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Soğan Derisi Ve Yer Fıstığı Kabuğu Liflerinden, Uçucu Kül, Pomza, Perlit, Barit, Çimento Ve Alçı Izolasyon Malzemelerinin Üretimi
Soğan Derisi Ve Yer Fıstığı Kabuğu Liflerinden, Uçucu Kül, Pomza, Perlit, Barit, Çimento Ve Alçı Izolasyon Malzemelerinin Üretimi
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: This study examines the suitability of fly ash, pumice, perlite, barite, cement and gypsum along with
Received 12 April 2016 onion skin and peanut shell fibers as an insulating material. Apparent specific gravities, water absorption
Received in revised form 25 July 2016 rates, flexure and compressive strengths of the prepared samples were determined. Moreover, thermal
Accepted 2 September 2016
conductivity, ultrasonic sound penetration coefficient and radioactive relative permeability values were,
Available online 7 October 2016
also, investigated. The latter three properties of the samples produced with barite, pumice, perlite, onion
skins and peanut shells were observed to be low. Consequently, this composite can be used in various
Keywords:
situations because of its improved thermal conductivity feature, especially, as coating material in offices
Insulation
Onion skin
which are exposed to radiation a lot. Moreover, it can, also, be used for the radiation insulation of the
Peanut shell walls of the radiation units of hospitals.
Barite © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Radioactivity
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2016.09.004
2352-4928/© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
H. Binici, O. Aksogan / Materials Today Communications 10 (2017) 14–24 15
Table 1 aim, onion skin waste and peanut shells have been pulped and
The chemical contents of peanut shells.
turned into insulation materials. To this end, waste onion skins and
Components (%) peanut shells were ground to a size of 1 millimeter and fly ash,
Cellulose 45,3 pumice, perlite, barite, cement and gypsum were added to pro-
Lignin 32,8 duce samples with a size of 4 × 4 × 16 centimeters. These samples
◦
Hemicellulose 8,1 were kept in an oven for 24 h at 100 C. Apparent specific gravities,
Ash 3,8 water absorption rates, flexure and compressive strengths of the
Protein 4,9
samples were determined. Moreover, thermal conductivity coef-
ficients, ultrasonic sound penetration coefficients and radioactive
permeability values were also investigated.
There is a progressive decrease in the value of natural sources
per person due to an increase in the world population. Hence, nat-
ural sources must be protected by recycling. Moreover, material
consumption can be reduced by natural sources being used in a 2. Material and method
more efficient way by recycling of qualified wastes. Thus, recycling
is very important for the protection of natural sources and their effi- 2.1. Material
cient usage [11]. In recent years, most of waste materials have been
widely used for different purposes in the production of construction 2.1.1. Onion skin and peanut shell
materials [12–19]. Onion skin is a waste material and is usually casted away. In
Presently, energy conservation gained priority due to economic this study, it is aimed to be used in the production of an insulation
and strategic reasons. In U.S., 40% of total-consumed-energy is con- material. Also, peanut is a food that has been produced widely all
sumed within buildings, and approximately half of this rate occurs around the world and its shell is not capitalized commonly. Onion
via heat passing through the walls [20]. Recently, innovative con- skins and peanut shells are thrown away after they are used for spe-
struction materials and construction systems, that began to be cific purposes. The importance of recycling is acknowledged due to
used in building construction commonly, brought a lot of benefits the rapid growth in population, development of comfortable life
in terms of construction physics and comfort. Within this frame, conditions, urbanization and increase in education levels of soci-
insulation of building walls is a subject open-to-research, since it eties. Onion skins, peanut shells, pumice, perlite and barite used in
provides the opportunity of energy conservation [21–23]. Recently this study are given in Fig. 1. The chemical contents of peanut shells
high energy prices force the development of new thermal insulation and onion skins are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
materials.
Although abondant amounts of onion skin and peanut shell
wastes is produced in Turkey, after their production their left- 2.1.2. Fly ash
overs cause a serious problem for farmers. They are discharged Fly ash is a waste material consisting of alumina silica, which
somehow, burned or used for simple heating purposes. All of these occurs when high quality brown coal is burnt in vessels leaving
alternatives cause serious environmental problems. To circumvent ashes with components mentioned in standards. Fly ash is com-
these problems, the present study proposes a method of evaluating posed of glass-like vacuolar grains, spongy mineral grains and
those waste materials for the insulation of buildings and prevent unburned grains. In general, 85% of fly ashes is composed of SiO2 ,
the harm they cause to the environment. In the direction of this Al2 O3 , CaO and MgO [24].
