Professional Documents
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Geography Skills Worksheets
Geography Skills Worksheets
Building
Geography Skills
for Life
Student Text-Workbook
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Cover
David Teal/CORBIS
Table of Contents 3
UNIT 4 Human Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Lesson 1: Reading Population Density Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Lesson 2: The Demographic Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Lesson 3: Reading Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Lesson 4: Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Lesson 5: Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Lesson 6: Reading Population Pyramids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Lesson 7: Interpreting a Life Expectancy Map . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Lesson 8: Using Language Tables and Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Lesson 9: Transportation in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Lesson 10: United States’s Trade With Other Countries. . . . . 147
Lesson 11: Global Interdependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Unit 4 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
4 Table of Contents
To the Student
Numerous maps, graphs, and tables will be used
D o you live in a city, or in a small town? Or do
you live on a farm or a ranch? Has your family
lived there a long time or a short time? How does
to present information. You will receive a great
deal of instruction and practice in reading these
living where you do affect the way you live? For special ways of presenting information. A Unit
example, do you need special clothes in the win- Review checks your understanding of the impor-
ter? Is your favorite food grown nearby, or is it tant concepts and information presented in each
brought in from far away? unit. A Final Review at the end of the book is an
All these questions have to do with geography. overall check on your learning.
Geography is the study of our home—the earth— Vocabulary study is an important part of this
and how our lives are affected by it. Almost every book. Geographers use many special words in
detail of our lives is affected by geography. The order to understand the world in which you live.
clothes we wear, the food we eat, the things we do The terms you should know after completing the
for fun, and the kinds of homes in which we live lesson are listed at the start of each lesson. All the
are all connected to geography. words are also listed in the Glossary at the end of
Ask yourself these six questions about a food in the book, so that you may easily look them up at
the store where you shop. Where was it grown? any time. The Glossary tells how to pronounce
What is the place and how it is like other places each word and gives the meaning of the word.
on Earth? Why does the place look the way it As you progress through the book, you will learn
does? How do the people who grow the food live? some of the skills you need to learn about places
How do the people use the resources in their envi- on the earth. You will learn some of the language
ronment? What problems do the people living in of geography. You will learn how to read the maps,
the place have to solve? charts, and tables that geographers often use to
These six questions deal with the very heart of present information about the earth and its peo-
geography. As you look for answers to these ques- ples. You will study examples of how people inter-
tions, you are studying geography. act with each other and with their environment.
When we study a place on the earth, we ask six And you will learn how to organize your study of
questions that are very similar to the six above. the earth by regions that are alike in some way.
We ask (1) where a place is, (2) what the place is Almost every day in the newspaper or on televi-
like and how that place is like other places on the sion, we learn of some place of which we might
earth, (3) how were the physical features in the have never heard before. Often we find that in
place formed, (4) how the people there live, (5) some way our lives are affected by that place.
how do people interact with their environment, Events in places such as Afghanistan, the Gaza
(6) what does geography tell us about the past Strip, Macedonia, and Rwanda influence our lives
and how does it help us plan for the future. These as part of a global community. We may know
questions deal with the six essential elements of someone from those parts of the world. We at
geography. These elements are the world in spa- least have read about and heard about their mis-
tial terms, places and regions, physical systems, fortunes. Perhaps we have donated money to help
human systems, environment and society, and buy food for war-torn areas, or to help establish
the uses of geography. homes for orphans.
This book is divided into six units. Each unit is All of us, everywhere, are affected in some way
organized around one of the six essential elements by what happens everywhere else. We study geog-
of geography. Each unit introduction identifies raphy to help us deal with the things that affect our
and explains more fully the element being cov- lives. The skills you will learn in this book can help
ered in that unit. you make better decisions about where and how
Each unit introduction is followed by a series of you will live. In that sense, this book is designed
short lessons that deal with the topic of that unit. to help you gain more control over your own life.
To the Student 5
Unit
1
The World in
Spatial Terms
The earth is covered with land and water divided into seven continents and four oceans.
Direction
Earth Direction is one of the most important things we can learn from
a map. You use direction every day—left, right, forward, back, up,
down. But these directions depend on where you are and which
way you are facing. Maps use the directions north, south, east,
and west. These directions do not change. North is always toward
the North Pole of the earth. If you stand facing the North Pole,
Terms to Know east will be to your right. West will be to your left. South will be
behind you.
compass rose, cardinal directions,
Usually, north will be at the top of a map. However, this is not
intermediate directions, scale,
always true. You must check to be sure. Mapmakers use a com-
scale bar
pass rose or a north arrow to show directions. If there is no com-
pass rose, north arrow, or other symbol to indicate direction, you
can assume that north is at the top of the map.
Look at the examples below. Find north, south, east, and west
on Figure 1-1. These are the cardinal directions. Turn your book
so that north on the compass rose points north (toward the
North Pole). Face north yourself. Now east is to your right, west is
to your left, and south is behind you.
W E
0 1 mile
W E
0 1 kilometer
SW SE
0 20 miles
S
0 30 kilometers
Distance
If you make a drawing of a person, you will
probably not make the picture as large as the per- Point Point
A B
son. That would take a piece of paper the same
size as the person. A map is a drawing of a part of
the earth. A map as big as the earth would be too
large to put in your pocket and carry with you
across Africa! Maps are drawn so that a certain
distance on the map represents a much larger dis-
tance on the earth. This is called scale. Scale 0 1 2 miles
helps you find directions on a map helps you find distances on a map
can be marked in miles may be marked N, S, E, W
Recalling Facts
Fill in the missing directions on these compass roses. Notice that north is
not always in the same place.
1. N 2. 3.
W N
4. N 5. 6.
S N
b. Virginia east
c. Utah west
d. Texas south
e. Washington northwest
f. Florida southeast
h. Michigan northeast
4. How many miles does the full length of the scale bar on the map
represent? 500
5. About how many miles is it from east to west across Colorado?
400
6. About how many miles is it from north to south across Texas at its
widest point? 800
7. How would you measure a distance on the map that is longer than the
scale bar?
Place a piece of paper on the map and mark each end point of the distance to be measured.
Place one end point on the scale bar at zero. Put a mark at the end of the scale.
Slide the paper over so the mark lines up with zero. Keep doing this until you reach the end point.
Then multiply the number of spaces by the distance the scale bar represents.
CANADA
WASHINGTON
N.H. MAINE
MONTANA Superior
NORTH DAKOTA Lake
VT.
La
k
MINN. MASS.
n
OREGON
eH
Global Interdependence
Distance and relative location are important because we
depend on people in other places for things we need. Depending
on other people is called interdependence. We depend on them
for certain goods and services, and they depend on us for others.
Interdependence links us together in the larger global commu-
nity in many ways. For example, the United States imports and
buys from other countries much of the oil that runs its cars and
factories. A great deal of this oil comes from countries in
Southwest Asia. This is why the United States is so interested in
wars and other events in the region. Because of the location of oil
fields in Southwest Asia, a war there could cut off the supply of oil
to the United States. This could result in oil shortages and eco-
nomic changes in the United States.
F 7. According to this map, all parts of the Caribbean Sea are east
of the Pacific Ocean.
GULF OF MEXICO
Bocas CANAL
del Toro ZONE
COSTA Almirante Colón Chepo
RICA
Panama
Chorrera City
Boquete
Concepción
Penonomé
David
Rio Hato
Puerto La
Armuelles Santiago Isla del Rey Palma
Chitré
Las Tablas
N
Isla Coiba
COLOMBIA
W E
S PACIFIC OCEAN
The United States is located in the middle of the map near the top.
States? east
Kingdom? northwest
ARCTIC OCEAN
CANADA UNITED
ASIA NORTH KINGDOM EUROPE ASIA
AMERICA
JAPAN UNITED STATES
ATLANTIC
OCEAN INDIA
MEXICO
AFRICA
PACIFIC OCEAN
INDIAN
SOUTH OCEAN
AMERICA
N
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH AFRICA
W E 0 1000 2000 3000 miles
ANTARCTICA
IRAN
A
A Rawdhatain
N
IRAQ
Sabriya Bublyan
B Island
W E
Sabiya
S
C KUWAIT Failaka
B KUWAIT BAY Island
Al Jahra
Kuwait
Sulaibikhat City
D PERSIAN GULF
Salemy Al Maqwa
Fahahil
Abdali
Shuaiba
C
Burgan
E SAUDI ARABIA Mina Abdullah
Umm Gudair
0 30 miles
F 0 30 kilometers
D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3. What is located in cells F-2, F-3, F-4, F-5, E-5, D-5, and C-5?
the Thames River
5. About how many miles is it from the London Zoo to the Planetarium?
1.5
7. Complete the following index for the map of London. Remember that all
names in an index are in alphabetical order. If there is more than one
possible answer for a cell, see which answer will fit in alphabetical
order.
London Zoo
0 1 mile
A 0 1 kilometer CAMDEN
Regent's Park
Planetarium
B
WESTMINSTER
MAYFAIR
C Piccadilly
Hyde Park Circus
Kensington
Palace St. James
Palace
D
St. James Park
Buckingham
River
KENSINGTON Palace
Thames
Science Museum
Natural History BELGRAVIA
Museum
E
LAMBETH
F
s River
CHELSEA T hame
1 2 3 4 5
Index
Belgravia . . . . . . . . . E-3 London Zoo . . . . . . . . A-3
Buckingham Palace . . . . . . . . D-4 Mayfair . . . . . . . . C-3
Camden . . . . . . . . A-5 Natural History Museum . . . . . . . . . E-2
Chelsea . . . . . . . . . F-2 Piccadilly Circus . . . . . . . . C-4
Kensington . . . . . . . . D-1 Science Museum . . . . . . . . . E-1
Lambeth . . . . . . . . . F-5
Reading Strategy
D o you know how ships measured their speed long ago? Do
you know why a ship’s speed is given today in knots rather
than miles per hour or kilometers per hour?
Create a chart like the one below Long ago, each ship carried a piece of wood fastened to a rope.
listing the importance of each of The rope had knots tied in it. Each knot was a certain distance
the terms in using latitude and from the next. To measure the ship’s speed, the piece of wood
longitude. was thrown overboard. It pulled the rope out behind it. The faster
the ship was going, the faster the rope went out. Someone
degree counted how many knots passed over the side of the ship in a cer-
tain length of time. If seven knots were pulled out, the ship was
said to be traveling at a speed of seven knots. Today, one knot is
Equator about 1.15 miles per hour.
Ships of long ago had to keep track of their speed on long voy-
Prime ages because they had no other way to tell how far they had trav-
Meridian
eled. Ships often became lost. For example, a storm might blow
them far away from where they wanted to go.
Terms to Know What people needed was a way to tell exactly where they were
on the earth’s surface—their absolute location. They also needed
absolute location, latitude,
to be able to find their way to any other absolute location.
longitude, degree, Equator, Prime
What they needed was a grid system that covered the entire
Meridian earth. You know that a grid is made up of two sets of lines that
cross each other. A grid system that covered the whole earth
would let anyone find any location on Earth. We have such a grid
today. We call it latitude and longitude.
50°
30°
South Pole North
Latitude
10°
°
0° E q u a tor 0
Pole is at 90° north latitude. If we said only that a
South 10°
place was at 90° latitude, we would not know if the Latitude
place was the North Pole or the South Pole. 30°
The starting point for measuring longitude is
50°
called the Prime Meridian. Meridian is another
70°
name for a longitude line. The earth does not have 90°
an east pole and a west pole. Therefore, some South Pole
point had to be chosen as the starting point for
measuring longitude. Through international agree-
ment, Greenwich, England, was chosen as this Figure 1-7 Lines of Longitude
place. All longitude is measured from the Prime
North Pole
Meridian that runs from the North and South
Poles through Greenwich, England.
Figure 1-5 shows the Prime Meridian is at 0° lon-
gitude. When we give the longitude of a place, we West East
must state whether the place is east or west of the Longitude Longitude
Prime Meridian.
90°
Lines of latitude run all the way around the
70° 90°
earth, but lines of longitude do not. On the other 50° 70°
side of the earth from the Prime Meridian is the 30°
10° 0° 30°
50°
10°
line of longitude marked 180°. This line is the end- Prime
ing point for measuring longitude. The area west Meridian
0°
of the Prime Meridian and 180° is west longitude.
The United States is located west of the Prime
Meridian. South Pole
in degrees.
2. latitude
Latitude is a measure of distance north or south of the Equator.
3. longitude
Longitude is a measure of distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.
4. Equator
The Equator is the zero degree line of latitude. It runs east and west around the earth halfway
5. Prime Meridian
The Prime Meridian is the zero degree line of longitude. It runs from the North and South Poles
0°
AFRICA
0° 0°
SOUTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
0°
Reading Strategy
F inding places using latitude and longitude is just like using a
grid, as you learned about in Lesson 3. Look at Map 1-7. Notice
that each degree of latitude and longitude is shown. Find the line
Create a flowchart like the one for 40°N latitude. What city is located at this latitude? What line of
below to explain how to find a place longitude is closest to this city? We say that Boulder is located at
using latitude and longitude. about 40°N latitude, 105°W longitude. Remember that when we
write the location of a place using latitude and longitude, latitude
= LOCATION is always written first.
Now look at the city of Delta. What line of latitude is closest to
Delta? What line of longitude runs through Delta? We say that
Delta is located at about 39°N latitude, 108°W longitude. This is
Delta’s absolute location. What is the absolute location of
Durango?
41°N
41°N
40°N Boulder
40°N
Denver
8. What city is located at about 39°N latitude, midway between 108° and
109°W longitude?
Grand Junction
2. Write the approximate location of your state capital using latitude and
longitude.
Answers will vary.
5. In what country do the lines of 10°S latitude and 20°E longitude cross?
Angola
10. Write the approximate location of Freetown, Sierra Leone, using latitude
and longitude.
9°N latitude, 12°W longitude
W E
40°N
S
MEDITERRANEAN
TUNISIA SOUTHWEST
SEA ASIA
MOROCCO
30°N
ALGERIA Cairo
LIBYA
WESTERN EGYPT
SAHARA Tropic of Cancer
RE
DS
20°N
MAURITANIA
EA
CAPE MALI NIGER
VERDE SENEGAL
CHAD SUDAN ERITREA
GAMBIA BURKINA
GUINEA- FASO DJIBOUTI
BISSAU GUINEA GHANA BENIN
10°N
Freetown CÔTE NIGERIA ETHIOPIA
CENTRAL
D’IVOIRE AFRICAN REPUBLIC
SIERRA Abidjan TOGO
CAMEROON
LEONE Gulf of Guinea SOMALIA
LIBERIA EQUATORIAL UGANDA KENYA
0°
Equator GABON
GUINEA CONGO
RWANDA Kigali
SAO TOME INDIAN
AND PRINCIPE BURUNDI TANZANIA OCEAN
10°S DEMOCRATIC COMOROS
REPUBLIC OF
THE CONGO ANGOLA MALAWI
ATLANTIC OCEAN ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE
R
SCA
ZIMBABWE
GA
20°S NAMIBIA
DA
MA
SOUTH SWAZILAND
30°S Durban
AFRICA
LESOTHO
Cape Town
1. A Antarctica
2. B Asia
3. C North America
4. D Australia
5. E Pacific Ocean
6. F Atlantic Ocean
7. G Indian Ocean
8. H Africa
9. I Arctic Ocean
12. L Europe
C L
F B
K
E H
M G
J
N
D
W E
8. The most direct route from South America to Asia is across the
Pacific Ocean.
