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SDH2 - Chapter 05-Linear Static Lateral Force Procedures PDF
SDH2 - Chapter 05-Linear Static Lateral Force Procedures PDF
Key words: Code Philosophy, Design Base Shear, Design Story Forces, Design Drift Limitations, Equivalent Static
Force Procedure, Near Fault Factors, Seismic Zone Factors, UBC-97, IBC-2000, Regular and Irregular
Structures, Torsion and P-delta Effects, Site Soil Factors, Importance Factors
Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to review and compare the sections of current seismic design provisions,
which deal with the specification of seismic design forces. Emphasis will be on the equivalent static force
procedures as contaned in the 2000 edition of the International Building Code and the 1997 Edition of the
Uniform Building Code. There are two commonly used procedures for specifying seismic design forces: The
"Equivalent Static Force Procedure" and "Dynamic Analysis". In the equivalent static force procedure, the
inertial forces are specified as static forces using empirical formulas. The empirical formulas do not
explicitly account for the "dynamic characteristics" of the particular structure being designed or analyzed.
The formulas were, however, developed to adequately represent the dynamic behavior of what are called
"regular" structures, which have a reasonably uniform distribution of mass and stiffness. For such structures,
the equivalent static force procedure is most often adequate. Structures that do not fit into this category are
termed "irregular". Common irregularities include large floor-to-floor variation in mass or center of mass
and soft stories. Such structures violate the assumptions on which the empirical formulas, used in the
equivalent static force procedure, are based. Therefore, its use may lead to erroneous results. In these cases,
a dynamic analysis should be used to specify and distribute the seismic design forces. Principles and
procedures for dynamic analysis of structures were presented in Chapter 4.
247
248 Chapter 5
5. Linear Static Seismic Lateral Force Procedures 249
ductility of the system. Life safety is thereby And cannot be less than:
insured but structural damage may be sustained.
V = 0.11C a IW (5-3)
5.3 UBC-97 PROVISIONS
Where Ca is another seismic co-efficient
UBC-97, basically provides for the use of dependent on the soil conditions at the site and
the equivalent static force procedure or a regional seismicity.
dynamic analysis for regular structures under Additionally in the zone of highest
240 feet tall and irregular structures 65 feet or seismicity (zone 4) the design base shear must
less in height. A dynamic analysis is required be greater than:
for regular structures over 240 feet tall,
irregular structures over 65 feet tall, and 0.8ZN v I
buildings that are located on poor soils (type SF) V= W (5-4)
and have a period greater than 0.7 seconds. R
Although UBC-97 allows for both working
stress design and alternately strength or load Where Nv is a near-source factor that
and resistance factor design, the earthquake depends on the proximity to and activity of
loads are specified for use with the latter. This known faults near the structure. Faults are
is a departure from previous editions where the identified by seismic source type, which reflect
earthquake loads were specified at the working the slip rate and potential magnitude of
stress level. earthquake generated by the fault.
The near source factor Nv is also used in
5.3.1 Design Base Shear V determining the seismic co-efficient Cv for
buildings located in seismic zone 4.
The design base shear is specified by the
formula: 5.3.2 Seismic Zone Factor Z
The building period may be determined by The dead load W, used to calculate the base
analysis or using empirical formulas. A single shear, includes not only the total dead load of
empirical formula may be used for all framing the structures but also partitions, 25% of the
systems: floor live load in storage and warehouse
occupancies and the weight of snow when the
3 design snow load is greater than 30 pounds per
T = Ct hn 4 (5-5) square foot. The snow load may be reduced by
up to 75% if its duration is short.
where The rationale for including a portion of the
snow load in heavy snow areas is the fact that
0.035 for steel moment frames in these areas a significant amount of ice can
0.030 for concrete moment frames build up and remain on roofs.
Ct =
0.030 for eccentric braced frames 5.3.7 Seismic Coefficients Cv and Ca
0.020 for all other buidlings
The seismic coefficients Cv & Ca are
measures of the expected ground acceleration at
hn = the height of the building in feet.
the site. They may be found in Tables 5-3 and
5-4.
