Lab 06 2017-04-07T00:00:00

Experiment # 05
Objective:
To determine the angle of friction between steel & aluminium blocks and a steel plane.

Apparatus:
1. Pulley
2. Hanger
3. Blocks of different materials (Aluminium & Stainless Steel)
4. Weights
5. Pointer
6. Protector
7. Sliding Plane (Stainless Steel)

Diagram:

RN
F
Sliding
Block

Sliding Plane
FF
W 𝞱
𝞱
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Theory;
Friction:

It is the Force which impedes the moone tion of body when try to slide the object
along the surface.

Depends:

 Nature of Force ( The force which is applied on the body to move.)

 Nature of Surface

Causes:

The interlocking between the molecule of the interacting surfaces.

Classification:

 Dry Friction:

The friction between rigid bodies.

 Fluid Friction:

The friction between the molecule of fluid.

Type of Dry Friction:

 Static Friction:

Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not
moving relative to each other.

 Kinetic Friction / Dynamic Friction:

Kinetic friction also known as dynamic friction or sliding friction,

occurs when two objects moving relative to each other and rub together.

Type of Dynamic Friction:

Sliding Friction:

Sliding friction is a connect force that resists sliding motion of

two objects or an object and a surface.

Rolling Friction:

Rolling resistance, sometimes called Rolling friction, is the

force resisting the motion when a body rolls on a surface.
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Formula:

Ff ∞ RN

Ff = µRN

µ=Coefficient of Fraction

Internal friction :-

Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material
while it undergoes deformation.

Plastic deformation in solids is an irreversible change in the internal molecular structure of an

object. This change may be due to either (or both) an applied force or a change in
temperature. The change of an object's shape is called strain. The force causing it is called
stress.

Elastic deformation in solids is reversible change in the internal molecular structure of an

object. Stress does not necessarily cause permanent change. As deformation occurs, internal
forces oppose the applied force. If the applied stress is not too large these opposing forces
may completely resist the applied force, allowing the object to assume a new equilibrium
state and to return to its original shape when the force is removed. This is known as elastic
deformation or elasticity.

Friction at the atomic level :-

Determining the forces required to move atoms past each other is a challenge in designing
nanomachines. In 2008 scientists for the first time were able to move a single atom across a
surface, and measure the forces required. Using ultrahigh vacuum and nearly zero
temperature (5 K), a modified atomic force microscope was used to drag a cobalt atom, and a
carbon monoxide molecule, across surfaces of copper and platinum

Angle of friction :-

For certain applications it is more useful to define static friction in terms of the maximum
angle before which one of the items will begin sliding. This is called the angle of friction or
friction angle.

Procedure:
1. The surfaces used in this test must be cleaned for the experiment and kept free from dirt
when not in use.
2. The adjustable plane is to be positioned on a firm bench so that the load on the hanger
passes the edge of the bench as it descends.
Lab 06 2017-04-07T00:00:00

3. Clamp the plane in the 0o position and use a spirit level to set the plane truly.
4. All the trays to be used must be weighed and their masses recorded as well as the hanger
being used.
5. Clamp the plane at 10o inclination.
6. Place the sample tray at the mid and put the towing cord and load hanger in position to
pull the tray up the plane.
7. Add load to the hanger until the tray, given a slight push, slides slowly up the plane.
8. Repeat the procedure with increased inclination. The increment in angle of inclination for
all the next four readings will be 5 degrees.
9. After noting down the five readings, change the block material and take five readings
again in a similar way.

Observations:

A. For Aluminium Block

Weight of Block, WB = ____________; Weight of hanger, Wh = ____________

Friction
Angle of Mass of Towing Normal Coefficient Friction
inclinatio block + Force Reaction Sliding
angle
n, added (hanger + Force Force
Sr. 𝝁
mass Weight
#
on
𝑹𝑵 𝝋
θ hanger) P-WSinθ
W(N) P (N) = 𝑾 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝑷 − 𝑾 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝝁
(degrees)
=
𝑾 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

B. For Stainless Steel Block

Weight of Block, WB = ____________; Weight of hanger, Wh = ____________

Lab 06 2017-04-07T00:00:00

Friction
Angle of Mass of Towing Normal Coefficient Friction
inclinatio block + Force Reaction Sliding
angle
n, added (hanger + Force Force
Sr. 𝝁
mass Weight
#
on
𝑹𝑵 𝝋
θ hanger) P-WSinθ −𝟏
(degrees) W(N) P (N) = 𝑾 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝑷 − 𝑾 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝁
=
𝑾 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Comments:

Questions:

1. Give the reason, why we sprinkle fine powder on carom board?

Lab 06 2017-04-07T00:00:00

2. A 5 kg box on a horizontal table is pushed by a horizontal force of 15 N as shown on

the right. If the coefficient of friction is 0.4, will the box move?

3. The 200 kg safe is not moving while the thief pulls on the rope with a force of 400 N.
What is the magnitude and direction of the force of friction on the safe (use g=10
m/s2)?