‡Qb
†MvUv m„wó-msmvi| Avi ZLbB-mg‡qi mv‡_B m„wó n‡q‡Q 0-1 jwR‡Ki| GB jwRK n‡jv m„wói Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
m½x| d‡j Zv‡K w`‡q ïay Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡KB eySv hvq Ges gvcv hvq, Zvi Abw¯ÍZ¡‡K bq| GB jwRK
wb‡R‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z †M‡j wb‡RB aŸsm n‡q hvq|

‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡K Rvbv hv‡”Q bv eÕ‡j G K_v ejvi †Kv‡bv hyw³ †bB †h Zv †bB| gvby‡li Rvbvi ÿgZvi
Ici e¯‘R‡Zi ev ev¯ÍeZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©ikxj bq|

mgq‡K k~b¨ aÕ‡i wb‡j Av‡cwÿKZv ZË¡ Ges Big Bang Theory A_©nxb n‡q c‡o| GB A_©nxbZv
0-1 jwR‡Ki wePv‡i A_©nxbZv| KviY †mB dg©~jvi wfwËf‚wg n‡jv GB jwRK|

mgq‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡j gvbyl‡K m„wó-RM‡Zi evB‡i †h‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Zv m¤¢e bq, KviY
m„wóRM‡Zi evB‡i hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvI m„wóRM‡Zi AšÍf³ ‚© | Zvi ïiæ Ges †kl Av‡Q †Kej 0-1 jwR‡Ki
`„wó‡Z-A_P GB jwRKB Zvi wekjZv †g‡c †kl Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| weÁvb Rv‡b (A_©vr Ôwek¦vmÕ K‡i) †h
wek¦RMr mmxg, A_P †m Zvi mxgvi †k‡l †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv! KviY Zvi GB Áv‡bi Drm n‡jv 0-1 jwRK,
A_P wek¦RM‡Zi Ômxgvi DrmÕ †mB jwRK bq|

0-1 jwRK Rv‡b †h wek¦RM‡Zi mxgv Av‡Q, A_P †m Zv gvc‡Z ev †mLv‡b †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv|
GKBfv‡e, GB eB‡ZI 0-1 jwRK Øviv cÖgvY Kiv n‡jv †h m„wóKZ©v Av‡Qb, hw`I †mB jwRK Øviv Zv
cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e bq wZwb †Kgb Av‡Qb ev †Kv_vq Av‡Qb|

Zuvi jwRK Abymv‡i wZwb Avw`-AšÍ Kvj aÕ‡iB Av‡Qb; Zuvi Kv‡Q wQ‡jb Ges _vK‡eb eÕ‡j wKQz †bB|
Zvi e¨Ki‡Y wµqv Av‡Q, Z‡e wµqvi Kvj (Tense) †bB| wZwb Kv‡jI AZxZ|

Avgv‡`i `„wó‡Z m„wóRMZ n‡jv Avgv‡`i complex plane , KviY Zv w`‡qB Avgiv Zv‡K gvwc|
†mLv‡b Ô+Õ, Ô-Õ, Ô×Õ, Ô÷Õ n‡jv e¯‘ I kw³i wewfbœ ai‡bi iƒcšÍi ev transformation| d‡j eªþv‡Ði
†Kv‡bv wKQy Giƒc iƒcvšÍ‡ii ciI eªþ‡Ði g‡a¨B i‡q hvq| Kz‡qvi gv‡ci jvd Kz‡qvi e¨O‡K Kz‡qvi g‡a¨B

