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Chap10 2
Chap10 2
2 Graph
y 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c
Before You graphed simple quadratic functions.
Now You will graph general quadratic functions.
Why? So you can investigate a cable’s height, as in Example 4.
Key Vocabulary You can use the properties below to graph any quadratic function. You will
• minimum value justify the formula for the axis of symmetry in Exercise 38 on page 639.
• maximum value
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Properties of the Graph of a Quadratic Function
The graph of y 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c is a parabola that:
• opens up if a . 0 and opens down if a , 0. y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c, a > 0
Solution
a. For the function y 5 22x2 1 12x 2 7, a 5 22 and b 5 12.
b 12
x 5 2}
2a
5 2}
2(22)
53 Substitute 22 for a and 12 for b. Then simplify.
IDENTIFY THE
VERTEX b
b. The x-coordinate of the vertex is 2} , or 3.
Because the vertex 2a
lies on the axis of
To find the y-coordinate, substitute 3 for x in the function and find y.
symmetry, x 5 3, the
x-coordinate of the y 5 –2(3)2 1 12(3) 2 7 5 11 Substitute 3 for x. Then simplify.
vertex is 3.
c The vertex is (3, 11).
REVIEW y 2 11
REFLECTIONS
STEP 5 Reflect the points plotted in Step 4 in the axis of symmetry.
For help with
reflections, see p. 922. STEP 6 Draw a parabola through the plotted points.
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1. Find the axis of symmetry and the vertex of the graph of the function
y 5 x2 2 2x 2 3.
2. Graph the function y 5 3x2 1 12x 2 1. Label the vertex and axis
of symmetry.
x
x
minimum
Solution
Because a 5 23 and 23 , 0, the parabola opens down and the function has a
maximum value. To find the maximum value, find the vertex.
b 212 b
x 5 2}
2a
5 2}
2(23)
5 22 The x-coordinate is 2}
2a .
500
500 x
Solution
The lowest point of the cable is at the vertex of the parabola. Find the
x-coordinate of the vertex. Use a 5 0.000097 and b 5 20.37.
b 20.37
x 5 2}
2a
5 2}
2(0.000097)
≈ 1910 Use a calculator.
Substitute 1910 for x in the equation to find the y-coordinate of the vertex.
y ≈ 0.000097(1910)2 2 0.37(1910) 1 549 ≈ 196
c The cable is about 196 feet above the water at its lowest point.
3. Tell whether the function f(x) 5 6x2 1 18x 1 13 has a minimum value or a
maximum value. Then find the minimum or maximum value.
4. SUSPENSION BRIDGES The cables between the two towers of the Takoma
Narrows Bridge form a parabola that can be modeled by the graph of the
equation y 5 0.00014x2 2 0.4x 1 507 where x and y are measured in feet.
What is the height of the cable above the water at its lowest point? Round
your answer to the nearest foot.
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Explain how you can tell whether a quadratic function has
a maximum value or minimum value without graphing the function.
EXAMPLE 1 FINDING AXIS OF SYMMETRY AND VERTEX Find the axis of symmetry and
on p. 635 the vertex of the graph of the function.
for Exs. 3–14
3. y 5 2x2 2 8x 1 6 4. y 5 x2 2 6x 1 11 5. y 5 23x2 1 24x 2 22
6. y 5 2x2 2 10x 7. y 5 6x2 1 6x 8. y 5 4x2 1 7
2 1 2 1
9. y 5 2} x2 2 1 10. y 5 } x 1 8x 2 9 11. y 5 2}
4
x2 1 3x 2 2
3 2
12. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the vertex of the graph of the function
y 5 23x2 1 18x 2 13?
A (23, 294) B (23, 214) C (3, 213) D (3, 14)
ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the axis of
symmetry of the graph of the given function.
3
13. y 5 2x2 1 16x 2 1 14. y 5 2}x2 1 18x 2 5
2
b 16 b 18
x5} 5} 54 x 5 2} 5 2} 5 –6
2a 2(2) 2a 3
21 } 2
2
The axis of symmetry is x 5 4. The axis of symmetry is x 5 26.
EXAMPLE 2 GRAPHING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Graph the function. Label the vertex
on p. 636 and axis of symmetry.
for Exs. 15–27
15. y 5 x2 1 6x 1 2 16. y 5 x2 1 4x 1 8 17. y 5 2x2 1 7x 1 21
18. y 5 5x2 1 10x 2 3 19. y 5 4x2 1 x 2 32 20. y 5 24x2 1 4x 1 8
1 1
21. y 5 23x2 2 2x 2 5 22. y 5 28x2 2 12x 1 1 23. y 5 2x2 1 } x1}
4 2
1 2 1 1 2
24. y 5 } x 1 6x 2 9 25. y 5 2} x2 1 6x 1 3 26. y 5 2}
4
x 2x11
3 2
y 5 x2 2 4x 1 1.