LEGEND
City Canal
Boundary Park
Railroad Main Road
c 1. a. wheat
e 2. b. airport
f 3. c. corn
a 4. d. oil
b 5. e. railroad
d 6. f. state capital
4. About how many miles apart are the deposits of tin in the Amazon
River basin?
1,000
zon
Ama Equator
River
SOUTH
AMERICA
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
1 2 3 4 5 6 LEGEND
Selkirk Beach 3 Orwell Ski Area
SELKIRK SHORES
Lake STATE PARK
Mexico Bay
Pulaski
4
Sa Richland
lm
on
Highmarket
Rest Area
A Ontario Lycoming
Texas
104
8
11
13
13
Riv
er
Salmon
Redfield Constable-
ville
Without
Rest Rooms
8 7
4 Fernwood Altmar Res.
Oswego 5 Osceola
5
6 New 104 Mexico
26
Rest Area
Haven 4 104 With Rest Rooms
104 6 Maple View 1 9
Fruit Valley
48 11 69 4 OSWEGO 3 West Leyden
3 5 Campground
104 11 Parish Williamstown Florence
A
7 Minetto 481 12 8 Ava
Sterling 5 BATTLE 11 183 Airport
Osw
PARK
5 3 Amboy 10 West Interstate
Hannibal 8 3 12 8 Center 13 19 Branch 66 495
14
Sterling 3 Fulton 2
2
Mallory 69 Highway
38 Granby 11 Pt. Rock
5
Center Lake
49 Central Panther Lit Camden
Rive
6 7 12 tle
Neatenwanta Square Lake Riv 8
285 Lee 26 1 191 U.S. Highway
r
69 MON.
49 7
6
Meridian Baldwinsville Euclid Clay id a Jewell 16 Mileage
11 Seneca 7 L ake VERONA BEACH Sylvan Beach Markers
Cato 2 370 11 8 Cicero 31 STATE PARK. Rome
New
6 Belgium 8 South 6 Verona 46 London
Cross Plainville Ri 370 4 3 Beach 6
11
Lake N. Bridgeport 12 Bay Stanwix
ve
Conquest 9 Jacks 31 3 26
r
18 Reef 6 690 3 Syracuse 431 298 Lakeport Whitelaw 13 Oneida 31 5 Verona 365 23
38 34 3 2 12 Lowell
16 1 11 5 Valley 4 9
90 693
Onondaga Liver
Liver- 6 Collamer 15 Durhamville 9
Memphis Warners pool 4 90 5
Jordan 17 173 695 3 4 31 Westmoreland
D 3 1
Weeds-
3
31
31C 13
5 Camillus
Solvay
5
SYRACUSE
Minoa Kirkville
N.Chittenango
Canastota 1 5
6
Oneida Vernon
5 6
port
Hart Elbridge
Fair- Westvale
mount 5 3
5
6 2 GREEN 5 173
3 3 2 LAKES 8
5 Sullivan Lenox Wampsville 5 Sherrill 2
Chittenango
INDEX
34 8 Lot 321 174 Vernon
3 2 Fayetteville
Split Rock STATE PARK
38
8 Sennett Skaneateles 9 175 Onondaga 173 3 13 46
Center 6 Auburn E-1
8 5 Mottville 5 Manlius Perryville
Falls 12B
Marcellus 6 Jamesville CHITTENANGO 10 Stockbridge 14 Chittenango Falls
5
Skaneateles 6 4 Nedrow 8 Oran FALLS Chittenango Knoxboro
14
7 6 20 6 Cedarvale ONONDAGA
11
STATE
PARK
Falls Fenner Siloam Augusta
State Park E-4
81 ONONDAGA 8 Munnsville
9 Auburn 41 S. IND. RES. 91 Pompey 92 Peterboro Cleveland C-4
Marietta Onondaga Pratts 26 Oriska
E 34 Center Cazenovia
Sk an
9 Falls
6
38A 6
6 LaFayette 20 10
Hollow 7 Fulton B-2
41A Amber
e at
6
s
15 7 11 Bouckville
ke
Lake
3. What do the numbers between two marks like these tell you?
how many miles it is between mileage markers
4. Suppose that you average about 50 miles per hour on interstate high-
ways. About how long will it take you to travel from the farthest point
north shown on the map to the farthest point south?
about 1 1/2 hours
Tr
ic ato
of
C
r
a pr Tro
ico
r n p ic
of
North Pole ys Can
South Pole Indirect ra cer
Equ
ys Tro ato
Indirect ra Direct rays p ic r
o
Tro Direct rays Sun ys
fC
apr
p ic
of Indirect ra icor
n
Can ys
Equ
cer Indirect ra North Pole
Tro ato South Pole
p ic r
o
fC
apr Tro
icor
n p ic
of
Can
cer
South Pole Equ
Tro ato
SUMMER p ic r
of
(June 21) Cap
rico
rn
FALL
South Pole (September 23)
from the sun during winter in the Northern hotter. Cut a circle about 11⁄ 2 inches across in the
Hemisphere. first piece of paper. Hold this piece of paper up to
the sun or a strong light. Hold the second piece of
Seasons in the Southern paper about 3 inches behind it so that light comes
through the hole. This represents the light of the
Hemisphere sun falling on the earth.
When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, Now tilt the second piece of paper so that first
it is winter south of the Equator in the Southern it points straight up and down, and then so that
Hemisphere. For example, if you are baking in the its top points away from the first piece, and then
heat and direct sun of an Arizona summer, you toward it. What happens to the spot of light
can fly to somewhere south of the Equator and falling on the paper? It changes shape. When the
enjoy cold winter weather. top of the second piece of paper is tilted toward
Whether we are having summer or winter is or away from the first piece of paper, the spot of
due to how much heat our location on the earth is light gets bigger.
getting from the sun. When the northern half of The smaller the spot of light, the hotter it is. In
the earth is pointing toward the sun, it gets more summer the sun is almost directly overhead. Its
heat for two reasons. One reason is that there are rays fall on a smaller spot of Earth than in winter.
more hours of daylight. The other reason is that That part of the earth gets more heat. In winter
the sun’s rays fall more directly on the Northern the sun is lower in the sky. Its rays are slanted and
Hemisphere. These direct rays are hotter than the fall on a larger spot of Earth than in summer. That
sun’s indirect rays in winter. part of the earth gets less heat.
What happens if the sun is always almost
How the Sun Affects Seasons directly overhead? There will be no seasons. The
You can use two pieces of paper, or two paper weather will always be warm. This happens near
plates, to show why the direct rays of the sun are the Equator in places such as Latin America.
Tr
ic ato
of
C r
a pr Tro
ico
r n p ic
of
North Pole ys Can
South Pole Indirect ra cer
Equ
ys Tro ato
Indirect ra Direct rays p ic r
o
Tro Direct rays Sun ys
fC
apr
p ic
of Indirect ra icor
n
Can ys
Equ
cer Indirect ra North Pole
Tro ato South Pole
p ic r
of
Cap
rico Tro
rn p ic o
fC
anc
er
South Pole Equ
Tro ato
p ic r
o fC
June apr
icor
n
Recalling Facts
Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are opposite those in the Northern
Hemisphere. Label Figure 1-12: Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere.
ic ato
of
C r
a pr Tro
ico
r n p ic
of
North Pole ys Can
South Pole Indirect ra cer
Equ
ys Tro ato
Indirect ra Direct rays p ic r
o
Tro Direct rays Sun ys
fC
apr
p ic
of Indirect ra icor
n
Can ys
Equ
cer Indirect ra North Pole
Tro ato South Pole
p ic r
of
Cap
rico Tro
rn p ic o
fC
anc
er
South Pole Equ
Tro ato
p ic r
of
June Cap
rico
rn
Sun
Night West East Night
10:00 A.M.
11:00 A.M. 12:00 P.M. 1:00 P.M.
Seattle
Boston
Minneapolis
Phoenix Atlanta N
Dallas W E
New Orleans
PACIFIC S
OCEAN
0 200 400 miles Miami
3. When it is 12 noon in Dallas, what time is it in New York City? 1:00 P.M.
4. When it is 4:00 P.M. in Denver, what time is it in San Francisco? 3:00 P.M.
6. Suppose you live in St. Louis. You have a computer made by a company
near Los Angeles. You want to call people at the company about a prob-
lem you are having with your computer. They go to work at 9:00 A.M.
What is the earliest St. Louis time you can call them?
11:00 A.M.
7. Imagine that you are flying from Boston to San Francisco. You leave
Boston at 8:00 A.M. What time is it in San Francisco?
5:00 A.M.
8. The plane trip from Boston to San Francisco takes six hours. You leave
Boston at 8:00 A.M. What time will it be in Boston when you land?
2:00 P.M.
9. You have to fly from San Francisco to Chicago. You leave San Francisco
at 5:30 P.M. What time is it in Chicago?
7:30 P.M.
10. The plane trip from San Francisco to Chicago lasts four hours. You
leave San Francisco at 5:30 P.M. What time will it be in Chicago when you
land? Why?
11:30 P.M.; Whenever you cross a time zone going east, the time becomes one hour later.
Co M is s
l u m b i a COLUMBIA o u ri R .
PLATEAU uperior
R. ke S
Black La
Bi
R
C O
Hills L
E
tte
O
CASCADE RANG
ak
Mi Cape
ro
eH
rio
C s
Lake Michigan
nta Cod
A S T
ot
uron
ke O
si
KY
S
ss
La
ipp
Ra
IN
e
i R.
Pl ri
.
a tt E
TA
Great
M
eR ke
Salt Lake . La
SIERRA
UN
OU
GREAT
IN
R A N
BASIN CENTRAL
MO
R.
TE
NT
RIOR
Mt. Whitney
N
A rkan
DA
Co COLORADO sas R.
AIN
(14,454 ft.)
IA
Cape
n t
G
CH
Cave
o
Death Ozark
m
S
Plateau
LA
N
-282 ft. CANYON
d
OCEAN
e
PLAIN
i R.
A
I
i
R ed
P
R. P
P
Mississipp
A A
L ATLANTIC
P OCEAN
EAN Point A L
OC S T
C Barrow
TI OOKS
A N
R O
C
B NGE
AR
Rio
RA C
on R. GULF OF
G
Yuk ANGE
ran
Hawa
Kauai
R Mt. McKinley i
Oahu ian Is
MEXICO W E
de
Molokai
ALA
nd
PACIFIC Lanai
s
the others? What is the capital of Australia? What show the distribution of particular activities,
tells you it is the capital? What are some other resources, or products in a given area. Colors and
cities shown on the map? symbols represent the location or distribution of
activities and resources.
Using Special-Purpose Maps Many times maps will be a combination of phys-
Maps that emphasize a single idea or a particu- ical, political, and special-purpose. For example, a
lar kind of information about an area are called special-purpose map that shows what products
special-purpose maps. There are many kinds of are produced in the United States will usually have
special-purpose maps, each designed to serve a state boundaries shown. What kind of map shows
different need. Population density maps, time zone boundaries? A land-use map may also show major
maps, and climate maps are among the different rivers. What kind of map shows rivers?
kinds of special-purpose maps. You will learn to When you read a map, what should you look at
read these and other kinds of special-purpose first? In order to know what the map is about, you
maps later in this book. must first look at the map’s title. The title may be
Some special-purpose maps—such as eco- at the top or bottom of the map, or it may be in a
nomic activity maps and natural resource maps— box with the legend.
W E
S
PACIFIC OCEAN
NORTHERN
TERRITORY 0 250 500 miles
20°S 20°S
QUEENSLAND 0 250 500 kilometers
AUSTRALIA
WESTERN SOUTH
AUSTRALIA Brisbane 168°E 176°E
AUSTRALIA
2. What part of the map tells you what the symbols on the map mean? the legend
3. What do the solid black lines on the map stand for? national boundaries
such as mountains and rivers. It also shows special features such as roads, railroads, airports, and seaports.
LEGEND
Gonder Major Road
Lake
Tana Dese Railroad
Nile Dire
Airport
Bl u
e Dawa
Addis Ababa Mountains
Harer
Capital
Jıma
Jimma National Boundary
Major City
Lake
Rudolf Nagele
0 280 miles
0 450 kilometers
Planar Projections
Some maps are round; they look like a flattened disk of the
earth’s surface. Longitude lines on these maps are straight and
meet in the center of the circle. Latitude lines form a series of cir-
cles that get smaller as they reach the center of this kind of map.
40°N
0°
0°
40°S
Figure 1-15 Planar Projection A conic projection is good for showing small
areas midway between the Equator and the Poles.
Size, distance, and direction are fairly accurate.
There are a number of other kinds of projec-
tions that show the sizes of landmasses fairly
60°N
Conic Projections
0° Prime Meridian
30°N
Prime Meridian
20°N
keep in mind that the sizes of landmasses may not
0°N Equator
be correct, or distances or directions may not be
20°N
true. Be careful not to make judgments about the
40°N
60°N
world based only on maps.
60°N
Arctic Circle
30°N
Tropic of Cancer
Prime Meridian
0° Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
30°S
Recalling Facts
Decide whether each statement is true or false. Write T if the statement is
true. Write F if the statement is false.
T 1. Only globes can show true distance, direction, size, and shape
of landmasses all at the same time.
F 3. All maps show the surface of the earth in the same way.
T 5. A map can show that a landmass is much larger than it really is.
Recalling Facts
Fill in the blanks to correctly complete the following sentences.
1. On a Mercator projection, the sizes of landmasses near the North and
South Poles are greatly exaggerated in size .
Washington Street
Parking
Clothing Pharmacy
Bank
Peach Ave.
Store
Apple Blvd.
Main Street
Office Coffee
Grocery Shop
Tower
Parking
Union Street
High Soccer
School Fields
1. You are at the high school. Which of the following buildings is closest
to you?
A. the bank C. the grocery
B. the post office D. the pharmacy
2. You need to walk from the soccer fields to the bank. What is the
shortest route?
A. west on Union Street, then north on C. east on Union Street, then north on
Apple Blvd. Apple Blvd.
B. west on Union Street, north on D. east on Union Street, north on
Peach Ave., and west on Main Street Peach Ave., and west on Main Street
4. You park in the south parking area. You need to make stops at the bank,
post office, pharmacy, and grocery. You need to pick up two items at
the pharmacy, and you expect to purchase food to fill two bags of gro-
ceries. In which order should you make your stops in order to walk the
shortest distance, carrying the fewest things?
A. pharmacy, post office, grocery, bank C. grocery, bank, post office, pharmacy
B. bank, pharmacy, post office, grocery D. bank, post office, pharmacy, grocery
4. Which direction do you travel to get from the soccer fields to the post office?
north
Kodiak W E
Recalling Facts
Use the reading and Figure 1-20 to answer these questions.
1. At what speed does the satellite transmit data?
Satellites transmit data at the speed of light.
2. How many times does a GPS satellite orbit the earth in a week?
A GPS satellite orbits the earth 14 times in a week.
5. How many nautical miles are the GPS satellites out in space?
The GPS satellites are 11 nautical miles in space.
58 UNIT 1 Review
Practicing Map Skills
Follow the instructions below as you label Map 1-19: The World: Physical.
1. Find the Prime Meridian. Label it 0° longitude.
2. Find the Equator. Label it 0° latitude.
3. Label the continents.
4. Label the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans.
3. Much of Europe and Asia are at the same latitude as North America .
W E
UNIT 1 Review 59
Unit
2
Places and Regions
The Greek island of Symi, in the Aegean Sea, shows physical features that humans have adapted to.
Bodies
of Water Using Your Skills
Terms to Know Reviewing Key Terms
landform Read each description of a landform or body of water.