46
aÕ‡i iv‡L| Zvi Kv‡Ri hyw³ n‡jv 0-1 jwRK| myZivs GB jwRK w`‡q GB plane Gi evB‡i hvIqv m¤¢e
bq|

cÖkœ Kivi AwaKvi Ávbxi †gŠwjK AwaKvi, d‡j Zvi hyw³i mv‡c‡ÿ AvZ¥we‡ivax cÖkœ Kivi AwaKviI
Zvi †gŠwjK AwaKvi| wKš‘, `yt‡Li welq, wZwb hLb cÖ‡kœi Reve Luy‡R cvb (AšÍZ GB A‡_©), ZLb cyi‡bv
cÖkœwU wØZxqevi hw` wZwb K‡ib Zuv‡K AvZ¥we‡iv‡ai hš¿Yv †c‡Z n‡e|

nq‡Zv †KD ej‡eb, hw` GgbB nq †h m„wóRMZ AbšÍKvj aÕ‡i Av‡Q, Zvn‡j Zv Av‡Q wek¦eªþÐ
wn‡m‡e-Zv‡K †KD m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ggb fvevi `iKvi ‡bB|

Rev‡e Avwg eje, wek¦eªþvÐ bvgK e¯‘RMZB hw` AbšÍKvj aÕ‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i,Zvn‡j m„wóKZ©v ¯^qs
†Kb cvi‡eb bv? 0-1 jwRK‡K A¯^xKvi KÕ‡iB hLb ej‡Qb †h , hv AbšÍKvj hveZ Av‡Q Zv n‡jv
wek¦eªþvÐ (universe), Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Ôwek¦eªþvÐÕ kãwUi ¯’‡j Ôm„wóKZ©vÕ kãwU‡K emv‡Z Avcbvi
AvcwË ‡Kb| AvZ¥we‡iva‡KB hLb †g‡b wb‡”Qb, ZLb hv-Lywk †Zv †g‡b †bqv hvq| hyw³i Icv‡i †Zv meB
GK n‡q wg‡k ‡M‡Q| ‡mLv‡b mgq Ges ¯’vb ‡Zv `yB eÕ‡j wKQzi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¥ †`qwb| AwawKš‘,
e¯‘RM‡Zi me cÖ‡kœi DËi Avgiv e¯‘RMr †_‡KB cvw”Q| wKš‘ g‡bi me cÖ‡kœi DËi Zv‡Z cvw”Q bv| Gi
DËi †h field -G Av‡Q Zv GKwU B”Qvi field| Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q real field. cÖkœ _vK‡j DËi _vK‡ZB
n‡e, Avgiv Zv Rvwb ev bv Rvwb| bB‡j †MvUv wm‡÷gUv ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z cv‡i bv| Mind Ges Matter
DfqB †mB wm‡÷‡gi AšÍf³ ©~ |

m‡›`ncÖeY hyw³we` AveviI P‚ovšÍfv‡e ej‡eb, ÒG me Avcbvi Kíbv, g‡bi m„wó|Ó

GB Mvjg›` ïb‡Z Avgvi †Kv‡bv AvcwË †bB| Avwg ïay GKwU cvëv Aby‡iva Kie: G‡Kev‡iB mZ¨
K_v †h Gme g‡bi m„wó; wKš‘ jÿ¨ KÕ‡i‡Qb g‡bi KZ eo mxgve×Zv? hyw³ w`‡qI †Zv Avgiv GZÿY
GKRb hyw³wm× m„wóKZ©v‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvijvg bv! AvZ¥we‡iva i‡qB †Mj| gvby‡li hyw³i me‡P‡q
eo Ges nZvkve¨ÄK mxgve×Zv GB †h Zv †Kv‡bv hyw³wm× me©kw³gvb‡K D™¢veb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| hyw³
Øviv Zuv‡K m„wó Ki‡Z †M‡j wZwb Zuvi me©kw³gËvi e‡j Avevi wb‡R‡K aŸsm KÕ‡i em‡eb| nvq hyw³!
hyw³i GB mxgve×ZvB cÖgvY K‡i †h †m-hyw³ Ab¨ Kv‡iv m„wó|

