Physics 2101

Section 3
May 7th: Chap. 20
Announcements:
• Final Exam: May 11th
(Tuesday), 7:30 AM at Howe-
Howe-
Russell 130
• Make up Final: May 15th
(Saturday) 7:30 AM at Nicholson
119
• Final Exam for those who need
extended time will be at
Chapter 20—
20—Irreversible processes
Nicholson 109
• Review:
R i Saturday
d 2PM at
Nicholson 130

Class Website:
http://www.phys.lsu.edu/classes/spring2010/phys2101--3/
http://www.phys.lsu.edu/classes/spring2010/phys2101
http://www.phys.lsu.edu/~jzhang/teaching.html
History of grades in 2101 for last 5 years:

I will post on Webassign you standing in 
The rough guide lines are 
the class ,i.e. 15 out of 59. This will give
the class ,i.e. 15 out of 59. This will give 
A: < 18 %%
you a way to determine where you are
B: 17 –– 25 %  
B: 17 
(with A+B < 40%)   
C:
C: 33
C: 33‐
33‐42 % 
42 %
 Entropy: Reversible processes
1) For reversible process:  
dQ
ΔS cycle,rev = 0 = ∫
T

2) For isothermal gas  process:  
Q ΔE int = 0 ⇒ Q=W
ΔS isothermal = ⎛V ⎞ ⎛Vf ⎞
T
l ⎜ f⎟ ⇒
W = nRT ln ΔS isothermal = nR l ⎜ ⎟
R ln
⎝ Vi ⎠ isothermal ⎝ Vi ⎠
3) For liquids/solids ‐ heat transfer:
(assuming no volume change)

Qheat capacity = mc(T f − Ti ) ⎛ Tf ⎞

ΔS liquid / solid = S f − Si = mc ln⎜ ⎟
dQheat capacity = mc(dT ) heat transfer ⎝ Ti ⎠

4) For phase transition:   
mL
Qphase transition = mL ΔS phase transition = S f − S i =
T
 Heat Engines and Entropy
‐Easy to produce thermal energy by doing work.  How?
‐Much harder to get work from thermal energy  ⇒ engine

Conservation of energy
|QH| = |QL| + |W|
|QH| = heat added
|QL| = heat released

What is the thermal efficiency, ε, of an engine?
energy we get W
ε= =
energy we pay for QH

Q − QL Q Perfect engine, ε=1
ε= H =1− L
QH QH
How close to ideal can we get?  Carnot Engine
QH − QL Q
All processes are reversible and no wasteful energy transfers occur ε= =1− L
QH QH
1) a → b: Isothermal expansion
⎛V ⎞
ΔE int = 0 ⇒QH = W = nRTH ln⎜ b ⎟ > 0
⎝ Va ⎠
Q ⎛ V ⎞
ΔS H = H = nR ln⎜ b ⎟ > 0 positive
TH ⎝ Va ⎠
2) b → c: adiabatic expansion

Q=0 ⇒ ΔS b→c = 0

3) c → d: Isothermal compression
⎛V ⎞
ΔE int = 0 ⇒ QL = W = nRTL ln⎜ d ⎟ < 0
⎝ Vc ⎠
Q ⎛ V ⎞
ΔS L = L = nR ln⎜ d ⎟ < 0 negative
0 = ΔS cycle = ΔS H + ΔS L TL ⎝ Vc ⎠
Q Q 4) d → a: adiabatic compression
0= H − L
TH TL
Q=0 ⇒ ΔS d →a = 0

TL All Carnot engines operating between two constant 
ε carnot = 1 − temperatures TH & TL have the same efficiency.
TH
An irreversible engine is less efficient  
 W QH − QL QL TL
Problem #1 ε= = =1− ε carnot = 1 −
QH QH QH TH

Imagine a Carnot engine  that operates between the temperatures of TH = 850 K and TL = 300 K.  
The engine performs 1200 J of work each cycle, which takes 0.25 s.
a) What is the efficiency of this engine?
TL 300 K
The efficiency, ε, of a Carnot engine is ONLY determined by the ratio TL/TH: ε =1− =1− ≅ 65%
TH 850 K
b) What is the average power of this engine?
( )
Power is found from Work done per cycle/time per cycle: Pave = W Δt = 1200 J 0.25 s = 4800 W
Power is found from Work done per cycle/time per cycle:
c) How much energy |QH| is extracted as heat from the high temperature reservoir every 
cycle?
For any engine, the efficiency, ε, is defined as the work the engine does per cycle 
y g y g p y
divided by the energy it absorbs as heat per cycle: W W 1200 J
ε= → QH = = ≅ 1855 J
QH ε 65%
d) How much energy |QL| is delivered as heat to the low temperature reservoir every cycle?
F i f th 1st Law of thermo says that the net heat transfer per 
For a Carnot engine, from the 1
C t L f th th t th th tt f
cycle is equal to the  net work done:
W = Q H − QL → QL = Q H − W = 1855 J −1200 J = 655 J

