Radiation Heat Transfer

CM3110
Transport I
Part II: Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Transfer
Professor Faith Morrison
Department of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
1
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
CM3110
Transport Processes and Unit Operations I
Part 2: Heat Transfer
Summary
Within homogeneous phases:
• Microscopic Energy Balances ⋅
• Steady solutions
rectangular: conduction
cylindrical:
ln
• Temperature and Newton’s law of cooling boundary conditions

(if is supplied)
• Unsteady solutions (from literature)
 Carslaw and Jeager
 Heisler charts
2
1
CM3110
Summary
Across phase boundaries:

• Microscopic Energy, Momentum, and Mass Balances
Micro momentum: ⋅
Micro energy: ⋅
• Simultaneous effects (complex)

• Solutions are difficult to obtain (and often not really necessary)
use to obtain
• Data correlations for:
 forced convection
 natural convection
radiation
3
Radiation versus Conduction and Convection

Continuum view
Conduction is caused by macroscopic temperature gradients
Convection is caused by macroscopic flow
Radiation? NO CONTINUUM EXPLANATION
There is, of course, a

molecular explanation of
these effects, since we
Molecular view know that matter is made
of atoms and molecules
Conduction?
Convection?
Radiation is caused by changes in electron energy states in
molecules and atoms
4
2
Heat transfer due to radiation
•in atoms and molecules electrons can

exist in multiple, discrete energy states
•transfers between energy states are
accompanied by an emission of
radiation
Sienko and Plane, Chemistry: Principles and

Applications, McGraw Hill, 1979
discrete
energy
levels
Energy
Quantum Mechanics
5
Continuum versus Molecular description of matter
Real matter is not a continuum; at

small enough length scales,
molecules are discrete.
A continuum is
infinitely divisible
6
3
Individual molecules carry:
•chemical identity
•macroscopic velocity (speed and direction)
•internal energy (Brownian velocity)
When they undergo Brownian

motion within an
inhomogeneous mixture, they
cause:
•diffusion (mass transport)

•exchange of momentum
(momentum transport)
•conduction (energy transport)
7
Kinetic Theory J. C. Maxwell, L. Boltzmann, 1860
•Molecules are in constant motion (Brownian motion)

•Temperature is related to Ek,av of the molecules
Simplest model More realistic model

no particle volume finite particle volume
no intermolecular forces intermolecular forces
1
potential function
Intermolecular
0.5
 r
0
0 1 2 3
-0.5
-1
8
4
Kinetic Theory
Is based on Brownian motion (molecules in constant motion

proportional to their temperature)
Predicts that properties that are carried by individual molecules

(chemical identity, momentum, average kinetic energy) will be
transported DOWN gradients in these quantities.
=> Transport laws are due to Brownian motion
Heat Transfer by Radiation
Is due to the release of energy stored in molecules that is NOT related to

average kinetic energy (temperature), but rather to the population of
excited states.
==> Radiation is NOT a Brownian effect
9
Radiation
•does not require a medium to transfer energy (works in a
vacuum)
•travels at the speed of light, c = 3 X 1010 cm/s
•travels as a wave; differs from x-rays, light, only by wavelength,
l
•radiation is important when temperatures are high
examples:
•the sun
•home radiator
hot •hot walls in vacuum oven
surface •heat exchanger walls when DT is
high and a vapor film has formed
q
T4 Note: absolute
temperature units
A
10
5
Why does radiation flux scale with temperature, which is
related to average kinetic energy?
As a molecule gains energy, it both speeds up

(increases average kinetic energy) and increases its
population of excited states.
The increase in average kinetic energy is reflected in
temperature (directly proportional).
The increase in number of electrons in excited states is
reflected in increased radiation flux. Electrons enter
excited states in proportion to absolute T4.
11
10-14
Electromagnetic Wavelength l, m
Gamma 10-13
Spectrum rays 10-12
10-11
X rays 10-10
10-9 =1nm
Ultraviolet 10-8
10-7
visible thermal
10-6 =1mm
radiation
Infrared 10-5
10-4 0.1m    10 m
10-3 =1mm
10-2
Short radio waves
10-1
100
FM radio, TV
101
from P. A. Tipler, Physics, Worth, 1976
102 AM radio 12
6
What causes energy transfer by radiation?
•energy hits surface