Avm‡j gvbyl mgq Ges ¯’v‡bi dg©~jvq wPšÍv K‡i| Zvi wPšÍvB n‡jv mgq Ges ¯’v‡bi GKwU mgb¦q|
GLv‡b wPšÍv ej‡Z Avwg hyw³‡K eySvw”Q| gy³wPšÍv ev Free Will eÕ‡j hv Av‡Q, Zv hyw³‡K AMÖvn¨ Ki‡Z
cv‡i, Z‡e hyw³i AZx‡Z Kx Av‡Q Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY Zv wb‡R †Kv‡bv †hŠw³K KvVv‡gvi Ici MwVZ
bq| hyw³‡K ïiæ Kwi‡q †`q GB Free Will, Z‡e Pvwj‡q wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ibv| hyw³ P‡j wb‡RiB
MwZ‡ZB|

47
48
 m„wói KvVv‡gv
ab¨ev` hyw³‡K| ab¨ev` mgq‡K| Zv‡`i KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨B m„wói Aw¯ÍZ¡, gvbe Rxeb| ïay ZvB bq,
gvbe Rxeb †mB KvVv‡gviB m„wó| Kz‡qvi e¨vO Kz‡qviB m„wó| gvbyl Zvi MwÐ AwZµg Ki‡Z Pvq, wKš‘ e¨_©
nq| †m hw` weï×fv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z cviZ Zvn‡j †`LZ †h mg‡qi MwЇK AwZµg Ki‡Z PvIqvB
AvZ¥we‡iva| MwÐB Zv‡K m„wó K‡i‡Q| AbšÍ Rxeb jvf KÕ‡i MwÐi evB‡i hvIqvi B”Qv gv‡b wb‡Ri
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K D‡cÿv Kivi Am¤¢e evmbv|

ab¨ev` mgq‡K, GB MwЇK| mgq Av‡Q eÕ‡jB wek¦RM‡Z Kvh©KviY wbq‡gi cvi¯úh© ejer Av‡Q|
mgq Av‡Q e‡jB Av‡M †gN nq, c‡i e„wó nq| mgq‡K AwZµg Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Av‡M e„wó n‡Zv, c‡i H
e„wó-cÖ`vbKvix †gN n‡Zv| Av‡iv D™¢U n‡Zv hLb Avgiv Av‡M e„wó‡Z wfRZvg, Ges Zvi ciB
ÔmwZ¨Kv‡iiÕ e„wó n‡Zv| mgq Av‡Q e‡jB Avgiv Avqbvi mvg‡b Av‡M `uvovB Zvici Avgv‡`i Qwe
Avqbv‡Z fv‡m (mg‡qi cv_©K¨ hZ KgB †nvK bv †Kb)| wKš‘ mgq bv _vK‡j, wKsev Zvi †¯ªvZ D‡ëv
w`‡K hvIqv m¤¢e n‡j, Av‡M Avqbvq Avgv‡`i Qwe fvmZ, Zvici Avgiv Avqbvi mvg‡b `uvovZvg| mg‡qi
D‡ëv w`‡K hvIqv m¤¢e n‡j Avgiv Av‡M giZvg, Zvici Rb¥vZvg| Avgv‡`i Rxeb ïiæ n‡Zv g„Zz¨ †_‡K,
†kl n‡Zv R‡b¥i g‡a¨| aŸsm ‡_‡K D‡V AvmZ m„wó| Abw¯ÍZ¡ †_‡K D‡V AvmZ Aw¯ÍZ¡| Av‡M mvRv
†cZvg, Zvici Aciva KiZvg|

GB mgq huvi nv‡Zi †Ljvi cyZzj,wZwb wK Zvn‡j Acivax‡K Av‡M mvRv w`‡Z cv‡ib bv? wZwb wK mevi
fvM¨ Av‡M †_‡K wba©vwiZ KÕ‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i bv? wZwb wK Zvn‡j aŸsm †_‡K Avevi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv?
g„Zz¨i ci gvbyl‡K AveviI RxweZ KÕ‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡ib bv?