If the period is determined using Rayleigh's
The co-efficient, and hence the expected
formula or another method of analysis, the
ground accelerations are dependent on the
value of T is limited. In Seismic Zone 4, the
seismic zone and soil profile type. They
period cannot be over 30% greater than that
therefore reflect regional seismicity and soil
determined by Equation 5-5 and in Zones 1, 2
conditions at the site.
and 3 it cannot be more than 40% greater. This
Additionally in seismic zone 4 they also
provision is included to eliminate the possibility
depend on the seismic source type and near
of using an excessively long period to justify an
source factors Na and Nv. These factors reflect
unreasonably low base shear. This limitation
local seismicity in the region of highest seismic
does not apply when checking drifts.
activity.
5.3.5 Structural System Coefficient R
5.3.8 Soil Profile Type S
The structural system coefficient, R is a
The soil profile type reflects the effect of
measure of the ductility and overstrength of the
soil conditions at the site on ground motion.
structural system, based primarily on
They are found in Table 5-5 and are labeled SA,
performance of similar systems in past
through SF.
earthquakes.
The values of R for various structural
systems are found in Table 5-2. A higher
number has the effect of reducing the design
base shear. For example, for a steel special
moment resisting frame the factor has value of
8.5, while and ordinary moment resisting frame
the value is 4.5. This reflects the fact that a
special moment resisting frame is expected to
perform better during an earthquake.
252 Chapter 5
The soil profile types are broadly defined in are used in conjunction with the soil profile
generic terms, for example “Hard Rock” for type to determine the seismic coefficients Cv
type SA. They are also defined by the physical and Ca (See Tables 5-3 and 5-4). For example,
properties of the soil determined by standard for seismic source type A at a distance to the
tests including; shear wave velocity, standard fault of less than 2km, Na = 1.5 (See Table 5-7).
penetration test, and undrained shear strength. This is then used with Table 5-4 to determine
the seismic co-efficient, Ca.
5.3.9 Seismic Source Type A, B and C
5.3.11 Distribution of Lateral Force Fx
The seismic source type is used to specify
the capability and activity of faults in the The base shear V, as determined from
immediate vicinity of the structure. It is used Equations 5-1 through 5-4 are distributed over
only in seismic zone 4. the height of the structure as a force at each
The seismic source types, labeled A, B or C, level Fi, plus an extra force Ft at the top:
are found in Table 5-6. They are defined in
terms of the slip rate of the fault and the n
vertical structural and plan structural 5.3.17 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure
irregularity. Vertical irregularities include soft
or weak stories, large changes in mass from UBC-97 requires that, if the base shear
floor to floor and large discontinuities in the determined by a dynamic analysis using a site-
dimensions or in-plane locations of lateral load specific spectra is less than that specified by the
resisting elements. Plan irregular buildings static lateral force procedure, it must be scaled
include those which undergo substantial torsion to equal that determined by the equivalent static
when subjected to seismic loads, have re- force procedure. Similarly, if the base shear
entrant corners, discontinuities in floor obtained from a dynamic analysis is greater
diaphragms, discontinuity in the lateral force than that specified by the static lateral force
path, or lateral load resisting elements which procedure, it may be scaled down. In this
are not parallel to each other or to the axes of manner, the dynamic characteristics of the
the building. structure are modeled, and thus the forces are
The precise definitions of these irregularities distributed properly, while the code level forces
are found in Tables 5-9 and 5-10. For a more are maintained. If a site-specific spectrum is not
detailed discussion of irregularity, see Chapter available, the spectra provided in UBC-97 (see
Six. Figure 5-2) can be used.
T ≤ .7 seconds
260 Chapter 5
Ca I
ρ= 2 – 20 /. 04 21,600 = –1.4 < ρmin = 1.0 V ≤ 2.5 W Equation 5-2
R
ρ = 1.0
Na = 1.0 Table 5-7
Ca = .4 Na = .4 (1.0) = .4 Table 5-4
Example 5-2:
V ≤ 2.5
(.4)(1.0) (15,300) = 1800 k > 964.8 k
8.5
Determine the UBC-97 design seismic forces
for a nine story ductile moment resisting steel V ≥ .11 Ca IW Equation 5-3
5. Linear Static Seismic Lateral Force Procedures 261
Figure 5-4 IBC 2000 Spectral Map for Intermediate Period Range (T=1.0 Sec).
Table 5-13. Values of Fa as a Function of Site Class and Mapped Short- Period Maximum Considered Earthquake
Spectral Acceleration
Site Mapped Maximum Considered Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods
Class SS ≤ 0.25 SS=0.5 SS=0.75 SS=1.00 SS ≥ 1.25
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 a
F a a a a a
a
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be performed.
Table 5-14. Values of Fv as a Function of Site Class and Mapped 1 Second Period Maximum Considered Earthquake
Spectral Acceleration
Site Mapped Maximum Considered Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration at 1 SecondPeriod
Class S1 ≤ 0.1 S1=0.2 S1=0.3 S1=0.4 S1 ≥ 0.5
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 a
F a a a a a
The spectral accelerations for the design 5.4.8 Design Base Shear V
earthquake are:
IBC2000 specifies the design base shear by
SDS =2/3SMS (5-17a) the formula:
V = C sW (5-18)
SD1 =2/3SM1 (5-17b)
The base shear is a percentage, Cs of the
These are the accelerations used to total dead load W.
determine the design base shear.
5.4.9 Total Dead Load W
5.4.7 Seismic Design Category
The seismic dead load consists of the total
The structure must be assigned a seismic weight of the structure, plus partitions and
design category, which determines the permanent equipment. It also includes 25% of
permissible structural systems, limitations on floor live load in areas used for storage, and the
266 Chapter 5
Table 5-15. Seismic Design Category Based on Short Period Response Accelerations
Seismic Use Group
Value of SDS
I II III
SDS < 0.167g A A A
0.167g ≤ SDS < 0.33g B B C
0.33g ≤ SDS < 0.50g C C D
0.50g ≤ SDS Da Da Da
a
Seismic Use Group I and II structures located on sites with mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at 1 second
period, S1, equal to or greater than 0.75g shall be assigned to Seismic Design Category E and Seismic Use Group III structure located on such sites shall be
assigned to Seismic Design Category F.
Table 4-16. Seismic Design Category Based on 1Second Period Response Accelerations
Seismic Use Group
Value of SDS
I II III
SD1 < 0.067g A A A
0.067g ≤ SD1 < 0.133g B B C
0.133g ≤ SD1 < 0.20g C C D
0.20g ≤ SD1 Da Da Da
5. Linear Static Seismic Lateral Force Procedures 267
0.035 for steel moment frames allowable period used to specify the base shear
0.030 for concrete moment frames is:
Ct =
0.030 for eccentric braced frames SD1 Tmax/Ta
0.020 for all other buidlings ≥ 0.4 1.2
0.3 1.3
0.2 1.4
0.15 1.5
hn = the height of the building in feet. ≤ 0.1 1.7
An alternate formula is provided for steel This provision insures that an excessively
and concrete moment frame buildings twelve long analytically determined period is not used
stories or less in height and with story heights to justify an unrealistically low design base
ten feet or greater: shear. When determining drifts these limits do
not apply.
Ta =0.1 N (5-24)
5.4.12 Response Modification Factor R
where, N is the number of stories.
The response modification factor, R serves
The period may also be determined by an the same function as the structural system
analysis. The period used to determine the base coefficient in UBC–97. It reduces the design
shear is subject to an upper limit, which is loads to account for the damping and ductility
based on the design spectral response of the structural system. An abbreviated set for
acceleration at a period of one second, SD1. The values for R is found in Table 5-17.
relationship between SD1 and the maximum
Table 5-17 Design Coefficients and Factors for Basic Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems
Basic Seismic-Force-Resisting System Response Modifications Coefficient, R Deflection Amplication Factor, Cd
Bearing Wall Systems
Special reinforced concrete shear walls 5.5 5
Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 4.5 4
Building Frame Systems
Special steel concretrically braced frames 6 5
Special reinforced concrete shear walls 6 5
Moment Resisting Frame Systems
Special steel moment frames 8 5.5
Ordinary steel moment frames 4 3.5
Dual Systems with Intermediate Moment Frames Capable of Resisting at Least 25% of Prescribed Seismic Forces
Special reinforced concrete shear walls 6 5
Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 5.5 4.5
Inverted Pendulum Systems and Cantilevered Column Systems
Special steel moment frames 2.5 2.5
Ordinary steel moment frames 1.25 2.5
268 Chapter 5
The seismic force at any level is a portion of τ = 1.0 for the top 10 stories
the total base shear: τ = 0.8 for the 20th story from the top and
below and is interpolated between 0.8
Fx = Cvx V (5-25) and 1.0 for stories in between.