•pushes some molecules into an excited state
•when the molecules/atoms relax from the excited state, they
emit radiation
incident
hot absorbs,
body T increases
reflects
emits radiation
emits
qemit   absorptivity
T4
A qabsorbed
 1
qincident 13
Absorption
  absorptivity In general, a is a function of wavelength
q
  absorbed  1
qincident     
qincident
qreflected absorbs,
T increases
qabsorbed
qemitted
gray body: a body for which a is constant (does not depend on )

black body: a body for which = 1, i.e. absorbs all incident radiation
14
7
Emission
  emissivity
gray body: a body for which a is constant
qemitted
 1 black body: a body for which = 1
qemitted ,black body
  absorptivity
qabsorbed
qemitted  1
qincident
Kirchhoff’s Law: emissivity equals absorptivity at the

same temperature
true for
black and  
non-black
the relative amount of
solid the fraction of
energy emitted from that
surfaces energy absorbed
by a material
= material compared to a
black body
15
  emissivity
qemitted
 1
Black Bodies
Stefan-Boltzmann Law: the amount of

energy emitted by a black body is
proportional to T4

 T4
A absolute
temperature
BTU
  0.1712 10 8
h ft 2 R 4
W
 5.676 10 8 2 4
qemitted m K
16
8
Non-Black Bodies
  emissivity qemitted
qemitted
 Stefan-Boltzmann:
qemitted ,non black body qemitted ,black body
  qemitted ,black body  T4
A A
 T 4
Energy emitted by a non-black body
qemitted ,non black body

 T4
A
17
How does this relate to chemical engineering?
Consider a furnace with an internal blower:
There is heat transfer due to

convection: surface temp
qconvection  hconv ATs  Tb 

Bulk temp
There is also heat transfer due to

radiation:
qradiation  hrad ATs  Tb 
qtotal  qconv  qrad

18
9
Where do we get hrad?
Tb Ts
using Kirchhoff’s
object in furnace: qemitted ,non black body  A T  T b
4 law
b

energy emitted by walls, which are acting
as a black body
emissivity at Ts
net energy absorbed:
qtransfered  A T  Ts4  Tb4
s
 
to body
assuming  T  T
s b
19
Finally, calculate hrad
net energy absorbed:

qtransfered  A T  Ts4  Tb4
s
 
to body
assuming  T  T
s b
 
equating with
expression for : A T  Ts4  Tb4  hrad ATs  Tb 
s
  T Ts4  Tb4 
hrad  s
Ts  Tb Geankoplis 4th ed., eqn 4.10-10 p304
20
10
Example: Geankoplis 4.10-3
A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD
of 0.1683m has a surface temperature of 374.9 K and is exposed
to air at 297.1 K in a large enclosure. Calculate the heat loss for
0.305 m of pipe from natural convection plus radiation. For the
steel pipe, use an emissivity of 0.79.
21
Example: Geankoplis 4.10-3

A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD
of 0.1683m has a surface temperature of 374.9 K and is exposed
to air at 297.1 K in a large enclosure. Calculate the heat loss for
0.305 m of pipe from natural convection plus radiation. For the
steel pipe, use an emissivity of 0.79.
Answers:
6.9 /
6.1 /
163
22
11
One final topic: Radiation Heat Transfer Between Two Infinite Plates
Consider a quantity
of radiation energy
that is emitted from Left plate at Right plate at
surface 1.
T1 T2
1 emit
2 reflect 3 absorb
4 emit
See: Geankoplis, 6 absorb 5 reflect
section 4.11B
Also: Bird, Stewart,
and Lightfoot,
7 emit
“Transport
Phenomena” 1960
Wiley PP446-448
23

First round – surface
Between Two Infinite Plates
2
Quantity of energy q1 2

incident at surface 2:   1 T14
A
Quantity of energy
absorbed at surface 2: 2
 q1 2 