Aek¨B cv‡ib KviY wZwb mg‡qi AZxZ|

mgq ZuviB m„wó| mgq Zuvi B‡”Q Abymv‡i Zvi MwZ e`jv‡Z cv‡i| GLb hw` aÕ‡i †bqv nq †h mgq
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`‡K eB‡e bv-bv mvg‡b, bv †cQ‡b-A_©vr Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖevnB _vK‡e bv, Zvn‡j wK me
Aw¯ÍZ¡nxb n‡q hv‡e?

bv, ZLb meB wPi¯’vqx n‡q hv‡e|

ZLb me eÕ‡jI wKQz _vK‡e bv, _vK‡e ïay GK|

ZLb Avwg GLv‡b eÕ‡m hLb wjLwQ, ZLbB Av‡gwiKvq, ivwkqvq, d«v‡Ý, weª‡U‡b-eªþv‡Ði mKj we›`y‡Z
eÕ‡m wjLwQ| ZLb Avwg meLv‡b-KviY ZLb Avwg Avi Avwg ‡bB|

wPšÍvi evB‡i| ZeyI Kíbvi evB‡i bq| A_©vr, wPšÍv ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| eis KíbvB Zvi †P‡q †ewk cÖk¯Í,
¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| GB KíbvB Free Will, Avvgv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖweó ¯^qs m„wóKZ©vi mËv| Gi †ewk wKQz Avgv‡`i
Rvbv m¤¢e bq| KviY Gi †P‡q †ewk wKQz Rvb‡Z †c‡i Avgiv Avi Avbw›`Z _vKe bv|
49
 Avcbv‡K hw` GB gyn~‡Z© wekvj Zvwj‡K evwb‡q ‡`qv nq Avcwb GLb †_‡K g„Zz¨i AvM gyn~Z© ch©šÍ Kx
Kx Ki‡eb, Avcbvi Rxe‡b Kx Kx NU‡e, Zvn‡j, me NUbv AZ¨šÍ myLKi n‡jI, Zv Avcbvi Avi fv‡jv
jvM‡e bv| Avcwb me wKQz †R‡b ï‡b Avi †eu‡P _vK‡Z PvB‡eb bv, hw` Avcwb Ávbx nb| KviY ZLb
Avcbvi Rxe‡b ZvB NU‡e hv Avcwb Av‡M †_‡K Rv‡bb| ZLb Avcwb Avcbvi Áv‡bi K…Z`vm| ZLb hv
Rv‡bb ZvB NU‡e, A_P Zv‡K AwZµg Kivi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| ZLb Free Will eÕ‡j Avcbvi wKQz
†bB| gvbyl‡K GB Kó †_‡K †invB †`qvi Rb¨ Zv‡K Free Will bvgK cÖZviK‡K †`qv n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li
Ávb hw` Zvi mv‡_ cÖZviYv bv KiZ, Zvn‡j †m Avi Ávbx n‡Z PvBZ bv| ZLb ÁvbB n‡Zv g„Zz¨i
bvgvšÍi|

wKš‘ GUvB m¤¢eZ cig mZ¨ †h gvby‡li cÖwZ-gyn~‡Z©i fwel¨Z Av‡M †_‡KB wba©vwiZ| mgq hw`
G‡jvcv_vwofv‡e (randomly) eBZ, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv GK_v ejvi †cQ‡b †Kv‡bv hyw³ _vKZ bv| wKš‘
mg‡qi GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z ‡Kej GKwU NUbv NUvB m¤¢e| d‡j Zvi we¯Í…Z Z‡ji cÖwZwU we›`y‡ZB
cy‡ivcywi wbw`©ó wKQz NUbvB NUv m¤¢e| me wKQzi m¤¢vebv Av‡M †_‡KB wba©vwiZ, Ges Zv NU‡eI|

