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∞
1. 𝑔 𝑡 =𝐼 𝑘=−∞ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇0 )
𝑡 𝜔𝜏
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ↔ 𝜏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐( )
𝜏 2
1 𝑇/2
ℛ(𝜏) = lim −𝑇/2 𝑔 𝑡 𝑔 𝑡 + 𝜏 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇
1 𝑇/2
ℛ(0) = lim −𝑇/2 𝑔 𝑡 𝑔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇
1 𝑇/2
ℛ12 (𝜏) = lim −𝑇/2 𝑔1 𝑡 𝑔2 𝑡 + 𝜏 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇
+∞
𝑤 𝑡 = 𝑔1 𝑡 ∗ 𝑔2 𝑡 = 𝑔
−∞ 1
𝜏 𝑔2 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ma0YONjMZLI
+∞ +∞
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑔(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐺(𝑓) 2 𝑑𝑓
−∞ −∞
This allows us to determine the signal energy from either the time-domain
specification 𝑔(𝑡) or the frequency-domain specification 𝐺(𝑓) of the
same signal.
2
ℱ ℛ𝑔 𝜏 = 𝐺(𝜔)
𝐺𝑇 (𝜔) 2
𝑆𝑔 𝜔 = lim
𝑇→∞ 𝑇
If 𝑔 𝑡 ⟺𝐺 𝑓 ,
Time-shifting property:
Frequency-shifting property:
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑘. 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑
𝑥(𝑡) y(𝑡)
H(𝑓)
𝑌 𝑓 = 𝑘𝑋(𝑓)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑
LTI system
frequency response
for distortion-less
transmission.
Let,
𝐻 𝑓 = (1 + 𝑘 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑇)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑 for 𝑓 < 𝐵;
zero elsewhere.
Then,
𝑌 𝑓 =𝐺 𝑓 𝐻 𝑓
𝑓
= 𝐺(𝑓)∏ . (1 + 𝑘 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑇)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑
2𝐵
Since 𝑔 𝑡 is bandlimited to B,
𝑓
𝐺 𝑓 ∏ =𝐺 𝑓 .
2𝐵
Therefore,
𝑌 𝑓 = 𝐺 𝑓 . (1 + 𝑘 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑇)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡𝑑
𝒌
𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒈 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒅 + [𝒈 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒅 − 𝑻 + 𝒈 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒅 + 𝑻
𝟐
H(𝑓)
∞
Pulse energy, 𝐸𝑔 = −∞
𝑔2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑇
𝐵
2
𝐸𝐵 = 𝐺(𝑓) 𝑑𝑓 ≥ 0.90 𝑇
−𝐵
𝐺 𝑓 = 𝑇 sinc(𝜋𝑓𝑇)
Consider a random binary pulse train g(t) , as shown below. The two symbols
(0 and 1) are equally likely and occur randomly. The signal is not a
deterministic signal, and therefore cannot be described as a function of time.
It is therefore impossible to find its Fourier transform.
Let there be N bits (pulses) during the interval T, so that T=NTb. Then,
𝑁𝑇𝑏 /2
1
ℛ(𝜏) = lim 𝑔 𝑡 𝑔 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝑡
𝑁→∞ 𝑁𝑇𝑏
−𝑁𝑇𝑏 /2
𝑇
For 𝜏 > 2𝑏 , the two overlapping pulses are equally likely to be of the
same polarity or of opposite polarity.
Then, ℛ(𝜏) = 0.
𝑇𝑏 2
𝜔𝑇𝑏
𝑆𝑔 𝜔 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 ( )
4 4
𝟐
Essential Bandwidth =
𝑻𝒃