Fig. 1. Onion skins, peanut shells, pumice, perlite and barite used in this study.
16 H. Binici, O. Aksogan / Materials Today Communications 10 (2017) 14–24
Table 2 Table 5
The chemical contents of onion skins. The physical properties of onion skins and peanut shells.
Table 3
The chemical contents of materials.
Materials (%)
Table 4
The physical properties of materials.
Materials Specific gravity (g/cm3 ) Blaine (cm2 /g) Sieve analysis (%)
Table 6
Mixing ratios (g).
Samples Fly ash Pumice Perlite Barite Cement Gypsum Water Onion skins and peanut shells
Control (C C) – – – – 50 – 35 200
Control (C-G) – – – – – 50 35 200
FA15PU15C 15 15 – – 50 – 25 150
FA25PU25C 25 25 – – 50 – 25 150
FA50PU50C 50 50 – – 50 – 25 150
FA15PE15C 15 – 15 50 – 25 150
FA25PE25C 25 – 25 50 – 25 150
FA150PER0C 50 – 50 50 – 25 150
PU25C – 30 – – 50 – 25 150
PU50C – 50 – – 50 – 25 150
PU100C – 100 – – 50 – 25 150
PE30C – – 30 – 50 – 25 150
PE50C – – 50 – 50 – 25 150
PE100C – – 100 – 50 – 25 150
BA30C – – – 30 50 – 25 150
BA50C – – – 50 50 – 25 150
BA100C – – – 100 50 – 25 150
FAPU30G 15 15 – – – 50 25 150
FAPU50G 25 25 – – – 50 25 150
FAPU100G 100 50 – – – 50 25 150
FAPE30G 15 – 15 – – 50 25 150
FAPE50G 25 – 25 – – 50 25 150
FAPE100G 100 – 100 – – 50 25 150
PU25G – 30 – – – 50 25 150
PU50G – 50 – – – 50 25 150
PU100G – 100 – – – 50 25 150
PE25G – – 30 – – 50 25 150
PE.50G – – 50 – – 50 25 150
PE100G – – 100 – – 50 25 150
BA25G – – – 25 – 50 25 150
BA50G – – – 50 – 50 25 150
BA100G – – – 100 – 50 25 150
sonic wave velocity [29]. After measuring the duration it takes the
2.2.2. Unit weight and water absorption values supersonic wave to travel from one surface to the other, the wave
The unit weights and water absorption values of the produced velocity is calculated as follows:
samples were determined, the former being carried out in accor-
dance with TS EN 2823 [27] and the latter in accordance with ASTM V = (S/t).106
C 67–03 [28]. The samples were taken out from the moulds and
kept in tap water for one day. The water absorption test results V = wave velocity,
were found as the average of the three specimens with the size of S = surface of the material used to send the supersonic wave, the
4 × 4 × 16 cm. If the individual variation was more than ±5% of the distance between the surface,
average, the value was not considered in calculating the average t = The time it took for a sound wave to travel from one surface
value. of the material to the other.
In this experiment, both smooth surfaces of the samples are
2.2.3. Ultrasonic sound penetration velocity examined and two hand pieces of pundit device are lubricated with
To determine the wave velocity the transfer duration of voice grease oil. Those two hand pieces are fixed on the opposite surfaces
through the material was measured using an ultrasonic test device. of the sample and, then, readings of the pundit device are made. The
The relationship between the strength and other features of the ultrasonic sound penetration test device and the testing process is
material are approximately procured with the calculated super- shown in Fig. 3.
