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Programming by Example
Programming by Example
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Priyesh Chauhan
Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research And Management
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Abstract— Efficiency and Reliability are the key features BLDC motor, like DC link variable voltage, PWM
for the development of advanced motor drives. Residential technique, etc.
and commercial appliances such as refrigerators and air In this paper, PWM technique has been employed.
conditioning systems use conventional motor drive Nowadays different PWM techniques are available,
technology. A brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive is
characterized by higher efficiency, lower maintenance, and like Sinusoidal, multiple sinusoidal, 60 modulation
higher cost. Therefore, it is necessary to have a low-cost etc. Here, sinusoidal PWM technique is used for
but effective BLDC motor controller. PWM has been controlling the speed of BLDC motor, because it is
widely used in power converter control. PWM control is easy and less time consuming. This paper introduce
the most power full technique that offer a simple method speed control of BLDC motor has been achieved
for controlling of analog system with processors digital through variation of duty cycle. Simulation result is
output. PWM frequency depends on the target FPGA verified with FPGA (Field Programming Gate Array)
device speed and duty cycle resolution requirement. In this based hardware.
paper, BLDC motor drive controlled using FPGA
controller.
II. BLDC MOTOR: AN INTRODUCTION
Keywords - Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives,
converters, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), BLDC motor is a brushless motor. The name itself
inverters, pulse width modulation (PWM). implies that there are no brushes and commutator. In
BLDC Motor the commutation is performed with the
help of electronic circuit, which reduces the mechanic
I. INTRODUCTION losses and improves the efficiency. Replacing the
inefficient motors with more efficient BLDC motors
An electrical motor is defined as a mechanical will result in substantial energy savings. A BLDC has
transducer that converts electrical energy into several advantages over other machine types. Most
mechanical energy. Electric motors are an integral part notably they require lower maintenance due to the
of industrial plants. Residential and commercial elimination of the mechanical commutator. It also has
applications mostly use conventional motor drive high power density. Compared to induction machines,
technologies. Electric motors are responsible for BLDC motors have lower inertia, allowing for faster
consuming more than half of all the electrical energy dynamic response to reference commands [2].
used in the world. In every industry there are The major disadvantage with permanent-magnet
processes that require adjustment for normal speed. motors is their higher cost and relatively greater
Such adjustments are usually accomplished with degree of complexity introduced by the power
variable speed drive and it consists of electrical motor, electronic converter used to drive them. The speed of
power converter and controller. Typically, machines the motor is directly proportional to the applied
found in all appliances are single-phase induction voltage. By varying the average voltage across the
motors or brushed dc machines which are windings, the speed can be altered. This is achieved
characterized by low efficiency and high maintenance, by altering the duty cycle of the base PWM signal.
respectively [1]. Single-phase induction motors are The use of PWM in power electronics to control
less efficient because of the ohmic loss in the rotor high energy with maximum efficiency & power
and due to the phase angle displacement between the saving is not new but, interesting is to generate PWM
stator current and back electromotive force (EMF). signals using HDL and implementing it in FPGA.
But the above losses are less in BLDC motor due to FPGAs are increasingly being used in motor control
the absence of brushes and mechanical commutation. applications due to their robustness and
Different methods are available for speed control of customizability [3]. Microcontrollers have typically
been used to implement motor controls, with
1
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
ETCEE-2014 Issue, March 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
computation algorithms executed by software. Some circuit, comprising of IGBTs as shown in Fig 2. The
of the challenges in this implementation are response efficiency, which is the ratio of the mechanical output
time, a fixed number of PWM channels, limited power to the electrical input power, is the highest,
communication interfaces and pre-determined analog since in this drive an alternating current flows through
triggering. each winding as an ac motor. This drive is often
referred to as bipolar drive. Here, 'bipolar' means that
III. FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY a winding is alternatively energized in the south and
north poles. The bipolar driving strategy includes
The Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is an sensor based and sensor-less techniques. Position
integrated circuit designed to be configured by a encoders and back EMFs are used in sensor-less
customer or a designer after manufacturing hence techniques. Whereas, hall sensors, and optical sensors
"field programming”. The FPGA configuration is are used in sensor based techniques [5].The EMF can
generally specified using a hardware description have a trapezoidal or sinusoidal waveform.
language (HDL), similar to that used for an
application specific integrated circuit
(ASIC)[3][4].The generic architecture of an SRAM-
based FPGA as shown in Fig.1
2
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
ETCEE-2014 Issue, March 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
3
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
ETCEE-2014 Issue, March 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
Where,
𝐹𝑝𝑤𝑚 = pwm frequency
𝐹𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 = clock frequency
𝑁 = resolution
4
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
ETCEE-2014 Issue, March 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
B
Fig.13 Hall sensor waveform capture on DSO
Fig. 11 Pictorial view of experiment setup of BLDC motor Fig. 12 & 13 shows the PWM and hall sensor
waveform capture on DSO respectively.
1 15 1100
2 30 1600
3 50 1950
4 65 2300
A 5 80 2550
VII CONCLUSION
B VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Fig. 12 PWM waveform capture on DSO
Technical support from IIT Gandhinagar for
carrying out this work is highly acknowledged.
REFERENCES
5
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
ETCEE-2014 Issue, March 2014, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
6
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved