Simple Machines

Simple machines TECHNOLOGY
Simple Machines
“Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth”
Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC)
Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

1
Unit 1: Force, work and machines
Lever Inclined plane

2
Wheel Screw

3
Wedge Pulley

4
Lesson 1: FORCE
push
pull
force
pull force
push force

5
accelerate
decelerate
divert
deform

6

7
Lesson 2: WORK AND ENERGY
Student B did double the work of student A
Student C did double the work of student A
Student D did four times the work of student A
Student B did half the work of student D
Student C did the same work as student B

8
The bigger the force, the bigger the work

The longer the distance, the bigger the work
So, mathematically…
Work = Force x distance
W=Fxd
9
transport
petrol
people
food run
electricity phone
generate
wind
electricity

10
Energy… is the ability to do work.
ENERGY MACHINE WORK

11

12
pushes 10 m move makes 200 N force
work process
pulls rope lift height 15 m
work 4500 J force lift
400 N force applied motorbike 20000 J work process
distance motorbike

13
1. A road vehicle with two wheels is a… motorbike
2. What’s the name of the distance between the ground and something above it? Height
lift something, you elevate it.

3. If you ……..
4. It is a thick cord or wire. Rope
process is a series of actions which are executed in order to achieve a result.

5. A ……..…….
force is any cause that can change the movement or the shape of an object.
6. A ……………
7. When you move something making a force, you are doing… work
8. To use force in order to move something towards you. To pull
9. To use force to make something move away from you. To push

14
Remember…
W=Fxd
Work
W Unit to measure work: JOULE (J)
Force
F Unit to measure force: NEWTON (N)
Distance
d Unit to measure distance: METRE (m)

15
F = 200 N
d = 10 m
W  F · d  200 N ·10 m  2000 J

16
W 4500 J
W  F·d F   300 N
d 15 m
W 20000 J
W  F·d d   50 m
F 400 m
17
Lesson 3: MACHINES

18

19
What’s a machine?
A m a c h i n e i a n y d e v i c e
t h a t u e e n e r g y t o
p e r f o r m o m e a c t i v i t y

20
Sentence 1
Usually cars have four wheels but motorbikes and

bicycles have just two.
Sentence 2
To get high speed in ski jumping, skiers slide

down a ramp or inclined plane.

21
Sentence 3
Screws can be used to join pieces but also to

make moving devices like a car’s jack.
Sentence 4
Taking water from a well is much easier if you

have a rope and a pulley.

22
Sentence 5
You can cut logs with a saw or you can split them
with a wedge and a sledgehammer.
Sentence 6
A wooden pallet is easier to break if you have a

crowbar to use as a lever.

23
1. What is a simple machine?

A simple machine is a device that changes the direction or the magnitude of a force.
2. Why are simple machines useful?

Simple machines are useful because they make work easier.
3. How does a simple machine work?

A simple machine works by using a single applied force to do work against a load.
4. How many moving parts has a simple machine got?

A simple machine has got few or no moving parts.
5. Why is learning the basics of simple machines important?

Learning the basics of simple machines is fundamental to understanding more intricate
mechanisms.
6. What’s the relationship between simple machines and more complicated machines?
Simple machines can be thought of as building blocks for more complicated machines.

24
7. Which are the two basic simple machines?

The two basic simple machines are the inclined plane and the lever.
8. What devices are variants on the inclined plane?

The screw and the wedge are variants on the inclined plane.
9. What devices are variants on the lever?

The wheel and axle and the pulley are variants on the lever.
Simple
machines
Inclined plane Lever
Wheel
Screw Wedge Pulley
and axle

25
Lesson 4: MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

26

27
a) Conservation of energy principle: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it

can only be transformed from one state to
another.
b) Friction: Force that makes the relative motion between

two objects more difficult .
c) Frictionless system: Ideal system with no friction forces within it.
d) Ideal machine: Theoretical machine in which there is no loss of

energy (e.g., because of the friction).
e) Actual machine: Machine in which there is loss of energy (i.e.,

real machine)
f) Efficiency: Is the ratio of energy used by a machine to the

useful work the machine has done.

28
mb = 280 kg
F
FRA
GIL
E
mm = 70 kg L

29
mb = 280 kg
F
FRA
G ILE
mm = 70 kg
Mass of the man. Mass of the object we want to move.

mm mb
Unit to measure mass: KILOGRAM (kg) Unit to measure mass: KILOGRAM (kg)
Load we want to move. It’s the weight of the object. It can also be called resistance or output force.
L
Unit to measure force: NEWTON (N)
Force we have to apply to move the object. It can also be called effort or input force.
F
Unit to measure force: NEWTON (N)

30
mb = 280 kg
F
FRA
G ILE
mm = 70 kg
L
 The load L is the weight of the box, so…
m
L  m b · g  200 kg · 9,81 2  1 962 N
s
 If the man hang from the bar to move the box, his weight will be the force F:
m
F  m m · g  70 kg · 9,81 2  686,7 N
s
31
mm = 70 kg mb = 280 kg
MA = 4 FRAGILE
F = 686,7 N L = 1692 N
 The man can lift 1692 N (280 kg) applying a force of 686,7 N (70 kg). The
force done is a quarter of the force we would need to lift the box without the
bar.
 The machine (in this case, a lever) multiplied the force of the man by 4. This
number is called mechanical advantage (MA).

32
Mechanical advantage (MA) is…
 … the factor by which a machine multiplies the force applied to it.
 … the force amplifying effectiveness of a simple machine.
 … the ratio of load to effort.
 … the ratio of the force exerted by a machine (the output) to the force exerted to
the machine (the input).
In the example:
L 1962 N
MA  
686,7 N
=4
F
33
mb = 280 kg
mm = 70 kg
1. Do simple machines multiply energy? FRAGILE
MA = 4
No, simple machines do not multiplying energy but force.
F = 686,7 N L = 1692 N
2. What’s the relationship between the input energy and the output work of an actual
machine? Why?
The input energy of an actual machine is always bigger than its output work. The
reason is that in actual machines there is always a loss of energy due to friction. The
efficiency is not 100%.
Winput > Woutput
3. What’s the relationship between the input energy and the output work of an ideal
machine? Why?
The input energy of an ideal machine is equal to its output work. The reason is that in
ideal machines there is no loss of energy due to friction. The efficiency is 100%.
Winput = Woutput
34
4. What principle related to energy do simple machines violate? Why?

None because no energy is created by simple machines. They just multiply force.
The conservation of energy principle cannot be violated.
Winput = Woutput
5. What’s the cost of making less force with a simple machine to get the same energy?
To get the same energy with less force you have to apply the force over a longer
distance.
In the example, to move the

box a short distance (db), the
dm
man had to move the other
part of the lever a long
distance (dm).
db

35
5. How can we get the mechanical advantage formula?
By applying the conservation of energy principle.
Winput  Woutput
F · d input  L · d output
d input L

d output F
The ratio of distances is equal to the ratio of forces. We call that ratio mechanical
advantage.
d input L
MA  
d output F

36
m
L  m c · g  50 kg · 9,81 2  490,5 N
s
L 490,5 N
MA    1,96
F 250 m
MA  1,96

37
L
MA  L  F · MA  800 N · 5  4000 N
F
L 4000 N
L  mo · g mo    407,75 kg
g m
9,81 2
s
m o  407,75 kg

38
m
L  m c · g  1000 kg · 9,81 2  9810 N
s
L L 9810 N
MA  F   1226,25 N
F MA 8
F  1226,25 N

39

Simple Machines

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Simple Machines

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Simple machines TECHNOLOGY

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Unit 1: Force, work and machines

Lever Inclined plane

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Lesson 2: WORK AND ENERGY

Student B did double the work of student A

Student C did double the work of student A

Student D did four times the work of student A

Student B did half the work of student D

Student C did the same work as student B

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

The bigger the force, the bigger the work

Work = Force x distance

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Energy… is the ability to do work.

ENERGY MACHINE WORK

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

pushes 10 m move makes 200 N force

pulls rope lift height 15 m

work 4500 J force lift

400 N force applied motorbike 20000 J work process

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

1. A road vehicle with two wheels is a… motorbike

lift something, you elevate it.

4. It is a thick cord or wire. Rope

process is a series of actions which are executed in order to achieve a result.

8. To use force in order to move something towards you. To pull

9. To use force to make something move away from you. To push

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

W  F · d  200 N ·10 m  2000 J

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Usually cars have four wheels but motorbikes and

To get high speed in ski jumping, skiers slide

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Screws can be used to join pieces but also to

Taking water from a well is much easier if you

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

A wooden pallet is easier to break if you have a

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

1. What is a simple machine?

2. Why are simple machines useful?

3. How does a simple machine work?

4. How many moving parts has a simple machine got?

5. Why is learning the basics of simple machines important?

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

7. Which are the two basic simple machines?

8. What devices are variants on the inclined plane?

9. What devices are variants on the lever?

Inclined plane Lever

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida

Lesson 4: MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Institut Joan Oró – Lleida