38. REASONING Follow the steps below to justify the equation for the axis
of symmetry for the graph of y 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c. Because the graph of
y 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c is a vertical translation of the graph of y 5 ax2 1 bx,
the two graphs have the same axis of symmetry. Use the function
y 5 ax2 1 bx in place of y 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c.
a. Find the x-intercepts of the graph of y 5 ax2 1 bx. (You can do this
by finding the zeros of the function y 5 ax2 1 bx using factoring.)
b. Because a parabola is symmetric about its axis of symmetry, the
axis of symmetry passes through a point halfway between the
x-intercepts of the parabola. Find the x-coordinate of this point.
What is an equation of the vertical line through this point?
PROBLEM SOLVING
GRAPHING CALCULATOR You may wish to use a graphing calculator to
complete the following Problem Solving exercises.
EXAMPLE 4 40. SPIDERS Fishing spiders can propel themselves across water and leap
on p. 637 vertically from the surface of the water. During a vertical jump, the
for Exs. 40–42 height of the body of the spider can be modeled by the function
y 5 24500x2 1 820x 1 43 where x is the duration (in seconds) of the
jump and y is the height (in millimeters) of the spider above the surface
of the water. After how many seconds does the spider’s body reach its
maximum height? What is the maximum height?
GPSQSPCMFNTPMWJOHIFMQBUDMBTT[POFDPN
41. ARCHITECTURE The parabolic arches that support the roof of the
Dallas Convention Center can be modeled by the graph of the equation
y 5 20.0019x2 1 0.71x where x and y are measured in feet. What is the
height h at the highest point of the arch as shown in the diagram?
y
h
20
30 x
GPSQSPCMFNTPMWJOHIFMQBUDMBTT[POFDPN
MIXED REVIEW
Graph the equation. (pp. 215, 225, 244)
2
46. y 5 3 47. x 2 5y 5 15 48. y 5 2} x26
3
Simplify.
12y 2 4
49. 23(4 2 2x) 2 9 (p. 96) 50. 2(1 2 a) 2 5a (p. 96) 51. } (p. 103)
24
6u3 uv2
52. (22mn)4 (p. 489) 53. 5 p (7w 7)2 (p. 489) 54. } p } (p. 495)
v 36
PREVIEW Find the zeros of the polynomial function.
Prepare for
55. f(x) 5 x2 2 4x 2 21 (p. 583) 56. f(x) 5 x2 1 10x 1 24 (p. 583)
Lesson 10.3 in
Exs. 55–58. 57. f(x) 5 5x2 1 18x 1 9 (p. 593) 58. f(x) 5 2x2 1 4x 2 6 (p. 593)
640 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 10.2, p. 947 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
Extension Graph Quadratic Functions in
Use after Lesson 10.2
Intercept Form
GOAL Graph quadratic functions in intercept form.
Key Vocabulary In Lesson 10.2 you graphed quadratic functions written in standard
• intercept form form. Quadratic functions can also be written in intercept form,
y 5 a(x 2 p)(x 2 q) where a Þ 0. In this form, the x-intercepts of the graph
can easily be determined.
Solution
STEP 1 Rewrite the quadratic function in intercept form.
y 5 2x2 2 8 Write original function.
2
5 2(x 2 4) Factor out common factor.
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PRACTICE
EXAMPLE 1 Graph the quadratic function. Label the vertex, axis of symmetry, and
on p. 641 for x-intercepts.
Exs. 1–9
1. y 5 (x 1 2)(x 2 3) 2. y 5 (x 1 5)(x 1 2) 3. y 5 (x 1 9)2
4. y 5 22(x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5. y 5 25(x 1 7)(x 1 2) 6. y 5 3(x 2 6)(x 2 3)
1
7. y 5 2} (x 1 4)(x 2 2) 8. y 5 (x 2 7)(2x 2 3) 9. y 5 2(x 1 10)(x 2 3)
2
EXAMPLE 2 10. y 5 2x2 1 8x 2 16 11. y 5 2x2 2 9x 2 18 12. y 5 12x2 2 48
on p. 642 for
13. y 5 26x2 1 294 14. y 5 3x2 2 24x 1 36 15. y 5 20x2 2 6x 2 2
Exs. 10–15