 A   2  1 T1 A
4

 A 
2  2
1   2  1 A T14 
Quantity of energy reflected
from surface 2:
fraction incident
reflected energy
This energy goes
back to surface 1.
24
12
Second round – surface
1
Quantity of energy
absorbed at surface 1 1 1     A T 
2 1 1
4
(second round):
fraction incident energy
absorbed
1  1  1   2  1 A T14 

from surface 1
(second round):
reflected
25

Third round – surface 2
Quantity of energy
absorbed at surface 2 2 1   1     A T 
1 2 1 1
4
(third round):
absorbed
1   2  1  1 1   2  1 A T14 

from surface 2
(third round):
reflected
There is a pattern.
26
13
Now, calculate the radiation energy

going from surface 1 to surface 2: Later, calculate energy from 2
to 1; then subtract to obtain
net energy transferred.
 energy from   energy absorbed 

q1 2       
 1  2   at surface 2 

  2  1 A T14 

  2 1   1 1   2   1 A T14 

  2 1   1  1   2   1 A T14
2 2


   2 1   1  1   2   1 A T14  
n n

27

Radiation energy going from

surface 1 to surface 2:

q1 2   1 2 A T14  1    1   
n n
1 2
n 0

How can we calculate
x
n 0
n ?
Answer: S 
1
1 x
28
14
Radiation energy going from

surface 1 to surface 2:
 1 2 A T14
q1 2 
1  1   1 1   2 
 1 2 A T14  1 2 A T14
 
1  1   1   2   1 2   1   2   1 2
q1 2  T14

A 1 1
 1
1 2 Final Result
29

Radiation energy going from q1 2  T14

surface 1 to surface 2: 
A 1 1
 1
1 2
Radiation energy going from q21  T24

surface 2 to surface 1: 
A 1 1
 1
1 2
NET Radiation energy going q1 2  q21  T14  T24


 
from surface 1 to surface 2: A 1 1 
   1
 1  2 
30
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan
15
Radiation Shields
Radiation Shield
Left plate at Right plate at

T1 T2 T3
Purpose of Heat Shields:

To reduce the amount of
energy transfer from (hotter)
plate at T1 to second (cooler)
plate at T3.
Note:
qnet ,12  qnet , 23  q 31
Analysis of Radiation Shields Radiation Shield
We will assume that the

emissivity is the same for all
surfaces.
T1 T2 T3
qnet ,12  T14  T24 

A 1 1 
   1
   Now we eliminate
T2 between these
qnet , 23  T24  T34  equations.

A 1 1 
   1
   Note:
qnet ,12  qnet , 23  q
32
16

q  T14  T24

 
q  T24  T34


A 2  A 2 
  1   1
    T1 T2 T3
q 2 
T24    1  T3
4
A   
q 2  q 2 
  1  T1    1  T3
4 4
A    A   
2q  2 
  1  T1  T3
4 4
A   

q  1   T14  T34
 

A  2  2   1 33
1 Heat 
q  1   T14  T34
 

A  2  2   1
Shield
With one heat shield present,

T1 T2 T3
q falls by half compared to no
heat shield.
by the same analysis,
N Heat q  1   T14  T34

 
  With N heat shields
present, q falls by a factor
A  N  1  2   1
Shields of 1/N compared to no heat
shield.
34
17
CM3110
Part 2:

CM3110 - Momentum and Heat Transport

CM3120 – Heat and Mass Transport
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/cm310.html
35
CM3110
Summary
Within homogeneous phases:
• Microscopic Energy Balances ⋅
• Steady solutions
rectangular:
cylindrical:
ln
• Temperature and Newton’s law of cooling boundary conditions

(if is supplied)
• Unsteady solutions (from literature)
 Carslaw and Jeager
 Heisler charts 36
18
CM3110
Summary
Across phase boundaries:

• Microscopic Energy, Momentum, and Mass Balances
Micro momentum: ⋅
Micro energy: ⋅
• Simultaneous effects (complex)

• Solutions are difficult to obtain (and often not really necessary)
use to obtain
• Data correlations for:
 forced convection,
 natural convection (use in design)
 radiation
37
CM3110
Summary
Heat Transfer Unit Operations

• Macroscopic energy balances
• Heat Exchangers
 double pipe (Δ
 Shell-and-tube
 Heat exchanger effectiveness
• Evaporators/ Condensers
38
19
CM3110

CM3110 - Momentum and Heat Transport

CM3120 – Heat and Mass Transport
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/cm310.html
39
20

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