Avcwb nq‡Zv ej‡eb, ÒZvn‡j Avwg GLb Avcbvi eBwU wQ‡o †djZvg, GI wK wba©vwiZ wQj?Ó

Avwg eje, nu¨v|

Òhw` bv wQoZvg Zvn‡j hv NUZ ZvI wba©vwiZ wQj?Ó

Avwg eje, nu¨v| wba©vwiZ wQj †h Avcwb wQo‡eb, Zvici Avevi bv-‡Qovi ay‡qv Zzj‡eb bv| wKš‘ Ki‡Z
n‡e Avcbv‡K GKUvB| Avcwb †Zv GKB mv‡_ 0 Ges 1 ‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| Avcwb †Zv 0-1 Gi
mv`v-Kv‡jv binary jwR‡Ki duv‡` AvUKv cÕ‡o Av‡Qb| Avcwb Avcbvi mg‡qi complex plane Gi
evB‡i wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Avcwb mgq †_‡K †h-‡Kv‡bv Dcv`vb wb‡q hZfv‡eB †fvRevwR †L‡j Zv‡K
cvëvb bv †Kb, djvdjI D³ mg‡qi MwÐi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡e|

ÒwKš‘ Avwg GLb †Zv eBwU co‡ZI cvwi Avevi bv-I co‡Z cvwi| me †Zv Avgvi B”Qvi Ici
wbf©ikxj|Ó

wVK| wKš‘ GK evi covi ci Avcwb †cQb w`‡K ZvwK‡q †`L‡eb †h Zv Avcwb cÕ‡o †d‡j‡Qb| d‡j
ZLb Avcbvi Øviv ejv m¤¢e bq †h Avcwb Zv c‡obwb| N‡U-hvIqv NUbvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| Kv‡Ri
Av‡M Avgiv A‡bK wKQzB fve‡Z cvwi| wKšÍy KvRwU Kivi ci GK_v Aek¨B ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Zv bv
Kivi †hvM¨Zv Avgv‡`i wQj bv| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcvq wQj bv eÕ‡jB Avgv‡`i‡K Zv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| Kv‡Ri
c‡i †h-Ávb Avgiv AR©b Kwi ZvB-B cÖK…Z Ávb| Avgiv Rxe‡bi c‡_ GwM‡q Pwj AZxZ ‡_‡K eZ©gvb
fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K, A_P fvM¨ Avgv‡`i‡K †g‡c `¨v‡L fwel¨Z †_‡K eZ©gvb n‡q AZx‡Zi w`‡K|

50
 Avcwb ej‡eb, ÒmeB hw` c~e©wba©vwiZ, Zvn‡j Avi g›`‡K fv‡jv n‡Z eÕ‡j, †Pvi‡K Pzwi Kivi `v‡q
kvw¯Í w`‡q ...... Kx jvf?Ó

Avgvi Reve, Avwg Rvwb bv| Avcbvi cÖ‡kœi wfwË n‡jv †mB 0-1 jwRK| H jwRK w`‡q Zv Rvbv m¤¢e
bq|

GgbI †Zv n‡Z cv‡i †h Avgv‡`i fvM¨ Av‡M †_‡K Avgv‡`i Ici †Rvi KÕ‡i Pvwc‡q †`qv nqwb| hv
hv NU‡e Zv wZwb Av‡M †_‡K Rv‡bb eÕ‡jB wZwb Zv Ôwj‡L †i‡L‡QbÕ| ZvQvov Avgiv †h complex
field-G †eu‡P AvwQ Zvi †Kvb ÔmsL¨viÕ mv‡_ †Kv‡b ÔmsL¨viÕ Kx mgš^q (A_©vr +, -, ×, ÷) NUv‡j dj Kx
n‡e Zv ‡Zv AvgivB Av‡M †_‡K eÕ‡j w`‡Z cvwi| bq wK?