18 H. Binici, O. Aksogan / Materials Today Communications 10 (2017) 14–24
= ln (Io /Ix )
4
3,45
3,5
2,89 2,97
3
2,5
1,88
1,57 1,59
1,33 1,24 1,15 1,32 1,46
2
1,5 1,23 1,44 1,25 1,29 1,33
1
0,5
0
C
C
0C
0C
0C
C
-C
0C
C
5C
0C
C
30
00
15
25
50
50
50
30
25
C
E3
10
A5
10
E1
E5
A1
U
PU
PU
PE
PE
BA
PE
PU
P
B
P
B
15
25
50
15
25
50
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
5C
0C
0C
0C
0C
C
0C
15
50
30
50
15
25
50
00
00
C
5
2
10
PE
PE
PU
PU
BA
BA
PU
PE
PE
PE
1
PU
PU
PU
PE
BA
15
25
50
15
25
50
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
4
Unite weight value (g/cm3)
3,5 3,33
3 2,65
2,49
2,5
1,89
2 1,65
1,44 1,5 1,41 1,33
1,5 1,24 1,33 1,25 1,12 1,23 1,11
1,04
1
0,5
0
-G
5G
0G
0G
0G
G
15
50
30
50
30
50
30
15
25
50
00
C
10
5
2
10
PE
PE
PU
BA
PU
BA
1
PE
PE
PU
PU
PU
PE
PU
PE
BA
15
25
50
15
25
50
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
100
Water absorption ratio (%)
90
80 72
70
60 63
57
60 51 53 53
48 45
50 44
38 39 39
40 32 29
30 22
20
10
0
-G
5G
0G
0G
0G
0G
G
15
50
30
50
30
15
25
50
00
00
C
10
5
2
PE
PE
PU
PU
BA
BA
PE
PE
PE
1
PU
PU
PU
PU
PE
BA
15
25
50
15
25
50
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
rate decreases the unit weight values increase while the absorp- 3.2. Ultrasonic sound penetration velocities and thermal
tion rates decrease. It is observed that while the unit weight values conductivity coefficients
of the gypsum-added samples are lower compared to those of the
cement-added ones, their water absorption rates are observed to 3.2.1. Ultrasonic sound penetration velocity and thermal
be higher. This is because gypsum is a lighter and more flexible conductivity coefficients of cement-added samples
material than cement. Noise pollution is pulling increasingly more attention in con-
struction industry as it is a major health concern. Hence, a great
demand for better noise insulating materials is increasing [32].
20 H. Binici, O. Aksogan / Materials Today Communications 10 (2017) 14–24
velocity (km/s)
0,7
0,6
0,5 0,33
0,22 0,16 0,27 0,22 0,16
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
C
C
0C
0C
0C
0C
-C
25 5C
K5 25C
15 0C
K2 15C
0C
0C
PE C
K5 25C
50
00
30
50
C
10
1
10
E3
A3
A5
5
E5
U
U
A1
PU
E
U
PE
E
U
0P
B
P
0P
5P
B
P
15
K
K
U
U
Samples
Fig. 9. The ultrasonic sound penetration velocities of the cement- added samples.
0,4
0,313
0,3
0,2310,239
Thermal conductivity cofficient
0,2
0,189
0,15
0,13
0,0910,083 0,09 0,0810,086 0,081
0,1 0,0780,076 0,07
0,062
0
0C
C
-C
0C
0C
C
5C
C
C
C
15
50
50
30
0
30
15
25
50
50
0
C
E3
A5
10
0
E2
10
U
PE
PE
A1
PE
BA
PU
PU
PU
PU
PE
P
B
P
P
P
B
15
25
50
15
25
50
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
Ultrasonic sound penetration velocities of cement-added samples coefficients of this group of samples are appreciably lower when
are given in Fig. 9 and their thermal conductivity parameters are compared to the cement-added ones.