Then write the term in the correct place on Map 2-1:
Landforms and Bodies of Water.
bay—part of a large body of water that extends into a
shoreline
canyon—a deep, narrow valley with steep walls
cape—point of land that extends into a river, lake, or ocean
coast—land along a sea or an ocean
delta—flat, low land built up from soil carried downstream
by a river and deposited at its mouth
gulf—part of a body of water that extends into a shoreline;
larger and deeper than a bay
island—body of land completely surrounded by water
isthmus—narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land
areas
lake—body of water completely surrounded by land;
usually freshwater
mountain—land with steep sides that rise sharply from the
surrounding land
mouth of a river—place where a river empties into a larger
body of water
ALT
e
AY
ng
Ra
MTS
Hokkaido
an
TIAN SHAN
.
Ulaanbaator
Ulaanbaatar
ing
40
˚N N
40˚
Kh
MONGOLIA Manchurian
r
ate
Plain
Gre
Sea of
TARIM
ARIM BASIN GOBI Japan
NORTH
TAKLIMAKAN
AKLIMAKAN DESERT
DESER KOREA JAPAN
Beijing Pyongyang
Seoul Honshu Tokyo
SOUTH KOREA Mt. Fuji
KUNLUN SHAN Shandong
Peninsula
Korean
PLAT
CHINA YELLOW
Peninsula
Shikoku
30˚ EAU North China Plain
N OF TIBE SEA Kyushu N
T 30˚
HIM
ALA
YA
Shanghai EAST
CHINA
Sichuan SEA
Mt. Everest Basin
RyukayuIslands
Ryukyu Islands(Japan)
(Japan)
Taipei
aipei
YUNNAN
Relief PLATEAU
PLATEAU TAIWAN PACIFIC OCEAN
International Feet Meters Yuu Shan
boundaries
10,000 3,050 20˚N
National 5,000 1,525
capitals 2,000 610
Hainan 0 200 400 600 800 mi.
Other 1,000 305 SOUTH CHINA SEA
cities Sea level 0 0 0 200 400 600 800 km
Below sea level
100˚E 110˚E 120˚E 130˚E
2. Look at the part of the legend on the map that shows relief.
a. Where is the shading for low elevations located? at the bottom of the legend
b. Where is the shading for high elevations located? at the top of the legend
3. Find the North China Plain on the map. What is its elevation? sea level to 1,000 feet
4. What is the elevation of the land around the Sichuan Basin? 2,000 feet to 5,000 feet
5. One area on the map has an elevation below sea level. Give the location
of that area using latitude and longitude. 43˚N latitude, 89˚E longitude
Terms to Know
contour map, contour line, contour Figure 2-1 Example of a Contour Map
interval
Top View
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
4000
3000
2000
1000
Side View
400
the middle, as you can see in the side view. In the
io
n
top view, the contour lines are close together in Mushroom Rock
the middle of the drawing.
This is one of the most important things you ARTISTS
60 40
need to remember about the contour maps. When -2 0
80
833 0
BM
the lines on a contour map are close together, the 15 -171 14 13
land is steep. When the lines are far apart, the
land is flat.
DRIVE
BM
AL
623
EL
2. What is the land like just to the west of the Ithaca Municipal Airport?
How do you know? (Remember that if there is no compass rose on a
map, north is at the top.) The land is very steep. The contour lines are very close together.
3. Find the numbered contour line in the flat area of cell D-4. What does
the number on that line mean? It means that all the points on that line are 390 feet above sea level.
N
34
Contour intervals in feet
80
Light
0
W E
750
S Renwick
Orphanage A
U.S. NAVAL
Light RES
105
Light
110
0
0
389
ark
rt P
Bundy Road Ste
wa
Bird Sanctuary
e
650
Leve
Renwick
80
Fa
0
ll
Cr
ee
k
90
ITHACA
0
Williams Brook
MUNICIPAL
AIRPORT
1150 387 Newman
Golf Course
B
500
700
388
1100
EY
96
105
LL
85
89
VA
0
0
100
0
Ca
391
sca
dil
Catskill Turnpike
la
650
Cr.
650
387
900
GH
HI
LE
ST.
1100
Lin
e CK
1150 e N CO
Pip HA 391
Cliff Pa
C
rk Broo
100
700
k BM
0
ITHACA 387
Park
1050
BUFFALO ST.
1100
105
0
STATE ST.
ALBANY ST.
ST
393
00
10
0
70
60
34
A
1050
39
450
0 D
387
393
1 2 3 4 5
20 (50.8)
16 (40.6)
12 (30.5)
8 (20.3)
4 (10.2)
A
Months
Source: www.worldclimate.com
20° 68°
10° 50°
Fahrenheit
Celsius
0 32°
-10° 14°
-20° -4°
-30° -22°
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Source: www.worldclimate.com
December through June. July, August, and September are the wettest months. The hottest
Using Graphics
Construct a climograph for Cherrapunji, India, using the information
below and the blank graph on page 73.
Rainfall in Cherrapunji amounts to about 1 inch in January, 2 inches in
February, 7 inches in March, 24 inches in April, 67 inches in May, 115 inches
in June, 96 inches in July, 71 inches in August, 46 inches in September,
17 inches in October, 2 inches in November, and 1 inch in December.
The average temperature in January is 53°F.
For the rest of the months of the year in order, the figures are 58°, 62°, 66°,
67°, 68°, 69°, 67°, 61°, 55°.
40 70
Average monthly temperature (°C)
30 60
10 40
0 30
-10 20
-20 10
-30 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Source: www.worldclimate.com
Source: www.worldclimate.com
74 LESSON 5 Regions
Most people are aware of spatial relationships, referring to it as the southeastern United States.
and use regions to distinguish between different The regions they recognize are reflected in the
parts of the earth. For example, people individ- names used in businesses, by sports teams, and
ually and collectively agree on where they live. in advertising. Regions help people understand
They may call their home “Dixie,” rather than spatial relationships and interpret their world.
LESSON 5 Regions 75
North
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
W E
G Scale
G
0
S Miles
Index Legend
76 LESSON 5 Regions
Lesson 6 Physical Regions
What You Will Learn
To explain how regions may be
H ave you seen a picture of Earth taken from far out in space?
From a great distance, only broad features of the earth stand
out. You can see oceans and the shape of the largest landmasses,
defined by physical features called continents.
Of course, the earth has more features than just oceans and
Reading Strategy continents. The features of the earth’s surface are called land-
forms. You learned about landforms in Lesson 1 of this unit. The
Create a diagram like the one below.
surface of the earth can be divided into regions based on land-
In the outer circles, fill in examples forms. Three of the main landforms are mountains, plateaus, and
of physical regions. plains. Map 2-5 on page 78 shows some of the major mountain
ranges, plateaus, and plains areas of the earth.
Physical
Regions Physical Regions
You have read that a region is a part of the earth that has simi-
lar characteristics. Think of where you live. Is most of the land flat
and not too far above sea level? If so, you may live in a plains area.
If the land is flat and high above sea level, you may live on a
plateau. And of course, if the land around you is very high with
Terms to Know
many peaks and valleys, you may live in the mountains.
continent, landform Physical features such as plains, plateaus, and mountains can
be used to divide the earth’s surface into regions based on physi-
cal features. Map 2-6 on page 80 shows the seven physical regions
of North America. The boundaries of countries are shown only to
help you understand where the regions are in relation to where
you live.
From space you can see the earth’s oceans and continents.
Arctic Ocean
Baffin
Bay
Arctic Circle
Ur
al
60°N Hudson 60°N
ts.
Sea ASIA Okhotsk
AMERICA EUROPE Plateau of
Al
Bering English Caspian
ta
Alps Mongolia
Sea Channel Sea
yM
Black Sea Sea
ts.
Great
Rocky Mts.
Plains n of
hia Japan
lac Mediterranean
Hi
p pa ts. Plateau of
m
A M Atlantic Ocean Sea
al
Atlas Tibet
30°N ay 30°N
a
Mts. East China
S
Gulf of
Sea
ier
Tropic of Cancer Mexico
ra
Deccan
Ma
Plateau
dr
e
Caribbean Sea Bay of South Pacific Ocean
AFRICA Arabian Bengal China
Sea
ds
Guiana Sea
lan an
E
Highlands
gh pi
Equator
Hi thio
0° 0°
SOUTH
Pacific Ocean AMERICA
An
Indian Ocean
de
s
an Drakensberg Coral Sea
ili ds Range
az an
Tropic of Capricorn Br ighl
H
N
AUSTRALIA
30°S 30°S
W E
S
60°S 60°S
Antarctic Circle
Weddell
Sea
ANTARCTICA
90°S 90°S
180°W 0° 180°E
Using Your Skills
Practicing Map Skills
Use what you have learned in this book about reading maps to answer
these questions using Map 2-5: The World: Physical and Map 2-6: Physical
Regions of North America on page 80.
1. What continent is located at latitude 30°S and longitude 120°E?
Australia
4. North America is not directly north of South America. What term best
describes the direction you would travel in going from the Brazilian
Highlands to the Great Plains?
northwest
shows that this area is part of the region called the Coastal Plain. The west coast is part of the
N
60°N
70°
40°W
140°W
60°W
N
60°
120°W
100°W 80°W
50
°N
°N
50
40
°N
°N
40
30
° N
30°
N
Legend W
20°
N
Pacific Mountains S
and Valleys
Western Interior
Mountains and Basin
Continental Interior
Plain
Interior Highlands
10°N
Coastal Plain
Appalachian Highlands
Canadian Shield
2. Name all the political regions of which your city or town is a part.
Answers will vary but should include the nation, state, county, and city (where applicable).
Culture Regions
It is possible to divide the world into regions
based on any of the elements discussed in this
lesson, plus many others. Any one country could
fit into many different regions. However, the study
of the world would be very confusing if regions
kept changing all the time. One way to make
things simpler is to group the countries of the
The Pyramids at Giza in Egypt symbolize the North African culture
for many people. world into broad regions based on a combination
of many elements. Culture regions are based on
The way in which people use their resources to the elements discussed in this lesson. Using these
satisfy their needs and wants is called their eco- elements, it is possible to group the countries of
nomic system. In some countries, people are the world into 10 major culture regions.
Recalling Facts
Answer the following questions about Map 2-8.
1. Japan is a part of what culture region?
East Asia
6. This map shows three continents each of which include only one
culture region. What are the names of these three continents? Of what
culture region is each continent a part?
Antarctica: Antarctica, Australia, and Oceania;
Formal
Regions
Using Your Skills
Practicing Map Skills
Use Map 2-9 and Map 2-10 to answer these questions.
1. What formal region is shown on Map 2-9?
Terms to Know
the Corn Belt
formal region
2. What would you expect to see growing on most farms
in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana? corn
5. About how many miles does the Corn Belt stretch from
east to west? 850 miles
WASHINGTON
N.H. MAINE
MONTANA Superior
NORTH DAKOTA Lake
VT.
MASS.
La
OREGON MINN.
ke
n
e Ontario
Lake Michiga
Hur
Lak
NEW YORK
on
IDAHO SOUTH DAKOTA WIS. RHODE
MICH. E rie ISLAND
WYOMING ke
La PENN. CONNECTICUT
NEBRASKA IOWA
OHIO MD. NEW JERSEY
NEVADA IND.
ILLINOIS
UTAH W.VA. DELAWARE
CA COLORADO VIRGINIA
LIF KANSAS MISSOURI
OR KENTUCKY ATLANTIC
NIA
N.C.
TENNESSEE OCEAN
PACIFIC ARIZONA OKLAHOMA S.C. N
NEW MEXICO ARK.
OCEAN
MISS. GEORGIA W E
ALABAMA
TEXAS S
FLORIDA
MEXICO LOUISIANA
ALASKA
HAWAII GULF OF MEXICO
0
0 300 mi.
300 mi. 0 100 mi.
0 300 km 0 100 km Corn
WASHINGTON
N.H. MAINE
MONTANA Superior
NORTH DAKOTA Lake
VT.
MASS.
La
OREGON MINN.
ke
n
e Ontario
Lake Michiga
Hur
Lak
NEW YORK
on
ALASKA
HAWAII GULF OF MEXICO
0
0 300 mi.
300 mi. 0 100 mi.
0 300 km 0 100 km Wheat
Morocco
Algeria
Libya
Egypt
Mauritania
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Gabon Democratic
Democratic
Republic Uganda
ofRepublic
the Congo
of the Congo Rwanda
Congo Burundi
Angola
Legend
Countries in which oil is the main product
Legend should be completed to show color used on map for each region.
Reading Strategy
Create a chart like the one below. In
Using Your Skills
the left column, list the types of
maps or graphs discussed in this Practicing Map Skills
unit. In the right column, list what
Follow the instructions below to complete Map 2-12 on
each type of map or graph is useful page 92.
for showing.
1. Read all the instructions before beginning work. What
Type of Maps Useful for you do in one step may affect a later step, so you need
and Graphs Showing to be aware of all parts of the project before you begin.
Draw lightly in pencil in case you need to change some-
thing later.
2. Draw in a coastline with Metro City on the west side of
a bay. The coastline has been started for you at the top
and bottom of the map. Be sure to draw the bay so that
Metro City will be on the shore. Name your bay, and
label it on the map.
3. Put a small town on the coast 225 miles southeast of
Metro City. Put another small town 150 miles northwest
of the center of the first town. Use the correct symbol
to show the towns. Name the towns and label them.
4. Draw a small lake in cell F-3 and a swamp in cell E-12.
Use the correct symbols for each.
5. Draw a river across the land that empties into the bay.
Draw at least two tributaries that feed into the river.
Draw rivers that lead into both the lake in cell F-3 and
the swamp in cell E-12.
6. Place the symbol for a gold mine 100 miles southwest
of the center of Metro City.
7. Locate the capital city in the exact center of the map
with the correct symbol. Name the city and label it.
8. The land in cells C-9, C-10, and D-9 is used for farming.
Outline this area with a heavy line. Choose a good
color to represent farms, and color the area. Place the
same color in the correct place in the legend.
Using Graphics
Using the information below and the blank graphs on page 93, draw two
climographs for the country depicted in Map 2-12.
The country shown on this map has a cold, dry climate in the south, where
most precipitation falls in the winter months, and a warm, wet climate in the
north, where rain falls mostly in the spring. This country is south of the
Equator. Remember that seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
are reversed. Draw a climograph for each part of the country.
Teacher’s note: All student maps will not be identical. The shapes and exact locations of many of
the required landforms and resource symbols will vary from student to student and must be
looked at individually. Before grading this assignment, you should completely familiarize your-
self with the student directions. The annotated map on the following page is provided for exam-
ple use only.
Students’ climographs will vary also, depending on the temperatures and rainfall amounts they
choose to use.
A B C D E F G H I J
LEGEND
1
Swamp
2 Lake
Gold Mine
3 Farms
Resource 1
4
Resource 2
5 Highway
Metro Railroad
City
6 Town
Capital
7
10
N
11 NW NE
W E
12
SW SE
S
13
Scale in miles
0
10
20
0
10
20
J
J
0
0
10
20
10
20
Column A Column B
f 1. valley a. area of level land, usually at low elevation
j 2. functional region b. a region that is based on a common feature
h 3. peninsula c. a region that is based on the kind of govern-
c
ment a country has
4. political region
a
d. land with steep sides that rise sharply from the
5. plain
surrounding land
g 6. physical region
e. land completely surrounded by water
i 7. plateau
f. low land between hills or mountains
e 8. island
g. a region that is based on physical features
b 9. formal region
h. body of land jutting into a lake or ocean,
d 10. mountain surrounded by water on three sides
i. area of flat or rolling land at high elevation
j. a region that focuses on a central area and its
surrounding territory
Recalling Facts
Write the letter of the word or words that completes each statement
correctly.
b 1. Elevation is measured from
a. contours. b. sea level. c. mountain peaks.
a 2. A region that is based on the languages that people speak is a
a. culture region. b. political region. c. functional region.
c 3. A graph that shows both temperature and rainfall is called a
a. line graph. b. circle graph. c. climograph.
94 UNIT 2 Review
a 4. Countries with little use of technology and low levels of industrial-
ization are called
a. developing countries. b. culture regions. c. developed countries.
b 5. The amount of elevation between contour lines on a contour map is
called the
a. contour measure. b. contour interval. c. interval measure.
a 6. Part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline is called
a. a bay. b. an isthmus. c. a delta.
a 7. Culture regions are based on
a. many elements. b. one element. c. physical features.
c 8. Another word for rainfall is
a. temperature. b. humidity. c. precipitation.
c 9. A climograph is two types of graphs put together. These two types of
graphs are a line graph and a
a. population pyramid. b. circle graph. c. bar graph.
b 10. A narrow stretch of land that connects two larger land areas is
a. a peninsula. b. an isthmus. c. a cape.
a 11. Regions that are based on people’s feelings and attitudes are called
regions.
a. perceptual b. formal c. functional
c 12. The type of economic system in which businesses are owned by the
people is called
a. socialism. b. industrialization. c. free enterprise.
UNIT 2 Review 95
1. physical region
Map 2-13
N
60°N
70°
40°W
140°W
60°W
120°W
100°W 80°W
50
°N
40
°N
30
°N
Legend W
Pacific Mountains S
and Valleys
Western Interior
Mountains and Basin
Continental Interior
Plain
Interior Highlands
Coastal Plain
Appalachian Highlands
Canadian Shield
96 UNIT 2 Review
2. political region
Map 2-14
0 50 100 150 mi.
¨
Ganserndorf
Korneuburg
0 50 100 150 km
Deutsch Wagram
D a nu
Gross- b
Ri
e
Purkersdorf Vienna Enzersdorf
ve
Atzgersdorf Orth
r
Perchtoldsdorf Danube Riv e r
Linz
0 5 10 15 mi.
Vienna
Baden Baden
0 5 10 15 km
GERMANY
Salzburg
AUSTRIA
Innsbruck
River
Graz
Mur
LIECHTENSTEIN HUNGARY
Drav
SWITZERLAND aRi
ve
r
ITALY
3. culture region
Map 2-15
Shawnee
Cherokee
Osage
Chickasaw Catawba
Caddo Creek
SOUTHEAST
Choctaw Alabama
Atakapa Apalachee
Seminole
UNIT 2 Review 97
Unit
3
Physical Systems
Mt. Fuji, a dormant volcano on the island of Honshu, is Japan’s tallest peak.
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
W E
S EURASIAN PLATE
NORTH AMERICAN
PLATE
JUAN DE FUCA
PLATE
CARIBBEAN
PLATE PACIFIC
ARABIAN PLATE
PHILIPPINE
AFRICAN PLATE PLATE PLATE
COCOS
PACIFIC PLATE PLATE
SOUTH AMERICAN
NAZCA PLATE
INDO-AUSTRALIAN
PLATE
PLATE
FIJI
PLATE
SCOTIA
PLATE
Earth's Tectonic Plates
Convergent Boundaries
Divergent Boundaries
Plate Movement ANTARCTIC PLATE
felt. The way the plates move determines the plates. Look at Map 3-1. Find the North American
kinds of landforms that are formed. It also deter- Plate and the Pacific Plate. The North American
mines where earthquakes occur. Plate moves in a northwest direction. The Pacific
There are three kinds of movement that happen Plate moves in a westward direction. The San
at the boundaries between the plates. At diver- Andreas Fault in California is a boundary between
gent boundaries, tectonic plates move apart, or the two plates. Many earthquakes occur along
rift, from each other. When a rift occurs on a con- this boundary.
tinent, it creates a gap into which water flows. At convergent boundaries, two tectonic plates
This creates lakes and when the gap continues to move toward each other and collide. One plate is
widen, it creates seas. The Red Sea, for example, often forced below the other. When an ocean plate
was formed when a rift occurred between the collides with a continental plate, the ocean plate
African and Indo-Australian tectonic plates. slides under the continental plate and forms a deep
When a rift occurs in the ocean, liquefied rock, ocean trench. The Mariana Trench in the north
called magma, rises up to fill the gap between the Pacific Ocean is an example of such activity. When
separating plates. The magma creates new crust continental plates collide, they form major moun-
on the edges of the two plates. The separation of tain ranges, such as the Himalaya. Look at Map 3-1.
the plates and the new crust helps to enlarge the What two plates collided to form the Himalaya?
ocean floor. The built-up crust forms long under- Sometimes a plate that is forced beneath
water mountain ranges called ocean ridges. another reaches into the deeper regions of the
At transform boundaries, plates slide past earth where it is hot enough to melt part of the
each other along what are called faults. This plate. The melted rock, or lava, rises back toward
movement does not create landforms, but it does the surface where it forms volcanoes and islands.
create earthquakes along the boundary of the two The Hawaiian Islands were formed in this way.
Recalling Facts
Fill in the blanks to correctly complete the following sentences.
1. The earth’s core is made up of iron and nickel.
2. According to the theory of plate tectonics, plates have been moving for
2.5 to 4 billion years.
3. The way that tectonic plates move determines the kinds
of landforms that are created on the earth’s surface.
4. The Himalaya were formed at a convergent boundary
of two tectonic plates.
5. Earthquakes in California often occur at the
transform boundary of two tectonic plates.
6. The Red Sea was formed at the divergent boundary
of two tectonic plates.
7. When a rift occurs in the ocean, magma rises up
to fill in the gap between the two plates.
8. The Mariana Trench was formed at a convergent bound-
ary of a continental plate and an ocean plate.
7. Which two plates are responsible for the creation of the Himalaya
mountain ranges?
the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate
8. Which two plates are responsible for the creation of the Andes moun-
tain ranges?
the American Plate and the Nazca Plate
What Is Wind?
Reading Strategy Wind is air that moves across the earth’s surface. Winds occur
Create a table like the one below. because the sun heats up the earth’s atmosphere and surface
List the location of each type of unevenly. When the sun heats the air over the Equator, the warm
wind next to the correct heading. air becomes lighter, rises, and creates areas of low pressure. Cool
air from the Poles is heavy, tends to sink, and creates areas of
Wind Location high pressure. The cool air blows in to replace the rising warm air
at the Equator. These movements over the earth’s surface cause
trade winds winds, which distribute the sun’s heat around the planet.
westerlies
Winds and Latitude
polar In Unit 1, Lesson 4, you learned about lines of latitude. Lines of
easterlies
latitude can be divided into three zones, or belts. Look carefully
doldrums at Figure 3-2. Find the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn. These lines, at 231⁄ 2°N and 231⁄ 2°S latitude, mark the
boundaries of the low latitudes. This zone includes the Equator.
Terms to Know Find the lines of latitude from the Tropic of Cancer to 661⁄ 2°N and
wind, low latitudes, middle the Tropic of Capricorn to 661⁄ 2°S. This area is the middle lati-
latitudes, high latitudes, prevailing tudes. Find the high latitudes. It includes the area from 661⁄ 2°N to
winds, trade winds, westerlies, the North Pole and from 661⁄ 2°S to the South Pole.
polar easterlies, front, doldrums,
ocean currents Figure 3-2 Zones of Latitude and Wind Patterns
North Pole
90°
Polar easterlies WIND PATTERNS
Arctic Circle
60°N cold wind
warm wind
Westerlies
Horse latitudes (calm) polar front
30°N
Tropic of Cancer
Northeasterly trade winds high
latitudes
0° Doldrums Doldrums Equator Doldrums middle
latitudes
Southeasterly trade winds low
Tropic of Capricorn latitudes
30°S
Horse latitudes (calm)
Westerlies
60°S
Antarctic Circle
Polar easterlies
90°
South Pole
ift
Alaska Labrador Dr
60°N ic 60°N
Current Current nt
la Oyashio
A EUROPE
t
NORTH rt h
ASIA Current
t
ren
No No
rth Pacific C AMERICA am
Cur
urr
f Stre rre
nt
California ul Cu
ry
en
30°N n 30°N
G
Current
Cana
t
ATLANTIC
Japa
OCEAN
Sou OCEAN
C u rr
Bengrent
C ur
il AUSTRALIA
Braz
PACIFIC OCEAN
uela
30°S 30°S
rent
East
Australian
u Cur
Australia n C u rr e nt
West Current
Per
the Tropic of Capricorn (231⁄ 2°S) to 661⁄ 2°S; high latitudes: 661⁄ 2°N to North Pole and 661⁄ 2°S
to South Pole
Using Graphics
Use Figure 3-2 and Map 3-2. Fill in the blanks to correctly complete the fol-
lowing sentences.
1. The westerlies blow across most of the
United States.
2. The southeasterly trade winds blow across the central part
of South America.
3. The polar easterlies are cold winds.
4. The ocean current that flows near the southeastern coast of the United
States is the Gulf Stream .
5. Cold ocean currents flow from the north and south toward the
Equator .
Climate Zones
60°N 60°N
Tropical
Equator
High Latitudes 0° 0°
Highlands
Tropic of Capricorn
30°S 30°S
60°S 60°S
90°S 90°S
180°W 0° 180°E
5. What climate zone has hot temperatures year-round? tropical climate zone
6. In what climate zone is much of eastern Europe located? middle latitude climate zone
7. What climate zone is located near the Equator? tropical climate zone
8. Name three areas of the world in which highlands climate zones are found.
western South America (the Andes); northwestern North America (the Rocky Mountains);
Reading Strategy
Draw a table like the one below. In
the right column, write a result of
the fact listed in the left column.
Fact Result
The sun
provides
energy.
Secondary
consumers
are predators.
This savannah in Kenya is an example of a grasslands biome.
Decomposers
break down
dead plants
What Is a Biome?
and animals. A plant and animal community that covers a large geographical
area is called a biome. A biome has certain kinds of plants and
animals. It is located in a specific climate and generally has a spe-
Terms to Know cific kind of soil. For example, a desert biome is located in a cli-
biome, ecosystem, food chain mate that is very dry. Cacti and shrubs are among the plants that
grow there. Lizards and snakes are some of the animals that live
there. A desert biome anywhere in the world will have a similar
climate, as well as similar plants and animals.
Some of the major land biomes of the world include forest,
grasslands, desert, and tundra. The ocean is another major biome.
Look at Figure 3-4. It shows you the characteristics of some of the
major world land biomes.
What Is an Ecosystem?
A biome can include several ecosystems. An ecosystem refers
to all the living things and nonliving things within a certain area
and the relationships among them. Living things include the
plants, animals, and microbes (such as bacteria and fungi). The
nonliving environment includes air, soil, water, and sunlight. An
ecosystem contains everything that is needed for the plants and
animals living there to survive.
Tundra Lichens, mosses, and Polar bears, reindeer, caribou, Very cold, dry
sometimes dwarf trees arctic foxes, hares, hawks, falcons
Tropical rain forest Tall, closely spaced ever- Monkeys, apes, gorillas, leopards, Warm, often hot, and wet
green trees, vines, flowers lizards, tree frogs, black panthers,
colorful birds, snakes
Temperate forest Broadleaf or needleleaf trees, Birds, raccoons, lynx, cougars, Temperatures and precipitation
climbing vines, flowers bears, foxes, squirrels, deer, vary; warm to hot summers
snakes, insects, spiders and cold winters
Desert Cacti, low shrubs Lizards, snakes, jackrabbits, Very dry
kangaroo rats, insects
Grasslands Grasses, trees, flowers Antelope, bison, coyotes Mild, moderate temperatures
and rainfall
The relationship of living and nonliving things as water and minerals from the soil to grow.
in an ecosystem can be seen in the food chain. Primary consumers include animals that eat
Look at Figure 3-5. plants, such as rabbits and grasshoppers. Sec-
The food chain shows how the living and non- ondary consumers are predators, or animals that
living parts of an ecosystem are interrelated. The eat other animals. Finally, decomposers, such as
sun provides the energy that the primary produc- bacteria, break down dead animals and plants into
ers need to make food. Primary producers are nutrients that go back into the soil. The nutrients
mainly green plants. Plants also need things such are used again by plants.
NONLIVING SUBSTANCES
Sunlight Minerals in soil
PRIMARY PRODUCERS
Green plants use energy from the sun to make food,
and use minerals from the soil and water to grow.
DECOMPOSERS
Bacteria
PRIMARY CONSUMERS
Animals that eat plants,
such as rabbits and grasshoppers
SECONDARY CONSUMERS
Animals that eat other animals
Using Graphics
Use Figures 3-4 and 3-5 to answer the questions.
1. What kinds of plants grow in the tundra?
lichens, mosses, and sometimes dwarf trees
3. What living things in the food chain are producers? green plants
Clouds
Condensation
Evaporation
from Ocean
Precipitation
Transpiration
from Plants
Evaporation
from Lakes
and Streams
surface runoff
Groundwater
to the oceans.
2. water table
The water table is the boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
The water table rises or falls depending on the amount of water in the ground.
3. pollution
Pollution is the existence of impure, unclean, or poisonous substances in the environment.
4. acid rain
Acid rain is rain or snow that carries pollution. Acidic chemicals from the burning of fossil fuels
Recalling Facts
Answer the questions.
1. Where is groundwater collected and stored?
Groundwater is collected and stored in zones of aeration and saturation.
products we use cause pollution by spewing smoke into the air and dumping chemicals into
3. On Figure 3-6 of the water cycle on page 114, draw and label pictures to
show how pollution enters the water cycle. Include deep-well injection,
wind-carried pollution, and acid rain.
Answers will vary.
Column A Column B
f 1. divergent a. global winds that blow in fairly constant patterns
boundary
b. the movement of water from the oceans to the air to
j 2. convergent the ground and back to the oceans
boundary
c. calm, windless areas near the Equator
a 3. prevailing winds
d. a plant and animal community that covers a large
h 4. trade winds geographical area
c 5. doldrums e. moisture that falls to Earth in the form of rain, snow,
i
sleet, or hail
6. climate
d
f. boundary where tectonic plates move apart
7. biome
g
g. the living and nonliving things in a certain area and
8. ecosystem
the relationships among them
b 9. water cycle
h. winds that bring cooler air toward the Equator
e 10. precipitation
i. weather patterns over a long period of time
j. boundary where tectonic plates move toward each
other
Recalling Facts
In each sentence underline the term in the parentheses that will
complete the statement correctly.
1. The (mantle, core) is a layer of hot, dense rock inside the earth.
2. The (tectonic plates, core) carry Earth’s continents and oceans.
3. Mountains are formed at the (convergent, divergent) boundaries of
tectonic plates.
4. California’s San Andreas Fault is located on a (divergent,
transform) boundary.
5. A (front, ecosystem) is created when two different types of air meet.
Using Graphics
Use Figure 3-7 to answer these questions.
1. What are the steps in the water cycle?
evaporation, condensation, precipitation
begins again.
3. In which part of the water cycle does water return to Earth? precipitation
Condensation Clouds
Precipitation
Evaporation
from lakes
and streams Evaporation
from ocean
surface runoff
Surface runoff
Groundwater
to rivers and oceans
Hong Kong, a city of over 6,000,000 people, has a very high population density.
Alexandria
Cairo
Cities
City with more than
5,000,000 people
Nil
to 5,000,000 people
eR
e Riv
ive
r
r e
Persons per square mile
0-518 1,554-2,590
Main areas of cultivation
518-1,554 2,590 or more
4. How many people per square mile live in the area around the city of
a. Wuhan? over 250
b. Ulaanbaatar? under 2
c. Guangzho? between 125–250 to the east and over 250 to the west
Ulaanbaatar
MONGOLIA
SEA OF
JAPAN
NORTH
NOR TH
Beijing KOREA
Tokyo
Pyongyang SOUTH
Tianjin Yokohama
Seoul KOREA
Pusan Osaka JAPAN
C H I N A EAST
CHINA
Ch
SEA
an
Shanghai
gR
N
.
Lhasa Wuhan
Chengdu
W E
People per People per
sq. mile sq. km
S
Taipei Uninhabited Uninhabited
Cities Guangzho Under 2 Under 1
Cities with more than TAIWAN 2-25 1-10
5,000,000 people Hong Kong
25-60 10-25
Cities with 1,000,000 60-125 25-50
to 5,000,000 people
Me
125-250 50-100
SOUTH
kon
D grandchild
E great-grandchild
A B
C D children
E F G H grandchildren
I J K L M N O P great-grandchildren
5,000 6,000
Millions of People
4,000
5,000
Millions of People
Medical 3,000
Revolution 4,000
begins
Industrial 2,000
Colonial Revolution
Columbus Period 3,000
begins
discovers begins
America 1,000
2,000
0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 1,000
Years 500
0
8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 B.C. A.D. 1000 2000
Years
Source: Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 1997.
If you assume that in Family 3 there are three graphic transition, a model used to explain the
children in each of the three generations, the fam- population history of a country or region.
ily will grow to 41 people. If you were to graph this There are four stages of the demographic tran-
growth, you would see that high birthrates result sition. As shown in Figure 4-2 below, the popula-
in a large population growth rate. tion of each country can be categorized by stage.
Of course, some of these people will die and the Today, there are few countries in Stage 1. Many
population will decrease. The death rate in many countries in Latin America and Asia are said to be
countries has declined sharply since the Industrial in Stage 2. In order to slow world population
Revolution. Life expectancy, the number of years growth, researchers look for ways to move coun-
that an average person lives, has increased as a tries’ populations from Stage 2 to Stage 3. As
result of improved diets and hygiene, and better countries industrialize their birthrates tend to de-
medical practices. crease. In agricultural economies, more children
means more farm workers. In an urban setting,
Stages of the however, large families are not needed for work.
Families in industrialized countries tend to have
Demographic Transition fewer children. As a result, many developed coun-
Although world population growth has been tries are in Stage 3, while several, such as Sweden
exponential, there are some signs that the growth and Germany, have moved into Stage 4. Such coun-
is slowing. This pattern can be seen in the demo- tries have little increase in their populations.
Stage 1 High birthrates and high death rates Little change in population
Stage 2 High birthrates and declining death rates Life expectancy increases significantly and population
grows explosively
Stage 3 Birthrates decline and low death rates Population growth slows
Stage 4 Very low birth and death rates Little population increase
Using Graphics
Use the space below to draw a family tree. First write the number of
brothers and sisters you have. Next, assume that each of you has the same
number of children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren.
1. How many people, beginning with you and your brothers and sisters are in
your family tree? Answers will vary.
2. If you added one more generation using the same assumptions and if every-
one on the tree is still living, how many people are in your family tree? Answers will vary.
Figure 4-3 Population Growth and Birth and Death Rates in China, 1949–1995
1,300 45.5
Total Population
1,200 42.0
Birth Rate
Death Rate
1,100 38.5
1,000 35.0
800 28.0
700 24.5
600 21.0
500 17.5
400 14.0
300 10.5
200 7.0
100 3.5
0 0.0
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
Using Graphics
Use the information in the paragraph below to complete the line graph
(Figure 4-4) which has been started for you.
The estimated world population in 1850 was 1.5 billion. In 1930 it was 2 billion.
By 1960 there were 3 billion people in the world. As of 1987 there were 5 billion.
The number reached 6 billion in 2000 and should reach around 8 billion by 2025.
6
Billions of People
0
1850 1900 1950 2000 2025
Year
Types of Migration
There are three types of migrations: voluntary, reluctant, and
forced. Voluntary migration occurs when people move from one
Terms to Know place to another because they believe that life’s circumstances
will be improved in the new location. In the United States today,
migration, refugees the populations of southern states are increasing largely due to
migration of people from northern states. In general, these people
believe that a better economic situation and a milder climate will
improve their living conditions.
Reluctant migration often occurs when living conditions
become intolerable in the current location. For example, people
in Afghanistan have left the country to escape the harsh rule of
the Taliban government. Many of these people become refugees,
or people who flee their country because of persecution or dan-
ger. Although most refugees plan to return home after the danger
has passed, many are never able to return to their homeland.
Migrations that occur as the result of force leave the migrants
with no choice. The decision to relocate is made solely by people
other than the migrants themselves. The migration of Africans to
the Americas during the 1500s to the 1800s is an example of
forced migration. During that period, 10 to 12 million Africans
were forcibly moved to the Western Hemisphere. During the
Soviet era, the government forcibly relocated millions of people
to Siberia. In 1996, the African country of Tanzania expelled eth-
nic Hutus who had sought refuge from fighting in their own coun-
try of Rwanda.
Emigrants
European
African (enslaved)
Indian
Japanese
Chinese
Majority population
descended from
immigrants
N
W E
2. During which decade did the largest shift occur? between 1850 and 1860
3. During which decade did the population move south more rapidly than
it moved west? between 1920 and 1930
4. Why does the symbol for the population center change in 1960?
It reflects the addition of Alaska and Hawaii as states.
Illinois Ohio
Indiana 00
10
18
20
18
90
30
40
70
19 0
00
18
10
Ma
60
2
80
1790
18
18
0
18
18
19
19
40
185
18
18
ryl
50
19
60
and
19
0
19
7
West
30
Missouri
19
8 0
50
90
19
19
Virginia
19
19
Virginia
2000 Kentucky
(preliminary)
0 200 mi.
0 200 km
The center of population is defined as the point at which a rigid map of the United States would balance, reflecting the
identical weights of all residents on the census date.
Effects of Urbanization
As urban areas grow and spread out, the amount of arable land
declines. Some researchers fear that such changes will eventually
lead to significant food shortages. When urbanization occurs
quickly, cities are often unprepared for the influx of new inhabi-
tants. Slums, hazardous living conditions, and problems with
services such as utilities and roads may result. Overcrowding
results in increased air and water pollution.
As technology continues to become a part of our everyday
lives, some researchers predict that the trend of urbanization in
industrialized countries may slow. When people can work from
remote locations, more people may chose to live in rural areas,
rather than crowded urban areas.
5. How do large urban areas affect the environment? They contribute to air and water pollution.
Recalling Facts
Imagine that you live in a rural village in Southeast Asia and that you are
considering moving to the country’s capital city. In the spaces below list
the push and pull factors that may contribute to your decision.
80 and over
75-79
70-74
65-69
Male Female 60-64
55-59
50-54
Male Female
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Percentage Age
1. What age group in Japan has the largest number of people? 50–54
2. What age group in Japan has the second-largest number of people? 25–29
3. What age group in Japan has the smallest number of people? 75–79
4. The population pyramid of Japan shows two bulges. What age groups
make up those bulges?
People ages 20–24, 25–29, and 30–34 make up one bulge.
5. What is the total percentage of the population in the 80 and over age
group? about 3 percent
6. Does the population pyramid show that men or women tend to live
longer in Japan? How do you know?
Women tend to live longer. There are more women than men in the older age groups.
Figure 4-9 Population of Mexico, the United States, and Germany By Age and Sex
Mexico United States Germany
80+ 80+
75-79 75-79
70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69
Male Female 60-64 Male Female 60-64 Male Female
55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Percentage Percentage Percentage
1. Which country has the highest percentage of people between the ages
of 0 and 9? Mexico
2. In what age groups does the United States have a large population
bulge? ages 35–39, 40–44, 45–49
3. Which country has the smallest percentage of people between the ages
of 0 and 9? Germany
4. Which country has the greatest percentage of people at ages 40 and
above? Germany
5. What could happen in Mexico when the people now in the age groups
of 0 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10 to 14 reach the age to start having children of
their own? Since there will be a great many people able to have children, a new
population bulge may be created.
6. Will the population of Germany most likely grow faster or slower when
the people now in the age groups 0 to 4 and 5 to 9 reach the age to have
children? Why? The population will probably grow slower, because there will be fewer people
able to have children.
A map cannot show life expectancy as exactly ing or patterns. First, you read the title of the map
as a table or graph can. Instead, age groups are to find out what area of the world is shown. Sec-
used. For example, one age group might include ond, look at the legend to see what each shade or
ages from 35 to 39, and so on. pattern used on the map represents. Then you
You read a life expectancy map in exactly the read the information for particular countries and
same way you read any other map that uses shad- draw conclusions about life in each country.
Congo 145–491
Ethiopia 145–491
Ghana 155–591
Madagascar 150–541
Sudan 150–541
Zambia 135–441
W E
S
Cape
Verde
Islands Mauritania
Mali
Niger
Senegal Eritrea
Gambia Chad
Guinea- Burkina Djibouti
Faso Sudan
Bissau Guinea
Benin
Nigeria
Sierra Leone Central Ethiopia
African
ia
Togo Cameroon Republic al
Liberia Cote Ghana m
D’ivoire
D’Ivoire So
Equatorial Democratic Republic Uganda
Guinea of the Congo
Gabon Congo Kenya
Sao Tome Rwanda
and Principe Indian
Burundi
Tanzania
Ocean
Malawi
Seychelles
Atlantic Angola
Ocean Zambia
e
qu
bi
35-44 years
am
r
sca
oz
Zimbabwe
a
M
45-49 years
dag
Namibia
Ma
Botswana
50-54 years
55-59 years Lesotho
Swaziland
60-70 years South 0 500 1,000 mi.
Africa
0 500 1,000 km
Language Tables
Language tables contain a variety of information on such
things as where languages are spoken, the number of people
worldwide who speak the language, the primary language of
countries, and so on. Examine Figure 4-13. Notice that many coun-
tries are listed more than once. This indicates that more than one
language is spoken in the country, or different regions of the
country speak different languages.
Using the information in language tables, language maps can be
created. These maps help geographers examine such topics as
migration and the spread of languages.
Recalling Facts
Answer these questions.
1. Why is transportation important to the United States?
Transportation is important to the United States because our country depends on trade.
4. Name a product that comes from another state or another country, such
as a food, car, or appliance that you used today. Tell where it was orig-
inally grown or built, and tell how it was shipped to your city or town.
Answers will vary.
2. Compare the two maps. What connection can you see between the
amount of agriculture and manufacturing and the number of highways
and railroads? Why do you think this is so?
There are more highways and railroads where there is more agriculture and manufacturing.
U N I T E D
New York City
San Francisco Chicago
Washington, D.C.
Major Major sea Denver
highways routes
Los Angeles S TAT E S
Major Major Atlanta
Dallas
railroads seaports ATLANTIC
New Orleans OCEAN
Inland Major Houston
waterways airports
Hudson
Bay
C A N A D A
PACIFIC
OCEAN
B
B S B S
UNITED
S
STATES
B
0 100 200 miles
ATLANTIC
0 100 200 kilometers OCEAN
HAWAII
(U.S.)
At this Singapore port, many items are imported from and exported to other countries.
2. What was the value of exports the United States sold in 1998? $682 billion
Figure 4-15 United States Foreign Figure 4-16 United States Foreign
Trade: Imports, 2000 Trade: Exports, 2000
Africa 2% Australia and Oceania 1% Africa 1.4%
Australia and Oceania 1.9%
Latin America 6% Russia 1% Russia 0.3%
(excluding Mexico) Latin America 7.6%
(excluding Mexico)
Mexico 11%
Japan 8.3%
Imports Exports
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration.
1. From which world region does the United States import the largest
amount of goods? Asia (excluding Japan)
2. Which two countries sell the most goods to the United States? Japan and Canada
3. Which world region buys the most United States goods? Europe
For many people the most useful part of a pen- the paint is castor oil. Farmers in Africa grow the
cil is the eraser. The rubber in the eraser likely castor bean plants from which the oil is made.
came from Malaysia. The gritty stuff in the eraser After the pencil is painted, the name of the maker
that wears the pencil marks off the paper is is stamped on it. The black paint used to stamp
pumice. Pumice comes from volcanoes in Italy. the name of the pencil maker has carbon black
The piece of metal that holds the eraser in place is from the far north of Texas in it.
made of brass. Brass is made of zinc and copper. Now the pencil is finished, but it must still be
Zinc comes mainly from the United States, sent to you. Hundreds of other people are
Canada, Australia, and Ireland. The copper may involved in shipping and selling the pencil after it
have come from Bolivia, Chile, or Zambia. leaves the factory. People in any one of the 50
The pencil is almost finished. But first it must states could have played a part in bringing you
be painted. One of the main things that goes into the pencil you use every day.
8. Countries that export goods worth more than the goods they import are
said to have a favorable balance of trade .
c 10. A special bar graph that shows population by age and sex ratio is a
a. demographic b. life expectancy c. population pyramid.
transition pyramid. graph.
a 13. Which of the following factors was an important reason for the
spread of the English language?
a. trade b. population density c. high life expectancy
a 14. A country pays for the goods it needs from other countries by
a. selling goods it has b. turning out more c. saving its raw materials
that other countries goods in its factories for its own use.
need. than its own people
people need.
Using Graphics
Use Figure 4-17 to answer these questions.
1. About how many people lived in India in 1985?
about 750 million
3. By how much did the population increase between 1985 and 2000?
about 250 million
Actual
1500
Projected
Millions of People
1300
1100
900
700
1985 1990 1995 2000 2025 2050
Years
Source: Population Reference Bureau. 2000 World Population Data
The steam coming from these cooling towers in England is evidence of the production of electricity.
2. What natural resource does Canada have that the United States does
not? asbestos
3. What natural resource does the United States have that Canada does
not? bauxite
4. Describe the relationship between mountainous areas and the location
of coal in the United States. Coal is found in the mountains.
5. What do Hawaii’s resources tell you about the state’s economic
activities? Fishing is a dominant economic activity.
6. Think about the climate of countries along the Mediterranean Sea. How
does this affect the types of food grown in this area?
Countries along the Mediterranean Sea have warm climates which are good for growing
Hudson
Bay
C A N A D A
PACIFIC
OCEAN N
N
N
UNITED
Greenland
(DENMARK)
ICELAND
0 300 miles
FINLAND
0 300 kilometers
SWEDEN
R
DENMARK
IC
UNITED R
LT
KINGDOM B BA
B NETH.
B BELG.
GERMANY
IRELAND R
N
R AUSTRIA
W E
ATLANTIC LUX.
OCEAN B
S
Bay of SWITZ.
Biscay FRANCE
R
GREECE
ITALY
SPAIN
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
PORTUGAL
QATAR OMAN
SEA
YEMEN
W E
167
Source: http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/radon/rnus.html
Using Your Skills
Recalling Facts
Answer these questions about air pollution.
1. Describe the two kinds of air pollution.
Outdoor air pollution can be caused by human activities or by nature. It includes pollutants such
as dust, smoke, ash, and chemicals. Indoor air pollution is mostly caused by human activities.
It includes pollutants such as tobacco smoke, asbestos, formaldehyde, and gases given off by
fires.
2. What are three things in nature that can cause air pollution?
volcanoes, windstorms, and forest fires
planes, and other things with motors also cause air pollution by burning fossil fuels.
Also, people spend most of their time indoors. They breathe the pollutants for many hours each day.
6. What kinds of health problems does Figure 5-1 tell you can come from
indoor air pollution?
Health problems range from headaches to lung cancer and leukemia. Indoor air pollution can
cause liver and kidney damage, allergies, asthma, and eye and skin irritations.
WASHINGTON
47 N.H. MAINE
18 12
MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA
11 VT.
OREGON 0 MINN. 8 MASS.
11 24 31
IDAHO NEW YORK
6 WIS. RHODE
SOUTH DAKOTA 39 87
2 MICH. ISLAND
WYOMING 67 12
2 PENN.
IOWA 94 CONNECTICUT
NEBRASKA 15
10 14 OHIO MD.
NEVADA IND. 31 17 NEW JERSEY
1 UTAH ILLINOIS 28
14 39 W.VA. 111
COLORADO 9 VIRGINIA DELAWARE
15 KANSAS MISSOURI 31
CALIFORNIA KENTUCKY 17
10 25 15
96 N.C.
TENNESSEE 25
ARIZONA OKLAHOMA 13
11 ARK. S.C.
10 NEW MEXICO 25
12
11 GEORGIA
MISS. ALABAMA 14
1 13
TEXAS LOUISIANA
38 13 FLORIDA
ALASKA 52
7 HAWAII
3
5. Use Map 5-5 to answer this question. How many toxic-waste sites in
New York will be cleaned up under the Superfund law?
There are 87 toxic-waste sites in New York that will be cleaned up by Superfund.
tures are almost unknown. The tierra templada, or 18°C). Freezing temperatures often occur at night
“temperate land” lies between 2,500 feet and about during the winter months.
6,500 feet (2,000 m). Daytime temperatures in this Vertical zonation can affect where people
zone range from 60°F to 72°F (16°C to 22°C). Most choose to live. It also affects the kinds of crops
of the people of Mexico live in the tierra templada. they can grow. Different crops need different
Land at 6,500 to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) is known as amounts of rainfall and temperatures to grow well.
the tierra fria, or “cold land.” Here daytime tem- Figure 5-3 shows some of the crops that can grow
peratures average between 55°F and 65°F (13°C to at different elevations.
Rio G
Relief
Feet Meters
Mexican
ra
nde
Sie
5,000 1,525
rra
lf
rra
of C
2,000 610
Ma
Ma
ali
dre
1,000
re
305
for
Oc
nia
Orient
0 0
cid
en
al
OCEAN
N
YUCATÁN
PENINSULA
W E
0 125 250 miles
ELEVATION ELEVATION
IN FEET IN METERS
14,000 4,200
Coca
10,000 3,000
Barley
2,000 600
Pineapples Rice
Bananas
0 Tierra Caliente 0
Sugarcane
Cacao
JUNE–AUG.
APRIL–JUNE
JUNE–AUG.
MAY–JULY
JUNE–AUG.
MAY– JUNE–AUG.
APRIL–JUNE
JULY
JUNE–AUG. MAY–JULY JUNE JUNE–AUG.
JUNE–AUG.
JUNE–AUG.
MAY–JUNE
MAY–JULY JUNE–AUG.
APRIL–JUNE
MAY–JULY APRIL–
APRIL– JUNE JULY JUNE
MAY–AUG. APRIL– JUNE
MAY–JUNE JUNE APRIL–
APRIL— JUNE–AUG.
MAY–JULY JULY
APRIL–JUNE APRIL–JUNE APRIL–JUNE
JAN.–APRIL APRIL–JUNE N
MARCH–JUNE
MARCH–MAY
JULY–SEPT. APRIL–JUNE MARCH– MARCH–MAY W E
MAY–JULY MAY
MARCH– MARCH– MARCH– S
MAY MAY MAY
MARCH–
APRIL–JUNE MAY MAY–JULY
Source: NOAA/NWS
Floods
Floods occur when flowing bodies of water
such as rivers, streams, and creeks overflow their
banks, usually as the result of heavy rainfall. Flash
floods pose the most immediate danger. Flash
floods occur when small bodies of water rise
quickly and swallow up the land around them.
During heavy rainstorms, avoid low-lying areas. If
you are in a vehicle that stalls in rising flood-
waters, leave the car and move to higher ground.
Flash floods subside quickly and cause less
damage than floods of larger bodies of water.
Floodwaters rise on rivers over a period of days.
The water rises because of heavy rainfall or from
rapid snow melt. As the waters rise, the rivers
overflow their banks and cover the land. Many
areas of the world can experience flooding. In 1993
the Mississippi River flooded the midwestern
United States. Other countries such as Italy,
France, and Bangladesh experienced severe flood-
ing in the 1990s. Lightning lights up the sky in Seattle, Washington.
Using Graphics
Use the table below to answer the questions.
Windchill Table*
Wind Speed (miles per hour)
Temperature 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(°F)
* Windchill temperatures shown in dark type indicate a danger of freezing exposed flesh.
1. If the temperature is 15°F and the wind is blowing at 20 miles per hour,
what is the windchill? –17°F
2. If the temperature is 30°F and the wind is blowing at 30 miles per hour,
what is the windchill? –2°F
Answers to A above will vary. Lists should stress safety tips given in the reading. Go over students’ lists with them to be sure they
understand what to do in each event, especially events likely to occur in your area. Stress to students that the important thing about
this lesson is not knowing how to answer questions, but knowing what to do if weather threatens their lives.
land pollution.
Recalling Facts
Complete the chart below, showing how your life would be different with-
out the use of technology. Remember: without technology you could use
only tools powered by your own muscles. Use the headings shown below.
Food Answers will vary but should point out that modern life as we know it would not exist without technology.
Clothing
Shelter
Transportation
RUSSIA
1.2
EUROPE $2,260
1.4
U.S. & CANADA $13,420
2.0
$28,230 ASIA
(excluding China)
2.7
$5,405
MEXICO
2.8 AFRICA
$3,840 5.2
$1,175
LATIN AMERICA
2.7
AUSTRALIA
$4,270
1.7
$20,640
50
Births
40
Births/Deaths per 1,000 Population
30
Deaths
20
10
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
1. What is the title of this graph? Birth and Death Rates in Africa, 1960–2000
2. What does the solid line on the graph stand for? births per 1,000 population
3. What does the broken line on the graph stand for? deaths per 1,000 population
5. What happened to the death rate in Africa between 1960 and 2000?
It dropped from about 25 deaths per 1,000 population to about 14 deaths per 1,000.
12
9 8.9
8
7.3
5
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Source: World Population Data Sheet, 2001
2. If the average world family today has 2.5 children, according to the
graph, what will be the population of the world in the year 2050 if this
continues?
about 11 billion people
3. What would happen to world population if each family had only two
children?
The population would increase slowly.
Terms to Know
deforestation, global warming
they provide people with many products, they have scientific research value, they help to
environmental benefits.
T 7. Anything that burns a fossil fuel such as coal, oil, or natural gas
adds to air pollution.
T 15. The use of technology to make our lives easier has increased
levels of pollution.
California 0 5 0 0 0 0
Colorado 0 19 0 0 0 0
Texas 0122 0 0 11 0
Illinois 0 25 0 0 4 0
Tennessee 0 11 0 0 4 0
Florida 0 45 0 0 2 0
3. How does the number of tornado deaths in Texas compare to the number
in Colorado between 1950 and 1994?
Texas had 11 deaths; Colorado had no deaths.
4. Which regions of the United States had the most tornadoes between 1950
and 1994?
central and southeast
1
0 2 2
0 0
5
0 18 1 3
0 16 0 2
1 6
0 3 3
0 19 0
25
0 2 16 0
10 5 10 0
0 2 1
31
37 1 14 3 2 0
1 1 25 20 4 0 0 WASHINGTON
2 4
DC
0 5 2 0
0 19 0 6 1
8 1 0 0
0 47 26
5 4 2
0 3
13
11 2
4
3 57 19 9 N
0 9 5 6 1
0
23 20 20
9 6 2 W E
24
122 3
11 S
45
2
U05R-01-C-825800
PUERTO RICO
0
ALASKA 0
0
0 HAWAII
1
0
Average annual tornadoes
UNIT 5 Review
Data compiled from statistics found at: http://www.spc.noaa.gov/archive/tornadoes/st-trank. html
193
Unit
6
The Uses of Geography
This satellite image shows St. John’s River flowing through Jacksonville, Florida.
Taghaza
ATLANTIC (Salt)
OCEAN Ghat
N ile River
20°N
A F R I C A
Sene Timbuktu
imbuktu
gal
R
Ni
iv e
Sennar
ge
El Fasher
r
rR
Niani Kano (Asian Goods)
ive
N
r
Wangara
10°N
W E (Gold)
0 200 400 600 800 mi.
The importance of Taghaza’s location is different because it is no longer part of a trade route from
Timbuktu to the north coast of Africa. It is the same because people still come there to buy salt.
Timbuktu became a great city. Many people came to live there. Many goods were traded there.
Many people who lived there became rich. The city became a center of learning as well as a
center of trade.
5. About how many miles did people travel from the north coast of Africa
to trade European goods at Timbuktu? about 1,600 miles (about 2,575 km)
6. About how many miles did traders from Asia travel across Africa to
trade at Timbuktu? about 3,000 miles (about 4,828 km)
Ca
N Black Sea
sp
ia
nS
ea
A
RI
W E Mediterranean Sea
SY
PERSIA
CHINA
S EGYPT PACIFIC
ARABIA OCEAN
Re
INDIA
dS
Makkah
ea
(Mecca) BAY
ARABIAN
SEA OF
Ruled by Muslims in 632
(death of Muhammad) AFRICA BENGAL
Expansion to 750
INDIAN
Expansion to 1500 OCEAN
EAST
INDIES
Much of the world today is still influenced by Gunpowder gave the Europeans a great advan-
Muslim people. North Africa, Southwest Asia, Cen- tage over people who were still using bows and
tral Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia are all arrows. With guns and cannons the Europeans
areas where the Islamic culture is still strong. were able to take control of more and more land.
North Africa, east coast of Africa, Spain, part of southern Europe and Asia, part of India,
3. What part did location play in the spread of the Islamic culture?
Muslims lived in Southwest Asia, between Europe and China. This location between two large
regions of trade allowed Muslims to interact with both Europeans and Chinese. Islamic culture
4. How did the spread of the Islamic culture help the spread of European
cultures? Europeans learned of Chinese inventions such as gunpowder, paper, printing, and the compass through
5. What was the most important way the Europeans spread their cultures?
The Europeans settled new lands and they took their culture with them.
6. What were the only two parts of Africa south of the Sahara not ruled by
7. Which areas of Africa south of the Sahara were ruled by France? West Africa
Column A Column B
e 1. raw materials a. the money left over after expenses are paid
d 2. hinterlands b. trade between New England, England or Africa,
a
and the West Indies
3. profit
c
c. finished products made from raw materials
4. manufactured goods
b
d. areas where raw materials are produced
5. triangular trade
e. natural resources
204
Triangular Trade
NORTH ENGLAND
AMERICA
NEW EUROPE
ENGLAND
r
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Fish
Ru
m
AFRICA
WEST INDIES
GOLD COAST
SOUTH N
AMERICA
W E
0 200 400 600 800 mi.
18
16
Number of People (in millions)
14
Rural Total
12 Population Population
10 1750 1,211,700 5,770,000
Source: Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
methods
2. Industrial Revolution
a time during the 1700s when the way goods were made began to change; the change from
Recalling Facts
Use the reading and Figure 6-1 on page 206 to answer these questions.
1. How did the ways goods were made change as a result of the Industrial
Revolution?
Before the Industrial Revolution, goods were made by hand at home; after the Industrial
supplies of coal and iron ore with which to fuel machines and make machines and tools,
navigable rivers and harbors from which to transport goods; and swiftly flowing rivers that
provided waterpower.
3. In the United States, why did the Industrial Revolution start in New
England?
New England had poor soil for farming, so people had to find other ways to make a living;
New England had the resources and the waterpower that were necessary to run machines.
This area of the Namib Desert in southern Africa includes a transition zone of sparse
trees, shrubs, and grasses.
Column A Column B
d 1. arable land a. an extreme lack of food
c 2. desertification b. crops that are grown to be sold or traded
e 3. drought c. the process in which land that once had vegetation
b
has turned into desert
4. cash crops
a
d. land suitable for growing crops
5. famine
e. a period of extreme dryness
Recalling Facts
Use the reading to answer these questions.
1. Describe the general climate conditions of the Sahel.
semiarid; annual rainfall is 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm), most of it received between June
and September
of farm goods to meet people’s needs, the inability of cities to meet the needs of a growing population
is likely to occur; people are planting shrubs and trees to keep the wind from blowing away the
soil, and finding ways to better use their water resources; research is being done on how to
Existing deserts
Source: Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
WA
NH ME
MT
ND VT
OR MN MA
ID NY
SD WI
MI RI
WY
PA CT
NE IA
NV OH MD NJ
IN
CA UT IL DE
CO WV DC
VA
KS MO KY
NC
TN
AZ OK SC
NM AR
MS AL GA
Rubber &
Leather
Wood Other
2.7%
5.3% 3.4%
Textiles
4.0%
Plastics
10.5%
Metals
7.7%
Glass
5.4%
Yard Wastes
12.0%
Source: Environmental Protection Agency. “Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1999 Facts and Figures.”
2. Describe the two ways in which people are working to solve the
garbage problem.
Some cities are burning garbage so it takes up less room in landfills.
4. Why has recycling not been widely used in the United States?
Many people do not want to separate their trash. And many cities and states have been slow to
Recalling Facts
Use the table below to answer the questions.
Country Per Person (in pounds) Total (in thousands of metric tons)
1. Which of the countries listed in the table produces the most garbage
per year? The most garbage per person?
the United States
Recalling Facts
Write the letter of the word or words that will complete each
statement correctly.
c 1. Two cultures that largely shaped the world we live in today are the
a. European and South b. Islamic and c. European and
American cultures. American cultures. Islamic cultures.
4. Where were most of Britain’s cities located? Why do you think this is so?
along rivers and near coasts; to use the waterways as a means of transporting raw materials
Ironbridge
We
Birmingham
Metalware EAST
Seve
Shipbuilding Cambridge
Avon
Gloucester Oxford
Th
London
am
Swansea Bristol
es
Cardiff
Bath Dover
Y
TC OU N T R Southampton
Avon
WES
Brighton
Portsmouth
Exeter
Dorchester
Plymouth EL
Falmouth
HANN
ISH C
ENGL
Source: Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
3. About how far is it in miles between each pair of cities listed below?
a Lisbon, Portugal, to Madrid, Spain
a. 250 miles b. 500 miles
b Bern, Switzerland, to Belgrade, Yugoslavia
a. 300 miles b. 500 miles
a Berlin, Germany, to Rome, Italy
a. 600 miles b. 1,000 miles
60
60
°N
Reykjavik 0 500 miles
ICELAND
Arcti 0 500 kilometers
c Cir
cle
ATALNTIC
N OCEAN
W
EA
N
CS
FINLAND
DE
AY
E
RW
BALTI
SWE
S RUSSIA
NO
Oslo Helsinki
Tallinn
SCOTLAND
NORTH Stockholm ESTONIA
60°
NORTH SEA
E
IRE. Riga
50°
N °N
IRELAND DENMARK LATVIA 50
UNITED Copenhagen
Dublin
KINGDOM LITHUANIA
W
WALES Vilnius
20°
ENGLAND Minsk
NETH.
London Amsterdam Berlin BELARUS
BELGIUM POLAND Warsaw
Brussels
GERMANY Kiev
Luxembourg Prague
Paris LUX.
CZECH
REPUBLIC UKRAINE
LIECHTENSTEIN SLOVAKIA
FRANCE Vienna Bratislava MOLDOVA
Bern Budapest
AUSTRIA Chisinau
SWITZERLAND HUNGARY CASPIAN
Ljubljana SEA
Zagreb ROMANIA
ANDORRA SLOVENIA N
40°
Monaco SAN CROATIA Belgrade Bucharest
AD
AL
Andorra la Vella MARINO Sarajevo
CK SEA
BLA
R IA
TUG
Lisbon Madrid MONACO ITALY BOSNIA- YUGO.
TIC Sofia
HERZ. BULGARIA
POR
Corsica (FR.)
SE
Rome Skopje
A
Sicily (IT.)
EA
Athens
10°W
NS
EA
M E D I T E R R A N E A N S EA
Final Review
0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E
219
Using Graphics
Use the climograph of Valdivia, Chile, below to answer these questions.
Valdivia, Chile
70 28
60 24
Average monthly temperature (°F)
40 16
30 12
20 8
10 4
0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Source: www.worldclimate.com.
5. Which months of the year are part of the rainy season in Valdivia?
May through August
Cas
N TI CENTRAL ASIA N
Anatolia C MTS.
pia
n
TA TURKEY E
U R US SH
Sea
M T S. Tig
KU W
Eu U
ris
RZ MTS.
ELBU
D
Mediterranean ph
SYRIA r ate
R.
HIN
Sea LEBANON s S
ZA
30°N Desert IRAQ
RG
IRAN
OS
JORDAN
MT
KUWAIT
S .
AFRICA P
HE
e
BAHRAIN rsrsiaia
Pe
JA
SAUDI nnGG
Z
ARABIA uullff Gu
TROPIC O QATAR
UNITED lf o Arabian Sea
Red
F CANCER
ARAB fO
man
Arabian Peninsula EMIRATES
Sea
i
Kh a l )
Rub‘alQuarter Feet Meters
R
85 and up
80-84
75-79
70-74
Male Female 65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Population (in millions) Age
3. Will the population of Russia most likely grow faster or slower when the
people now in the age groups 0 to 4 and 5 to 9 reach the age to have
children? Why?
The population will most likely grow at a slower rate because there will be fewer people at
RED
EGYPT
QATAR OMAN
SEA
N
YEMEN
W E
SEA
Citrus Dates Olives Tobacco
fruits
IA N
0 500 1,000 miles
AB
Corn Livestock Other fruits Wheat
0 500 1,000 kilometers AR
Pronunciation Key
224 Glossary
A cell—area on a map grid where a row and a col-
umn meet
absolute location (AB •suh • loot loh • KAY•
shuhn)—exact location on the surface of the circle graph—graph shaped like a circle
earth
climate (KLY•muht)—the weather patterns in a
acid (A•suhd) rain—rain or snow that carries place over a long period of time
pollution
climograph (KLY•muh•GRAF)—graph that shows
agricultural revolution (A•grih•KUHL•chruhl REH• both temperature and precipitation
vuh•LOO•shuhn)—changes during the 1700s that
compass rose (KUHM•puhs rohz)—symbol used
resulted in better farming methods
on a map to show directions
air pressure (PRE•shuhr)—the measurement of
condensation (KAHN•DEHN•SAY•shuhn)—process
the weight of air
by which water vapor changes into liquid water
altitude (AL•tuh•TOOD)—elevation
conic projection (KAH•nihk pruh•JEHK•shuhn)—
arable (AR•uh•buhl) land—land suitable for map projection created by placing a cone over
growing crops part of a globe
arid (AR•uhd)—dry continent (KAHN•tuhn•uhnt)—one of the seven
great divisions of land on the earth’s surface
axis (AK•suhs)—an imaginary line that runs from
the North Pole to the South Pole through the cen- contour interval (KAHN•TUR IHN•tuhr•vuhl)—
ter of the earth amount of elevation between contour lines
contour (KAHN•TUR) line—line on a map that
B connects points of equal elevation
balance (BA•luhns) of trade—the difference in
value between a country’s imports and exports contour (KAHN•TUR) map—map that uses con-
tour lines to show elevation
bar graph—graph that uses bars to show
convergent boundary (kuhn•VUHR•juhnt
numbers
BOWN•duhree)—the place where tectonic plates
biome (BY•OHM)—a plant and animal community move toward each other
that covers a large geographical area
core—the part of the earth located about 4,000
birthrate (BUHRTH )—how many people are
• RAYT miles below the earth’s surface
born each year per 1,000 population
crust—the part of the earth located next to the
mantle and about 3 to 30 miles below the earth’s
C surface
capital (KA•puh•tuhl)—the money needed for
investment cultural diffusion (KUHLCH•ruhl dih•FYOO•
zhun)—the spread of a culture
capitalist (KA•puh•tuhl•ihst)—wealthy business-
person who provides money for investments culture region (KUHL•chuhr REE•juhn)—divi-
sion of the earth based on a variety of factors,
cardinal directions (KARD•nuhl duh•REK• including government economic systems, social
shuhns)—the four primary directions of north, groups, language, and religion
south, east, and west
cash crop—crop that is grown to be sold or D
traded rather than used by the farmers them- death rate—how many people die each year per
selves 1,000 population
Glossary 225
deep-well injection (DEEP•wehl ihn•JEHK• elevation (EH•luh•VAY•shuhn)—height above sea
shuhn)—the pumping of harmful wastes deep level
into the ground
elevation (EH•luh•VAY•shuhn) map—map that
deforestation (DEE•FAWR•uh•stay•shuhn)—the shows elevation
clearing away of trees
energy (EH•nuhr•jee)—the power to do work
degree (dih•GREE)—unit of measurement of lati-
environment (ihn•VY•ruhn•muhnt)—one’s sur-
tude and longitude
roundings
democracy (dih•MAH•kruh•see)—a government
Equator (ih•KWAY•tuhr)—line of latitude that
in which laws are made by leaders elected by the
divides the Northern Hemisphere from the
people
Southern Hemisphere
demographic transition (DEE•muh•GRA•fihk
evaporation (ih•VA•puh•RAY•shuhn)—process by
tran•SIH•shuhn)—a model used to explain the
which water is changed into a gas
population history of a country or region
exponential growth (EHK•spuh•NEHN•chuhl
desertification (dih•ZUHR•tuh•fuh•KAY•shuhn)—
grohth)—growth characterized by an extremely
the process in which land suitable for growing
rapid increase
crops has been turned to desert
export (EHK•spohrt)—product sold to foreign
developed country (dih•VEH•luhpt KUHN•
countries
tree)—country with a relatively high standard of
living and an economy based more on industry
than agriculture F
fallow (FA•loh)—idle
developing country (dih•VEH•luh•pihng KUHN•
tree)—country with a low standard of living and famine (FA•muhn)—an extreme lack of food
little industrial development flash flood—flood that occurs when a small body
divergent boundary (duh•VUHR•juhnt BOWN• of water rises quickly over nearby land
duhree)—the place where tectonic plates move flood—the rising and overflowing of a body of
apart water
doldrums (DOHL•druhmz)—calm area located food chain—the order in which living and non-
between about 10°N and 10°S living parts of an ecosystem are interrelated
drought (DROWT)—a period of dryness formal region (FAWR•muhl REE•juhn)—an area
that has a common feature that sets it apart
E free enterprise (EHN•tuhr•PRYZ)—an economic
earthquake (UHRTH•KWAYK)—strong shaking of
system in which people are free to decide what
the earth
kind of work they will do, and to own businesses
economic system (EH•kuh•NAH•mihk SIHS• and keep the profits
tuhm)—the way in which a country uses its
Free World—region made up of countries with a
resources to satisfy its people’s needs and
democratic form of government
wants
front—place where two types of air meet
ecosystem (EE•koh•SIHS•tuhm)—the relationship
among all living and nonliving things that exist functional region (FUHNK•shuhn•uhl REE•juhn)—
within a certain area a central area and the territory that surrounds it
226 Glossary
G industrialization (ihn•DUHS•tree•uh•luh•ZAY•
shuhn)—the process of developing machines to
geographic information system (JEE•uh•GRA• fihk
produce goods
IHN• fuhr• MAY• shuhn SIHS• tuhm)—software that
analyzes information relating to geographic Industrial Revolution (ihn•DUHS•tre•uhl REH•
location vuh•LOO•shuhn)—the changes that occurred in
the 1700s in the way goods were made
Global Positioning System (GLOH•buhl puh•ZIH•
shuh•nihng SIHS•tuhm)—the satellites, receivers, interdependence (ihn•tuhr•duh•PEN•duhns)—
and ground stations that allow the location of an reliance upon one another
exact position on Earth intermediate direction (in•tehr•MEE•dee•uht
global warming (GLOH•buhl WAWRM•ihng)—the duh•REK•shuhn)—the direction that falls
increase in Earth’s temperature caused by the between the four cardinal directions of north,
buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere south, east, and west
Glossary 227
M planar projection (PLAY•nahr pruh•JEK•shuhn)—
map projection created by projecting the globe
magma (MAG•muh)—liquefied rock
on a plane
mantle (MAN•tuhl)—a layer of hot rock located
next to the earth’s core plate tectonics (tehk•TAH•nihks)—theory that
explains how the major features of the earth’s
manufactured (MAN•yuh•FAK•chuhrd) good— surface were formed
something made from raw materials
polar easterlies (POH•luhr EE•stuhr•lees)—
manufacturing (MAN•yuh•FAK•chuhr•ihng)—the winds in the high latitudes
making of products
political boundary (puh•LI•tih•kuhl BOWN•
map projection (pruh•JEK•shuhn)—a way of duhree)—boundary around each political
showing the earth on a piece of paper region
mental (MEHN•tuhl) map—a person’s internal
political (puh•LI•tih•kuhl) map—map that shows
image of a place
how humans have divided the earth
Mercator projection (muhr•KAY•tuhr pruh•JEK•
political region (puh•LI•tih•kuhl REE•juhn)—an
shuhn)—map projection that shows true direc-
area that has a particular kind of government
tions and land shapes but exaggerates sizes of
landmasses pollutant (puh•LOO•tuhnt)—harmful substance
middle latitudes (MIH•duhl LAT•uh•toods)—lines found in the environment
of latitude between 30° and 60°N and 30° and 60°S pollution (puh•LOO•shuhn)—something unclean
migration (MY•GRAY•shuhn)—the movement of in the environment
people from one place to another population bulge (PAHP•yuh•LAY•shuhn buhlj)—
people who make up a large group in the total
N population
natural resource (NA•chuhr•uhl REE•SOHRS)—
population density (PAHP•yuh•LAY•shuhn DEN•
something that is found on or in Earth
suh•tee) map—map that shows where on the
north arrow (NAWRTH EHR•oh)—symbol used earth’s surface large numbers of people live
on a map to show directions
population pyramid (PAHP•yuh•LAY•shuhn PIHR•
Northern Hemisphere (NAWR•thuhrn HEH•muh• uh•MIHD)—graph that shows how the population
SFIHR)—part of the earth north of the Equator is divided by gender and age
precipitation (prih•SI•puh•TAY•shuhn)—rainfall
O or other moisture
ocean currents (OH•shuhn KUHR•uhnts)—cold
and warm rivers of seawater that flow on the sur- predator (PREH•duh•TAWR)—an animal that eats
face of the oceans other animals
prevailing (prih•VAYL•ihng) winds—winds that
P blow in fairly constant patterns
perceptual region (PUHR•SEHP•chuh•wuhl REE•
juhn)—region that reflects people’s feelings and Prime Meridian (prym muh•rih•DEE•uhn)—
attitudes about an area starting point for measuring longitude
physical (FI•zi•kuhl) map—map that shows the profit (PRAH•fuht)—the money left over after all
earth’s physical features expenses are paid
228 Glossary
R Southern Hemisphere (SUH•thuhrn HEH•muh•
SFIHR)—part of the earth south of the Equator
rate of change—speed at which change takes
place special-purpose (SPEH•shuhl PUHR•puhs)
map—map that gives one particular kind of in-
raw material (muh•TIHR•ee•uhl)—material that
formation
can be made into other products
recycling (ree•SY•klihng)—reusing things instead surface runoff (SUHR•fuhs RUHN•awf)—water
of throwing them away that flows into rivers and oceans
resource (REE•SOHRS) map—map that shows the tornado (tawr•NAY•doh)—the most violent storm
things found or produced in an area in nature
rural (RUR•uhl) area—the countryside toxic waste (TAHK•sihk WAYST)— harmful things
people throw away
S trade—the buying and selling of goods
Sahel (SA•hihl)—a transition zone in western
Africa between the Sahara to the north and the trade winds—winds that bring cooler air toward
wetter areas to the south the Equator
Glossary 229
typhoon (ty•FOON)—tropical cyclone that forms water cycle (SY•kuhl)—process by which the
over the Atlantic Ocean earth’s water moves from the oceans to the air
to the land and back to the oceans
U water table—the boundary between ground-
uniform region (YOO•nuh•form REE•juhn)—an water zones
area that has one feature that sets it apart
weather (WEH•thuhr)—the temperature and pre-
urban (UHR•buhn) area—a city or town cipitation in a place on a particular day
urbanization (UHR•buh•nuh•ZAY•shuhn)—move- westerlies (WEHS•tuhr•lees)—winds in the mid-
ment of people to towns and cities dle latitudes
wind—air that moves across the earth’s surface
V
vertical zonation (VUHR•tih•kuhl zoh•NAY• windchill (WIHND•CHIHL)—rate of cooling
shuhn)—change in climate due to altitude caused by wind or air movement
Winkel Tripel projection (WIN•kuhl TRI•puhl
W pruh•JEK•shuhn)—map projection that provides
waste reduction (WAYST rih•DUHK•shuhn)— a balance between the size and shape of land-
decreasing the amount of waste produced masses as they are shown on the map
230 Glossary
Index
A C Culture regions, 83–86
Cylindrical projections, 47
Absolute location, 7, 20, 24 Cambodia, 83
Cyprus, 152
Acid rain, 113 Canada, 83, 119, 141
Afghanistan, 129 resource map, 162
Africa, 28, 180, 201 Canyon, 62–63 D
birthrate and death rate, 185 Cape, 62–63 Death rate, 135, 184
child mortality, 184 Capital, 206 Death Valley, California, 67
desertification in, 209 Capitalist, 206 Deep-well injection, 113