e) What is the entropy change ΔS of the working substance for the energy transfer to it from 
the high‐temperature and low‐temperature reservoir?
Along the hot and cool isotherms, the entropy changes are: 
Q −655 J Q 1855 J → ΔS tot = 0
ΔS L = L = = −2.18 J/K ΔS H = H = = 2.18 J/K
TL 300 K TH 850 K
Otto cycle: 4‐stroke internal combustion engine

a→ b : adiabatic compression stroke b → c : isochoric expansion due to fuel ignition

c → d : adiabatic expansion stroke d → a : isochoric compression due to exhaust valve

What is the efficiency of the Otto cycle?
Assume the compression ratio of 4:1 
(V4=4V1), the gas mixture can be regarded as 
an ideal gas monatomic gas:
id l t i
Theoretical : 40%
Reality : 20%
 Problem ε=
W Q − QL
= H
Q
=1− L
QH QH QH
Problem 20
Problem 20‐29
29 One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through the 
One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through the
reversible cycle shown. Vc=8.00Vb , pb=10.0 atm and Vb=10‐3m3.) What’s 
the energy added to the gas as heat? b) the energy leaving the gas as 
heat, c) What’s the net work done by the gas?  d) What’s the efficiency of 
the cycle?
the cycle?

At the state b: PbVb = RTb so that Tb = PV

b b /R

Cp 5 V 1 T
b ⇒ c: Tb Vbγ -1 = Tc Vcγ -1 (γ = = ), so that Tc = Tb ( b )γ −1 = Tb ( )γ −1 = γ b−1
Cv 3 Vc 8 8
Va Ta V V T T
c ⇒ a ( p a = pc ) : = ; so Ta = ( a )Tc = ( b )Tc = c = γb
Vc Tc Vc Vc 8 8

Energy added to the gas as heat: Energy

gy leaving
g from the ggas as heat:
5R
Qab = nCV ΔTab =
3R
(Tb − Ta ) Qca = nC p ΔTca = (Tc − Ta )
2 2

Net work:
Wnet = Wbc + Wca = R (Tb + Ta − 2Tc )
Wbc = − ( ΔEin )bc = R (Tb − Tc )
Wca = pa ΔVca = R ΔTac = R (Ta − Tc )
 Problem #1
Entropy change with phase transition
Entropy change with phase transition
What is the entropy change of a 12.0 g ice cube that melts completely in a bucket of water whose 
temperature is just above the freezing point of water?

f
dQ
How do we find the change in entropy? ΔS = S f − S i = ∫
i T

In this case, what is the heat transferred to the system?? Qphase transition = mL

Plugging this in, we can calculate the entropy change:   ΔS mL
phase change
=
(this is a reversible isothermal process!!) T

Thus: 
(12 g)(333 J/g)
ΔS ice = = 14.6 J/K ≥ 0
(273 K)
 Problem #2
Solid: entropy change with temperature
A 50 0 g block of copper whose temperature is 400 K is placed in an insulating box with a 100 g
A 50.0 g block of copper whose temperature is 400 K is placed in an insulating box with a 100 g
block of lead whose temperature is 200 K (cCu=386 J/kg/K & cPb=128 J/kg/K )
a) What is the equilibrium temperature of the two‐block system? Review question
We know from Chapt. 19 that in an insulating box, the net heat flow is zero, thus:
∑Q = 0 = m c (T f − Ti,Cu )+m Pb cPb (T f − Ti,Pb )
Cu Cu
mCu cCuTi,Cu + m Pb cPb Ti,Pb
Tf = = 320 K
mCu cCu + m Pb cPb
b) What
b)    What is the change in internal energy of the two‐block system
is the change in internal energy of the two block system between the initial state and the
between the initial state and the
equilibrium state?   
Since the system (Cu + Pb) is thermally insulated and no work is done, the 
change in the internal energy is zero!