given in Fig. 10. According to Turkish and international standards, for a mate-
Ultrasonic sound penetration velocity of barite and fly ash- rial that can be considered as an insulation material, its thermal
added samples with higher unit weight values, are observed to be conductivity coefficient should be lower than 0.1 W/mK. When
high. In other words, sound is not absorbed while passing through Figs. 10 and 12 are examined it can be seen that samples FA50PU50
those samples as their void ratios are very little. However, pumice and FA25PE25 which are completely pumice, perlite and cement-
and perlite-added samples that have vacuolar structure have lower added and samples FA25PU25, FA50PE50, FA15PE15, FA25PE25,
rates of ultrasonic sound penetration velocity. In those samples the FA50PE50 which are pumice or perlite and gypsum-added can be
voids hinder the transfer of waves. accepted as insulation materials. This can be explained by their
Thermal insulation plays an important role in contributing to micro-structures which have a lot of direct or indirect voids. More-
the energy savings in buildings [33,34]. There is a direct relationship over, ultrasonic sound penetration velocities of aforementioned
between the thermal conductivity coefficients and ultrasonic sound samples also show the same behaviour since their ultrasonic sound
penetration velocities of the samples. In other words, when the penetration velocities are observed to be low. This is because both
former ones increase, the latter ones increase too. This is naturally pumice and perlite have vacuolar structures. This situation is a
due to their relations to the void structure. result of the fact that aforementioned sound waves are absorbed
when they pass through the samples. However, ultrasonic sound
3.2.2. Ultrasonic sound penetration velocity and thermal penetration velocities and thermal conductivity coefficients of
conductivity coefficients of gypsum-added samples samples with codes BA and FA are observed to be higher. An inter-
Ultrasonic sound penetration velocities of gypsum-added sam- esting result here is that samples with codes PU and PE which are
ples are given in Fig. 11 and their thermal conductivity parameters gypsum-added have lower ultrasonic sound penetration velocities
in Fig. 12. The ultrasonic sound penetration velocity of gypsum- and thermal conductivity coefficients than those of the ones which
added samples is observed to be lower than that of cement-added contain cement. This is because gypsum has lower unit weight and
ones. This means that sound is absorbed while passing through the thermal conductivity coefficient values when compared to those of
material in the former. This is because gypsum-added samples are cement.
more flexible and have more voids. Similarly, thermal conductivity
H. Binici, O. Aksogan / Materials Today Communications 10 (2017) 14–24 21
velocity
0,52 0,52
(km/s)
0,6
0,5
0,4 0,27 0,22
0,3 0,18 0,16 0,1
0,2 0,11
0,1
0
0G
0G
0G
G
G
5G
0G
G
-G
G
15
FA U25
50
30
00
00
25
30
30
50
C
10
E5
A5
1
E5
PU
PU
U
PE
E1
A1
PE
BA
PU
PE
B
P
B
15
25
50
25
50
15
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
0,3
0,223
0,2
0,165
0,144
0,103 0,105 0,1
0,0840,078 0,0880,076 0,08 0,076
0,1 0,07 0,0660,0660,058
0
G
PU G
0G
0G
G
-G
0G
50 5G
0G
PE G
G
15
30
50
50
00
FA U 50
FA E15
FA E25
30
50
C
FA U2
10
A3
10
E5
A1
U
PU
PU
PE
PE
BA
B
P
B
15
25
15
25
50
FA
FA
Samples
In addition to this, when pumice and perlite grains exist in bulk raw materials of the C-G sample and the hardening effect of the
and are adhered to cement or gypsum in a weak or strong way, cement on the samples. In general, the compressive strengths of
their thermal conductivity coefficients become lower due to the the cement-added samples are observed to be higher than those of
voids that occur within their own bodies and in their borders with the gypsum-added ones and their flexure strengths to be lower. The
the neighboring grains. Naturally, when the unit weights of the flexure strengths of samples with fibers of onion skins and peanut
samples increase, their thermal conductivity coefficients increase, shells were, generally, found to be higher than those of the con-
too. trol samples (C-G). While this trend can be explained by the effect
of cement on the compressive strength, the high flexure strengths
3.3. Flexure and compressive strengths of gypsum-added samples can be due to the flexible structure of
gypsum. On the other hand, flexure strengths of pumice and perlite-
3.3.1. Flexure and compressive strengths of cement-added added samples are observed to be lower than those of fly ash and
samples barite-added ones. Actually, it is logical for the samples with lower
The compressive strengths of cement-added samples with weights per unit volume and thermal conductivity coefficients to
4 × 4 × 4 cm dimensions are given in Fig. 13 and the flexure have lower compressive strengths.