drought in Sahel, 178 Carbon dioxide, 159, 181 Deforestation, 188
Islam in, 200 Cardinal directions, 8 consequences of, 189
life expectancy, 139 Cash crop, 209 Degrees, 20
natural resources in North, 164 Cell, 13 Delta, 62–63
rain forests in, 187 Celsius, 70 Democracy, 81
trade routes in West, 196–197 Change, rate of, 127 Demographic transition, 123–125
triangular trade, 203 Chemicals, and toxic waste, 170 Desertification, 208–211
Agricultural revolution, 205 Central Time Zone, 41 Developed countries, 83
Agriculture Chernobyl, 7 Developing countries, 83, 183
in the United States, 146 Cherrapunji, India, 73, 172 Dhaka, India, 172
vertical zonation and, 174 China, 199, 200 Doldrums, 105
Air pollution, 165–168 birth and death rates in, 127 Direction, 8–12
causes of, 165, 213 Climate maps, 44 Distance, 8–12, 13
dangers of, 165 Climate, 99, 107–108 Divergent boundary, 101
Altitude, 64 effects of elevation on, 172 Djibouti, 209
Antarctica, 28, 159 Climate zone, 107 Drought, 178, 209
Arab League, 82 Climographs, 70–73, 91, 93 Dust Bowl, 178
Arable land, 132, 208 Coast, 62–63
Arctic Ocean, 28
Arid, 209
Compass rose, 8
Condensation, 112
E
Earth
Asbestos, 166 Conic projections, 48
axis, 37
Asia, 28 Continents, 28–30
layers, 100
child mortality, 184 Control stations, 56
physical features of, 61
Islam in, 200 Contour interval, 67
rotation, 40
natural resources in Southwest, Contour line, 67
sun relationship, 37–39
164 Contour maps, 66–69
Earthquake, 101, 178
Atlantic Ocean, 28 Convergent boundary, 101
East Asia population density map,
Australia, 28, 81, 141, 201 Core, 100
122
Average life expectancy, 138 Cotton Belt, 87, 88
Eastern Time Zone, 41
Axis, 37 Crops
Economic activity map, 44
Azimuthal projection, 48 cash, 209
Economic system
effect of elevation on, 173
free enterprise, 84
B Crust, 100
Cultural diffusion, 199–201
socialism, 84
Balance of trade, 148 Ecosystem, 99, 109–111
Culture, 83
Bay, 62–63 rain forest, 187–189
languages as part of, 83
Bay of Bengal, 172 Egypt, 119, 120
religion as part of, 83
Biome, 109–111 Elevation, 64
type of government as part of,
Birthrate, 135, 183 effects on climate, 172
83
Bodies of water, 62–63 using contours to determine,
use of technology as part of,
Brasília, Brazil, 70 66–69
83
Index 231
Elevation maps, 64–65 Germany, 119, 137 Internet, 119
England Gettysburg, 196 Inuit, 181
Industrial Revolution in, 205 GIS, see Geographic Information Ireland, 141
triangular trade, 203 Systems Irkutsk, Russia, 70
English language, spread of, 141 Giza, Egypt, 84 Islam
Environment Global interdependence, 13, culture of, 199
human adaptation to, 180–182 151–153 spread of, 200
using technology to change, 181 Global Positioning System (GPS), Island, 62–63
Environment and society, 159 7, 55–57 Isthmus, 62–63
Environmental Protection Agency Global warming, 189 Ithaca, New York, 69
(EPA), 166 Globe, 47
EPA, see Environmental Protection Government, 83
Agency GPS, see Global Positioning J
Equator, 104 System Jacksonville, Florida, 71
as starting point for measuring Great Wall of China, 51 Japan, 83, 119, 136
latitude, 20 Greenhouse effect, 181
spacing for time zones, 41 Greenwich, England, 21
Eritrea, 209 Grid, 16, 34 K
Ethiopia, 83, 209 index, 17, 34 Kenya, 109
Europe, 28, 81, 83, 132, 199 Ground stations, 55 Key, 31–33
agriculture and manufacturing Groundwater, 112 Khartoum, Sudan, 73
in Western, 163 Guatemala, 83 Knot, 20
culture, 200 Gulf, 62–63 Kremlin, 81
European Union, 81 Gunpowder, 200
Evaporation, 112
Exponential growth, 123 H L
Exports, 148 Lake, 62–63
Hail, 112 Landfills, 169, 212
Hawaiian Islands, 101 Landforms, 62–63
F Hazardous waste, 169 Languages, 83
Fallow, 209 High latitude, 104 Language tables and maps,
Famine, 209 Hinterlands, 203 141–142
Fahrenheit, 70 Horse Latitude, 99 Latin America, 119
Fault, 101 Human adaptation to environment, Latitude, 7, 20–23, 24–27
Flash flood, 178 180–182 Legend, 31–33, 35
Flood, 178 Human interaction with location, Life expectancy, 124
Food chain, 110 196 tables and graphs, 138
Forced migration, 129 Human population Life expectancy maps, inter-
Formal regions, 61, 87–89 growth of, 123–124 preting, 138–140
Fossil fuels, 113, 165 Human systems, 119 Lightning, 176
Free enterprise, 84 Hurricane, 177 Line graphs, 126–128
Front, 105 “Little Havana,” 87
Functional regions, 61 I Location
Imports, 148 absolute, 7
G Index to read map grid, 17 cultural diffusion and, 199
Garbage, 212 India, 81, 172 grid, 16
burning, 213 Indian Ocean, 28 historical change in importance
recycling, 213 Indoor air pollution, 165 of, 196–198
Geographers, 7, 53, 61, 99, 119 Industrial Revolution, 205–207 latitude and longitude, 7
Geographic Information Systems Industrialization, 83, 205 physical and human features
(GIS), 55–57 Interdependence, 13, 119 of, 61
Geography global, 13, 151–153 relative, 7
of pencil, 151–152 transportation and, 144 Longitude, 7, 20–23, 24–27
uses of, 195 Intermediate directions, 9 Low latitude, 104
232 Index
M Mount Everest, 7
Mouth of river, 62–63
increases in world, 183
trends in growth of, 186
Magma, 101
Muslims, 197 Population density maps, 44,
Mantle, 100
120–122
Manufactured goods, 202
Manufacturing, 160 N Population pyramids, 134–137
Precipitation, 70, 112
in the United States, 146 Namib Desert, 208
Prevailing wind, 105
Maps, reading. See also Maps, Natural hazards, 176–179
Prime Meridian
types of Natural resource, 160
as starting point for measuring
cells, 13 Natural resource map, 44, 160–164
longitude, 21
directions, 8, 47 New Zealand, 141
Printing, 200
distance, 47 North America, 28, 80, 132, 201
Profit, 202
grid, 13, 34 North Pole, 20–21, 37, 48, 104, 159
Pull urbanization, 132–133
grid index, 17, 34 Northern Hemisphere, 37, 105
Push urbanization, 132–133
legend, 31
Pyramids, 84
making, 90–93
projections, 47
O
resource, 160–164
Ocean currents, 104–106
Ocean ridges, 101
R
road, 34–36 Radioactive material, 7
Oceans, 28–30
scale, 9 Radon, 166, 167
Oil, 13
shape, 47 Railroads
Outdoor air pollution, 165
size, 47 and time zones, 41
Overcrowding, 132
symbols, 31 Rain, 112
Maps, types of. See also Maps, Rain forest, 187–189
reading P products from, 188
climate, 44 Pacific Ocean, 28, 178 saving, 189
comparing, 43–46 Pacific Time Zone, 41 Rate of change, 127
contour, 66–69 Paper, 200 Raw materials, 202
elevation, 64–65 Parallels, 20 Receivers, 55, 56
economic activity, 44 Pencil, geography of, 151–152 Recycle
life expectancy, 138–140 Peninsula, 63 toxic waste, 170
mental, 51–54 Perceptual regions, 61 Recycling, 212–215
natural resource, 44 Physical features, 61 Red Sea, 101
physical, 43, 173 Physical maps, 43 Redwood trees, 99
political, 43 Physical regions, 61, 77–80 Refugees, 129
population density, 44, 120–122 Physical systems, 99 Regions, 74–76
relief, 43 Plain, 63 culture, 83–86
road, 34–36 Planar projections, 47 formal, 61, 74, 87–89
special-purpose, 44 Plateau, 63 functional, 61, 74
time zone, 44 Plate tectonics, 99, 100–103 perceptual, 61, 74
Mariana Trench, 101 Polar easterlies, 105 physical, 61, 77–80
Mental mapping, 51–54 Political boundary, 81 political, 61, 81–82
Mercator projections, 47 Political maps, 43 Relative location, 7, 13
Meridians, 20 Political regions, 61, 81–82 Relief, 64
Metropolitan Statistical Areas Pollutants, 166 Relief maps, 43
(MSAs), 74 Pollution, 113 Religions, 83
Mexico, 137, 172 air, 165–168 Reluctant migration, 129
physical map of, 173 Population Resource, 160
Middle latitude, 104 balancing with resources, balancing population and,
Migration, 129–131 183–186 183–186
Mississippi River, 178 bulge, 135 recycling and conserving,
Mount St. Helens, 165 density, 120 212–215
Mountain, 62–63 estimated world, 128 Resource map, 160–164
Mountain Time Zone, 41 growth, 184 Ring of Fire, 178
Index 233
River, 63 Tectonic plates, 100 resource map, 162
Road maps, 34–36 Temperature, 70, 71 Superfund sites in, 171
Rural areas, 132 Celsius, 70, 71 tornado activity in, 177
Russia, 81 elevation and, 173 toxic waste in, 170
Fahrenheit, 70, 71 trade with other countries,
S Thunderstorm, 176
Tierra caliente, 172
147–150
triangular trade, 203
Sahara, 139, 209
Sahel, 178, 208, 209 Tierra fria, 172 Urban areas, 132
San, 180 Tierra templada, 173 Urban migration, 132
Satellites, 55 Timbuktu, Africa, 196 Urbanization, 132–133
Scale, 9 center of learning, 197 U.S. military, 56
Scale bar, 9 trade’s impact on, 196
today, 198
Sea level, 64, 67
Seasons, 37 Time zone maps, 44 V
Time zones, 40–42 Valley, 63
affect of sun, 38 Vertical zonation, 172–175
in Northern Hemisphere, 37 Tobacco smoke, 166
Tornado, 176 Volcano, 101
in Southern Hemisphere, 38 Voluntary migration, 129
Self-sufficient, 147 Toxic waste, 169
Sequoia sempervirens, 99 Toxic-waste disposal, 169–171
Sleet, 112 Trade, 143
balance of, 148
W
Slums, 132 Waste reduction, 170
Socialism, 84 of the United States, 147–150
Water cycle, 112–115
Society and environment, 159 Trade wind, 105
human effects on, 113
Somalia, 209 Transform boundaries, 101
Water table, 113
South America, 28, 201 Transpiration, 112
Water vapor, 112
child mortality, 184 Transportation, 119
Weather, 107
rain forests in, 187 and interdependence, 144
West Indies, 203, 204
South Korea, 119, 134 in the United States, 143–146
Westerlies, 105
South Pole, 21, 37, 48, 104, 159 Trend, 126
Wheat Belt, 88
Southern Hemisphere, 38, 105 Triangular trade, 202–204
Wind, 104–106
Snow, 112 Tributary, 63
polar easterlies, 105
Spatial relationships, 75 Tropic of Cancer, 101
prevailing, 105
Special-purpose maps, 44 Tropic of Capricorn, 101
trade, 105
Spindletop Field, Texas, 13 Tropical rain forest, 71, 187
westerlies, 105
Sun, 37–39, 40, 104 Typhoon, 177
Windchill, 177, 179
Sun Belt, 87 Winkel Tripel Projection,
Superfund law, 170
Superfund sites, 171
U 49
World population
United Kingdom, 81, 141
Surface runoff, 112, 113 United Nations, 209 estimated, 128
Symbols, map, 31 United States, 83, 119, 137, 141, 143 growth, 124
balance of trade, 148
T child mortality, 184
Z
Technology, 132, 180 formal regions, 87
Zone of aeration, 113
using to change environment, Industrial Revolution in, 206
Zone of saturation, 113
181 radon potential in, 167
234 Index
Maps
Map 1-1 The United States 12
Map 1-2 Panama 14
Map 1-3 The World 15
Map 1-4 Kuwait 17
Map 1-5 London, England 19
Map 1-6 The World 23
Map 1-7 Colorado 24
Map 1-8 Africa 27
Map 1-9 The World: Physical 29
Map 1-10 The Amazon Basin 33
Map 1-11 Road Map of Part of New York State 35
Map 1-12 Time Zones of the Continental United States 41
Map 1-13 United States: Physical 44
Map 1-14 Australia and New Zealand: Political 45
Map 1-15 Ethiopia, 2001 46
Map 1-16 Sketch of Mental Map 52
Map 1-17 Sketch of the Thirteen Colonies 53
Map 1-18 Bristol Bay, Alaska 55
Map 1-19 The World: Physical 59
Maps 235
Map 4-1 Farming in Egypt 121
Map 4-2 Egypt: Population Density 121
Map 4-3 East Asia: Population Density 122
Map 4-4 Principal Migrations of Recent Centuries 130
Map 4-5 Westward Shift of United States
Population, 1790–2000 131
Map 4-6 Life Expectancy in Africa South of the Sahara 140
Map 4-7 Transportation in the United States
and Canada 145
Map 4-8 Agriculture and Manufacturing in the
United States and Canada 146
Map 4-9 United States Balance of Trade 150
Map 4-10 The Geography of a Pencil 153
Map 6-1 Trade Routes in West Africa About A.D. 1000 197
Map 6-2 Spread of Islam to 1500 200
Map 6-3 European Rule in Africa South of the
Sahara, 1914 200
Map 6-4 Triangular Trade 204
Map 6-5 World Desertification 211
Map 6-6 Years of Remaining Landfill Capacity 212
Map 6-7 Great Britain and the Industrial
Revolution, 1750 217
236 Maps
Figures
Figure 1-1 Cardinal Directions 8
Figure 1-2 Cardinal and Intermediate Directions 9
Figure 1-3 North Arrow 9
Figure 1-4 An Alpha-Numeric Grid 17
Figure 1-5 Latitude and Longitude 21
Figure 1-6 Lines of Latitude 21
Figure 1-7 Lines of Longitude 21
Figure 1-8 Map Legend 1 31
Figure 1-9 Map Legend 2 32
Figure 1-10 Earth’s Movement Around the Sun 38
Figure 1-11 Seasons in Northern Hemisphere 39
Figure 1-12 Seasons in Southern Hemisphere 39
Figure 1-13 Telling Time 40
Figure 1-14 Mercator Projection 48
Figure 1-15 Planar Projection 48
Figure 1-16 Conic Projection 48
Figure 1-17 Robinson Projection 48
Figure 1-18 Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection 49
Figure 1-19 Winkel Tripel Projection 49
Figure 1-20 GPS Satellites 56
Figures 237
Figure 4-1 World Population Growth 124
Figure 4-2 Stages of the Demographic Transition 124
Figure 4-3 Population Growth and Birth and
Death Rates in China, 1949–1995 127
Figure 4-4 Estimated World Population 128
Figure 4-5 Urbanization in Europe
(selected countries) 133
Figure 4-6 Urbanization in Southeast Asia
(selected countries) 133
Figure 4-7 Population of South Korea by Age
and Sex (2000) 134
Figure 4-8 Population of Japan by Age and
Sex (2000) 136
Figure 4-9 Population of Mexico, the United States,
and Germany by Age and Sex 137
Figure 4-10 Average Life Expectancy in Africa 138
Figure 4-11 Average Life Expectancy in Selected Countries
in Africa South of the Sahara 139
Figure 4-12 Life Expectancy Table 139
Figure 4-13 Most Widely Spoken Languages
in the World 142
Figure 4-14 United States Balance of Trade 148
Figure 4-15 United States Foreign Trade: Imports, 2000 149
Figure 4-16 United States Foreign Trade: Exports, 2000 149
Figure 4-17 India’s Population Growth 157
238 Figures