c)  What is the change in the entropy of the two‐block system?
f
dQheat capacity = mc(dT )
dQ
ΔS = S − S = ∫
Knowing                                               what is the heat transfer? f
mc(dT ) ⎛T ⎞
∫
rev f i
i T ΔS = = mc ln⎜ f ⎟
i T ⎝ Ti ⎠
⎛ 320 K ⎞ ⎛ 320 K ⎞
ΔS tot = ΔSCu + ΔS Pb = mCucCu ln⎜ ⎟ + m Pb cPb ln⎜ ⎟
⎝ 400 K ⎠ ⎝ 200 K ⎠
= − 4.3 J/K + 6.0 J/K
= 1.7 J/K (positive!!)
 Problem #3
Gas: entropy change during process

An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion at 77°C from 1.3 l to 3.4 l.  Then entropy change 
during this process is 22 J/K.  How many moles of gas are there?

What is the change in entropy during an isothermal process?

f
dQ
Q Q
ΔS isothermal = ∫ = ΔE int,isothermal = 0
i T T

What do we know from 1st Law of Thermo?
⎛Vf ⎞
ΔE int,isothermal = 0 ⇒ Q = W = ∫ pdV ⇒ Q = nRT ln⎜ ⎟
⎝ Vi ⎠

Putting together, we find that:
ΔS isothermal 22 J/K
n= = = 2.75 moles
⎛Vf ⎞ ⎛ 3.4 l ⎞
R ln⎜ ⎟ (8.31 / l ⋅ K ) ln
8 31 J/mole l ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Vi ⎠ ⎝ 1.3 l ⎠
 Problem #4
Gas: entropy change during process
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken through the 
cycle shown.  
a) How much work is done by the gas in going from state 
a to state c along abc?
⎡4V ⎤ ⎡4V ⎤
⎢∫ 0 ⎥ + ⎢ ∫ pdV ⎥
0 0

Work done is: net
W = Wa →b + Wb →c = p dV
⎣V 0 ⎦isochoric ⎣4V0 ⎦isobaric
Wnet = Wa →b + Wb →c = (4V0 − V0 )p0 + 0 = 3V0 p0
What are the changes in internal energy and entropy going:
b) from b to c ?
Internal energy is given by change in temperature: The entropy is found from: 
dQ f [dE int + Wby ]
f

ΔE int,b →c = nRΔT = nR(T f − Ti )

3
2
3
2
ΔS b →c =∫ =∫
i T i T
⎛ 2 p ⋅ 4V0 p0 ⋅ 4V0 ⎞
= 32 nR⎜ 0 − ⎟ = 6 p0V0 ⎡ f [32 nRdT + 0]⎤ ⎛ Tf ⎞
⎝ nR nR ⎠ =⎢∫ ⎥ = 2 nR ln⎜ ⎟
3

⎣i T ⎦isochoric ⎝ Ti ⎠ exp
isochoric
ansion

⎛T ⎞ ⎛8p V ⎞
= 32 R ln⎜ f ⎟ = 32 R ln⎜ 0 0 ⎟
c) through one complete cycle ? ⎝ Ti ⎠ ⎝ 4 p0V0 ⎠
= 32 R ln (2)
For a complete cycle:
ΔE int,cycle = ΔS rev,cycle = 0
19-17: Container A holds an ideal gas at a pressure of
5.0 x 105Pa at a T= 300 K. It is connected to a thin tube
and a closed valve to container b,
b with four times the
volume of A. Container B holds the same ideal gas at a
pressure of 1.0 x 105 Pa and T=400K. The valve is
opened to allow the pressures to equalize, but the
temperature of each container is maintained. What
then is the pressure in the two containers?

VA ⎛ pA 4 pB ⎞
Use ideal gas Law n = na + nB = ⎜ + ⎟ = Const.
R ⎝ TA TB ⎠
Rn ' A TA
p 'A = = p 'B
After valve is opened VA ⎛ 4TA ⎞
Rn ' B TB or n 'B = ⎜ ⎟ n 'A
p 'B = ⎝ T ⎠ B
4VA

⎛ 4T ⎞ V ⎛p 4p ⎞ V (pA / TA + 4 pB / TB )
n = n ' A + n ' B = n ' A ⎜ 1 + A ⎟ = na + nB = A ⎜ A + B ⎟ n 'A =
⎝ TB ⎠ R ⎝ TA TB ⎠ R 1 + 4TA / TB
 Final Answer
Final Answer

4TA
pA + pB
n ' A RTA TB
p' = =
VA 4TA
1+
TB