For buildings with a period of 0.5 seconds For buildings four stories or less and height,
or less, k=1.0. If the period is 2.5 seconds or other than masonry, the allowable drifts are:
more, k=2.0. For buildings with a period
between 0.5 and 2.5 seconds, it may be taken as ∆ ≤ ∆a=0.015 hsx Use Group III (5-28a)
2.0 or determined by linear interpolation ∆ ≤ ∆a=0.020 hsx Use Group II (5-29a)
between 1.0 and 2.0. ∆ ≤ ∆a=0.025 hsx Use Group I (5-30a)
For k=1.0 the distribution is a straight line. where
This is reasonable for short buildings with a ∆ = the design interstory displacement
regular distribution of mass and stiffness. ∆a = the allowable story displacement
Hence, k=1.0 for buildings with a period of 0.5 hsx= the height of the story below level x
seconds or less.
For k=2.0 the distribution is a parabola with The design interstory displacement ∆, is the
the vertex at the base. This is reasonable for tall difference in the deflections δx, at the top and
regular buildings where the participation of bottom of the story under consideration. It is
higher modes is significant. Hence, k=2.0 for based on the calculated deflections and is
buildings with a period of 2.5 seconds or more. evaluated by the formula:
This effect is accounted for by the force Ft, C d δ xe
placed at the roof in UBC-97. δx = (5-31)
I
5.4.14 Overturning Moment Mx where
close to known faults in areas of high seismicity SD1= 2 3 SM1 = 2 3 (.2) = .133g Eq. 5-17b
require various types of dynamic analysis. seismic design cat. C Tables 5-15,16
R = 6 (special shear walls) Table 5-17
5.4.20 Dynamic Analysis
SDS .333
Cs= = =.0555 Equation 5-19
Provisions are included for a simplified two R I 61
dimensional version of modal analysis which is
applicable to regular structures with Ta =.02hn3/4=.02(35)3/4=.29 Sec Eq.5-23
independent orthogonal seismic force resisting
systems. For such structures the motion is SD1 .133
CS ≤ = = .076 Eq.5-20
predominantly planar and a two dimensional T(R I ) .29(6 1)
model may be appropriate.
For irregular structures or with interacting
seismic force resisting systems a three CS ≥ .044SD1 I = .044(.333)(1) = .0147 Eq.5-21
dimensional model is required.
The required base shear is equal to that CS = .0555
determined by Equation 5-18, where the period V = .0555 (5900) = 327.5k
used may be 20 percent longer than the
maximum period allowed in the equivalent • Vertical Distribution:
lateral force procedure (see Section 5.4.11). The Fx = CvxV Equation 5-25
justification for this is that a modal analysis is
k
more accurate than a static analysis. Although w x hx
the total force on the building does not change Cvx = n Equation 5-26
∑w h
k
appreciably its distribution over the height is i i
more accurately modeled. i =1
M x = τ ∑ Fi (hi − hx )
n
• Base Shear: Equation 5-27
i=x
V = C SW Equation 5-18
τ = 1.0 for top ten stories
Since τ=1, the procedure is the same as for
seismic use group I Section 5.4.1
I = 1.0 Section 5.4.2 Example 5-1. See Table 5-20.
SS = .5g Figure 5-3
Table 5-20: Example 5-3
S1 = .2g Figure 5-4
Level hx wx wxhx Cvx Fx Vx Mx
site class B Table 5-5
(ft) (k) x10-3 (k) (k) (k) (ft-k)
Fa = 1.0 Table 5-13 3 35 1700 59.5 0.44 144.1 144.1 1585
Fv = 1.0 Table 5-14 2 24 2000 48.0 0.35 114.6 258.7 4431
SMS = Fa SS = .5g Eq. 5-16a 1 13 2200 28.6 0.21 68.8 327.5 8688
SM1 = FvS1 = .2g Eq. 5-16b Σ 5900 136.1 1.00 327.5
SDS= 2 3 SMS = 2 3 (.5) = .333g Eq. 5-17a
• Allowable Inelastic Story Displacements:
272 Chapter 5
∑w h
k
i i
seismic design category C i =1
• Reliability Factor:
ρ = 1.0 Longitudinal
ρ = 1.12 Transverse
5.5 CONCLUSION