Proboscis extension reflex

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) is the extension by an insect with an extendable proboscis (e.g. a bee or fly) of her proboscis
(sticking out of her tongue) as areflex to antennal stimulation. It is evoked when a sugar solution is touched to a bee's antenna.

Contents
Use of PER
How the PER learning paradigm works
PER in honeybees
PER in bumblebees
PER and learning laterality
See also
References
External links

Use of PER
The proboscis extension reflex is part of an insect's feeding behavior. When the antenna is stimulated by sugar water, the proboscis
automatically sticks out to drink.[1] This reflex response can be used to study insect learning and memory in the context of foraging.
The PER paradigm is most commonly used in associative learning experiments in honeybees and bumblebees because it is easy to
use for simple Pavlovian conditioning.[2]

How the PER learning paradigm works

There are two steps in a PER experiment. The first step trains the individual to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS), such as an odor
with an unconditioned stimulus (US) such as a sugar. For example, the bee is presented with an odor (CS) and an application of the
sugar (US) solution to its antennae, upon which she reflexively extends her proboscis. In some variations, the bee is immediately fed
with sugar at this point; this constitutes an operant reinforcement which would tend to establish the odor as a discriminative stimulus.
After some number of pairings of the CS and US, the second step in the PER paradigm tests whether or not the association has been
learned. The odor (CS) is presented to the bee in the absence of the sugar solution (US), and the association is confirmed if the bee
extends her proboscis to this CS alone.

PER in honeybees
The PER paradigm has been successfully used to investigate olfactory learning in honeybees. It was first introduced by Kimihisa
Takeda in 1961. Experiments by Bitterman[2] used first-order classical conditioning to associate an odor with a sugar reward.
Individual bees were placed in a tube with their head sticking out. Then a stream of odorant blown towards the bee's head was
immediately followed by touching the antenna with a sugar droplet. After only three such trials, the odor alone caused the bee to
extend its proboscis approximately 90% of the time. Bees also showed second-order conditioning, learning to associate a second odor
with the original odor.[2] The PER paradigm has also been used in honeybees to study motion learning,[3] thermal learning,[4] color
learning,[5] habituation, and reversal learning.[6]

PER in bumblebees
Although the majority of PER studies are performed on honeybees, there is at least one successful study of using PER on
bumblebees. After they were exposed to a conditioning procedure like that used with honeybees (see above) they gave a conditioned
PER response to odor alone PER response 85% of the time after 10 trials.[7]

PER and learning laterality

Recently, interesting findings in PER studies show laterality in olfactory learning in the two antennae i.e., one antenna is better at
associative learning than the other antenna. In honeybees, individuals had either their right or their left antenna covered with a
silicone sleeve, leaving the other antenna exposed. The bees that had their right antenna exposed were better at associating an odor
with a food reward than bees that had their left antenna exposed.[8] The same study also found that the right antenna has more
olfactory receptors than the left antenna, a possible cause for this lateralized PER learning.[8] However, other causes such as internal
differences in the actual olfactory pathway or thecentral nervous system must not be ruled out just yet.

See also
Bee learning and communication
Animal behavior

References
1. Braun and Bicker. 1992. Habituation of an Appetitive Reflex in the Honeybee. Journal of Neurophysiology 67: 588-
598.
2. Bitterman et al. 1983. Classical Conditioning of Proboscis Extension in HoneybeesApis
( mellifera). J. Comp. Psych.
97: 107-119.
3. Hori et al. 2007. Associative learning and discrimination of motion cues in the harnessed honeybee,
Apis mellifera L.
J. Comp. Physiol. A 193:825-833.
4. Hammer et al. 2009. Thermal learning in the honeybee,Apis mellifera. J. Experiment. Bio. 212:3928-3934.
5. Jernigan et al. 2014. Color dependent learning in restrained africanized honey bees. J. Exp. Biol. 217:337-343.
6. Komischke et al. 2002. Successive Olfactory Reversal Learning in Honeybees. Learn. Mem. 9:122-129.
7. Riveros and Gronenberg. 2009. Olfactory learning and memory in the bumblebee,
Bombus occidentalis.
Naturwissenschaften 96:851-856.
8. Letzkus et al. 2006. Lateralization of Olfaction in the HoneybeeApis mellifera. Current Biology 16:1471-1476.

External links
Video of PER on a honeybee
Picture diagram of PER on a honeybee
Picture of a honeybee sticking out her proboscis
Article on using PER in detecting illicit drugs and explosives

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