strengths of those with 4 × 4 × 16 cm dimensions in Fig. 14. When mineral additive ratios increase, the compressive
The flexure strengths of samples with fibers of onion skins and strengths of the cement-added samples and the flexure strengths
peanut shells were, generally, found to be higher than those of the of the gypsum-added samples increase, too. These results can be
control ones (C-C). explained by the flexibility caused by gypsum and the hardness
caused by the cement within the composite. The compressive
3.3.2. Flexure and compressive strengths of gypsum-added strengths of barite-added samples are observed to be high, which
samples can be explained by the specific weight of barite. In any case, the
The compressive strengths of gypsum-added samples with foregoing properties have all been found to be adequate for insula-
12 × 12 × 2 cm dimensions are given in Fig. 15 and the flexure tion materials.
strengths of the ones with 2 × 3 × 3 cm dimensions are given in Finally, the most important result of this study is that waste
Fig. 16. materials, which cause environmental pollution is prevented and a
The compressive strength of the control sample (C-G) is satisfactory insulation material is produced entirely of organic ori-
observed to be lower and its flexure strength to be higher than gin. This product is a candidate to be commercialized in the future.
those of the ones with additives. This can be explained by the Insulation has a great importance throughout the world, since the
structures of the onion skin waste and peanut shells which are the consumption of its energy sources cannot be prevented. Structures
22 H. Binici, O. Aksogan / Materials Today Communications 10 (2017) 14–24
0,8
0,69
50 5C
PU C
25 5C
C
5 0 5C
PE C
0C
BA C
0C
0C
30
50
30
50
30
50
15
F A U 50
50
C
FA U 2
10
1
10
10
PE
PE
PU
PU
BA
BA
PE
PE
PE
PU
P
15
15
25
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
0,15
Flexural strength (MPa)
0,1
0,076
0,0510,045
0,042 0,038
0,05 0,0310,0260,0370,028 0,032
0,025
0,0330,029
0,021 0,018 0,018
0
-C
25 5C
50 5C
PU C
C
5 0 5C
1 5 0C
PE C
0C
BA C
0C
0C
30
50
30
50
30
50
15
50
C
FA U 2
FA U 5
10
F A E1
F A E2
10
10
PE
PE
BA
BA
PU
PU
PE
PU
P
P
P
15
25
FA
FA
Samples
0,5
0,42 0,41
0,4 0,36 0,35 0,36
0,31 0,33 0,31 0,31
0,28 0,29
0,3 0,26 0,25 0,24
0,22 0,22
0,2
0,1
0
-G
25 5G
50 5G
15 0G
50 5G
PU G
0G
25 5G
PE G
0G
BA G
0G
30
50
30
50
30
50
50
C
10
1
10
10
PE
PE
BA
PU
PU
BA
PE
PE
PE
PU
PU
PU
15
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
made using insulating materials are both economic and harmless. ing in an insulation cover seems to be the best alternative, so far.
Many advantages can be gained by the insulation materials pro- Presently, the environmentally friendly structural materials which
posed in this study. can be renewed easily, constitute a subject of main interest. Besides
The low thermal conductivity and fibrous character of the classical insulating materials, natural alternative materials such as
majority of organic materials contribute to an appreciable improve- jute, flax and hemp are available. The latter are not substitutes for
ment of thermal-insulation properties by covering the structure the former, but a widening of their product range. For putting these
externally [35]. Natural organic materials have additional physical new alternatives into application their improving and worsening
properties compared to ordinary silicate materials, like containing effects must be considered carefully.