myZivs, Avwg eje, Avmyb Avgiv ‡mB 0-1 jwR‡K wd‡i hvB| my¯’ Rxeb-hvcb Kwi| G‡K Aci‡K
fv‡jvevwm| my›`i wek¦-e¨e¯’v MÕ‡o Zzwj| hv Avgiv Rvwb Zvi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i mZ¨Zv‡K mxgve× ivwL| hv
Rvwb bv Zvi †`vnvB w`‡q auvauvi m„wó KÕ‡i A‡nZzK ag©we‡iva, AvZ¥we‡iva, a‡g©-a‡g© Ly‡bvLywb Gme †_‡K
weiZ _vwK|
K~cgÛzK avwg©K‡`i ewj, Avcbvi ag©‡K aŸsm Ki‡eb bv| †m AwaKvi Avcbv‡`i ‡bB| Zvi †P‡q
bvw¯ÍKZv fv‡jv| KviY m„wóKZ©v‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡j Zuvi wKQz G‡m hvq bv, ÿwZ nq Avgv‡`iB, hw` Avgiv
Zuvi `vwqZ¡ cy‡ivcywi cvjb bv KÕ‡i Pwj| ag©‡K bv ey‡S Mv‡q cÕ‡o a‡g©i cÿ wb‡q Ôag©hy‡×Õ wjß nIqv
n‡jv LuvwU A‡_© Aag© Kiv|

ÒwKš‘ K‚cgÐzK avwg©KZv ej‡Z Kx eySvq?Ó

k³ cÖkœ| KviY GLv‡b gb¯ÍË¡ Ge 0-1 Gi hyw³i KvimvwR Av‡Q|

Òa‡g©i `vwqZ¡ wK cy‡ivcywi Ôavwg©‡KiÕ nv‡Z Zz‡j ‡`qv DwPZ?Ó

k³ cÖkœ| cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi DËi bv Rvb‡j Gi DËi †`qv m¤¢e bq|

Ò‡K avwg©K?Ó

‡h ag© gv‡b|

Ò‡Kvb ag© mZ¨?Ó

Av‡jvPbv Ges we‡køl‡Yi welq|

ÒcÖK…Z m„wóKZ©vi wbKU ‡_‡K wK cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv a‡g©i GKwUI G‡m‡Q? Avjøvn-B wK †mB m„wóKZ©v?Ó

Avm‡j GB welqwU‡K GB eB‡qi AvIZvfz³ bq| cieZ©x †Kv‡bv eB‡Z Zvi Reve w`e|

51
 ÒweÁvb †h A‡bK mg‡q e‡j m„wóKZ©v eÕ‡j wKQz †bB| G e¨vcv‡i Avcwb Kx ej‡eb?Ó

weÁvb G‡KK mg‡q G‡KK K_v e‡j|

ÒZvn‡j weÁvb wg_¨v?Ó

bv| weÁvb m‡Z¨i c‡_ Av‡Q e‡jB Zv G‡KK mg‡q G‡K K_v e‡j‡Q| †m hv gvc‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K
¯^xKvi K‡i bv| weÁv‡bi GB e¯‘ev`x mZZvB Zv‡K GZ`~i GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Q| †m †Kej ZvB wek¦vm K‡i
hv †m Rv‡b| Áv‡bi evB‡i Zvi wek¦vm †`Šovq bv| †m hw` mewKQzB Av‡M †_‡K wek¦vm KÕ‡i eÕ‡m _vKZ,
Zvn‡j †m Avi G¸‡Zv bv| d‡j AvgivI GB †bvZzb c„w_exUv‡K †cZvg bv| GB eB‡Z Avgiv Time Ges
Space Gi †h aviYv e¨envi K‡iwQ ZvI weÁv‡bi Ae`vb| Z‡e me †ÿ‡Î weÁvb Avi weÁvbx GK bq-
GB K_vUv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| weÁvb †nvK e¯‘‡Kw›`ªK, Z‡e Zv †hb e¯‘wbf©i bv nq|

ÒWviDB‡bi.....Ó

WviDB‡bi m„wói Drm‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb, e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †Kej m„wói GK As‡ki
weeZ©b‡K| weeZ©b †Zv mg‡qiB GKwU Avewk¨K djkÖæwZ| Z‡e WviDB‡bi K_v Abymv‡i weeZ©‡bi
msÁv‡K wba©vwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv K_v †bB| WviDBb GKwU mZ¨‡K †Rvi KÕ‡i Pi‡g wb‡q
†M‡Qb| †Kv‡bv mZ¨B Pi‡g wM‡q mZ¨ _v‡K bv| ZLb Zv nq 0 bv-nq 1 n‡Z Pvq| gvSvgvwS _vK‡Z Pvq
bv| Z‡e Zuvi wPšÍvq mwZ¨Kv‡ii wecø‡ei Dcv`vb Av‡Q| Ges Zv m„wóKZ©vi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mv‡_ AvZ¥we‡ivax bq-
WviDBb wb‡R hv-B ejyb bv †Kb| wZwb wb‡Ri cy‡ivcywi WviDBbev`x wQ‡jb wK bv m‡›`n Av‡Q|

ÒwKš‘ †gv‡Ui Ici gv_vUv Ny‡i Av‡m|Ó

wKQzÿY Nyi‡Z w`b| ch©vßfv‡e wew®§Z bv n‡Z cvi‡j †Kv‡bv wKQz wek¦vm KÕ‡i LuvwU Avb›` cvIqv hvq
bv|
Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i GKwU ïiæ Ges †kl Av‡Q| d‡j Avgv‡`i wPšÍv‡KI †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI wM‡q †_‡g
hvIqv DwPZ|
Ávb ‡hLv‡b †kl nq †mLvb †_‡KB ïiæ nq mwZ¨Kv‡ii wek¦vm| ZLb wek¦vm Kivi AwaKvi Ávbxi
‡gŠwjK AwaKvi|

wek¦vm n‡jv Ggb hyw³ hv Áv‡bi wf‡Zi Ici `uvwo‡q cÖwZôv cvq, A_P Zvi ci Avi Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡
Áv‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj _v‡K bv|
Ávb Rv‡b †m Kx Rv‡b, wKš‘ Rv‡b bv Kx †m Rv‡b bv; wek¦vm Rv‡b bv †m Kx Rv‡b, wKš‘ Rv‡b Kx †m
Rv‡b bv| Avgiv Kx Rvwb bv Zv hLb fz‡j hvB ZLb Avgiv hv Rvwb Zv Avgv‡`i‡K aŸsm K‡i| wek¦vm
Avgv‡`i‡K ‡mB aŸs‡mi nvZ †_‡K euvPv‡Z cv‡i|

52
 ÒAvgv‡K Kx wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e?Ó

wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e †h Avgiv ‡hUzKz Zvi Ici wbf©i KÕ‡i `vw¤¢K n‡q wb‡R‡`i aŸs‡mi c_ †e‡Q †bqv
DwPZ bq| wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e †h Avgiv mevB GKB e„‡šÍ dz‡U _vKv GK ¸”Q dzj|wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e †h
†mB ¸‡”Qi GK Ask‡K wQ‡o iKgvwi gvjv †Mu‡_I Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Ask cwic~Y©fv‡e myLx n‡Z cv‡i bv|
wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e †h g„Zz¨B †kl K_v bq-Avgiv hv-wKQz KiwQ Zvi cwiYvgI GKB mv‡_ ˆZwi n‡”Q, †mB
KvR Ges cwiYvg-cÖvwßi g‡a¨ e¨eavb ïay mg‡qi|

ÒwKš‘ Avcbvi eBwU covi c‡iI †Zv Avwg Nyl Lve, wg_¨vPvi Kie, duvwK †`e, Ly‡bi ûKzg †`e, al©Y
Kie, ¯^vgx‡K DZ¨³ Kie, bb`‡K wnsmv Kie, eDgv‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cvie bv, cÖPzi †hŠZzK Pve, `‡ki
m¤ú` †g‡i Lve .........Ó

Avn&, wcøR, GLb Pzc Kiæb! Gevi gv_vUv AvgviI Nyi‡Q|

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