a higher specific heat capacity. The present study proposes a use of organic waste materials
To guarantee the thermal protection necessities, considering which will improve thermal conductivity and sound insulation
both comfort, hygiene and energy savings, wrapping the build- properties and, at least, not worsen the compressive and flexure
H. Binici, O. Aksogan / Materials Today Communications 10 (2017) 14–24 23
0,1
0,066 0,068
0,065
0,062
0,053 0,055
0,046 0,048
0,05
0,039 0,039 0,041 0,041
Flexural strength
0,033
0,03
0,025
(MPa)
0,017
0
-G
25 5 G
50 5 G
15 0 G
2 5 5G
5 0 5G
PU G
0G
PE G
0G
BA G
0G
50
30
50
30
50
30
50
C
10
1
10
10
5
PE
PE
PU
PU
PU
PU
BA
BA
PU
PE
PE
PE
15
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Samples
strengths. These new light-weight construction materials will pro- The control sample being completely prepared with onion skin
vide an appreciable amount of energy saving in buildings. and peanut shell, its radioactive permeability is observed to be the
best at energy level 6 keV (99.5%). Samples with fly ash additives
usually cannot retain sufficient ␥ beams at energy levels 60 keV and
3.4. Radioactive permeability 26 keV. However, they give better results at 20.7 keV and lower
levels. When additive ratios of pumice, perlite and barite-added
Radioactive permeability is observed at energy levels 60 keV, samples increase, it is seen that their radiation permeability values
26 keV, 20,7 keV, 17.7 keV and 6 keV. Ix , Io, Ix /Io and values of the decrease. This situation is pretty interesting for pumice and perlite
samples procured at these energy levels are given in Table 7. although it is expected for barite. It can be said that the foregoing
trend may be caused by the vacuolar structure of pumice and per-
lite. However, the chemical structures of those two minerals may
Table 7 also have contribution in this respect. It is observed that barite-
Radiation transmittance values of the samples ().
added samples absorb almost all of the applied radiation, whereas,
Samples Energy (keV) pumice and perlite-added samples do not absorb the radiation, that
60 26 20.7 17.7 6
well. However, the latter can be used as coating material in offices
which are exposed to a lot of radiation. Moreover, it can, also, be
C-C 0411 0.201 0.111 0.012 0
used for the radiation insulation of walls in the radiation units of
C-G 0235 0.133 0.100 0.002 0
FS15PU15C 0135 0.025 0.010 0.011 0 hospitals.
FA25PU25C 0.022 0.013 0.002 0.001 0 The test results show that the correct combination of natural
FA50PU50C 0.020 0.014 0.004 0 0 materials may render improvements compared to conventional
FA15PE15C 0.131 0.018 0.006 0 0 ones. Besides, samples with barite have low radioactive perme-
FA25PE25C 0.043 0.015 0.002 0 0
FA50PE50C 0.021 0.007 0.004 0 0
ability. They are more suitable for places in which there is more
PU25C 0.007 0 0 0 0 radioactive effect. They should be preferred for walls and cover-
PU50C 0 0 0 0 0 ings of medical buildings [7]. Thus, harmful effects of radioactivity
PU100C 0 0 0 0 0 can be decreased.
PE25C 0.003 0.001 0 0 0
PE50C 0 0 0 0 0
PE100C 0 0 0 0 0
BA25C 0.009 0 0 0 0 4. Conclusions
BA50C 0.002 0 0 0 0
BA100C 0.001 0 0 0 0 The following conclusions were drawn from the present study:
FA15PU15G 0.040 0.017 0.010 0.005 0
FA25PU25G 0.023 0.010 0.014 0 0
FA50PU50G 0.011 0.004 0 0 0 1 Unit weights of fly ash and barite-added samples are observed to
FA15PE15G 0.024 0.006 0 0 0
be higher, whereas, their water absorption levels are observed to
FA25PE25G 0.012 0.003 0 0 0
FA50PE50G 0.004 0 0 0 0 be lower in comparison to the others.
PU30G 0.001 0 0 0 0 2 Unit weight values of pumice and perlite-added samples are
PU50G 0 0 0 0 0 observed to be lower, yet their water absorption levels are
PU100G 0 0 0 0 0 observed to be higher in comparison to the others.
PE30G 0.006 0 0 0 0
PE50G 0.002 0 0 0 0
3 Ultrasonic sound penetration velocity and thermal conductivity
PE100G 0 0 0 0 0 coefficients of pumice and perlite-added samples are observed
BA30G 0.004 0 0 0 0 to be lower than the others.
BA50G 0 0 0 0 0 4 All samples fulfill the compressive and flexure strength require-
BA100G 0 0 0 0 0
ments of ASTM and Turkish Standards.
24 H. Binici, O. Aksogan / Materials Today Communications 10 (2017) 14–24
5 The radiation absorption properties of pumice and perlite-added [10] H. Binici, O. Aksogan, A.H. Sevinc, A. Kucukonder, Mechanical and
samples are observed to be better than both the control and the radioactivity shielding performances of mortars made with colemanite,
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