SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

WINTER SEMESTER 2018-2019

Heat Transfer (MEE2005)

Laboratory Manual

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 SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Heat Transfer (MEE2005)

Laboratory Manual

Registration No: -------------------------------------------------

This is to certify that, this is a bonafide record of work carried out by_______________
____________________of Mechanical Engineering / Mechanical with specialization in
_________________Engineering during the year 2018-2019 at VIT, Vellore – 632 014.

Faculty In-Charge
 INDEX

Marks
Sl. Experiment Page Faculty signature
Experiment Name
No. Date No. with date
(12.5)

CYCLE –I

1. Thermal conductivity of a metal rod

2. Thermal conductivity of an insulating powder
3. Natural convection heat transfer
4. Forced convection heat transfer
5. Heat transfer from pin fin under natural convection mode

CYCLE – II
6. Determination of emissivity of a given test surface
7. Unsteady heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid
8. Heat transfer in a parallel flow heat exchanger
9. Heat transfer in a counter flow heat exchanger
10. Heat transfer in a plate type heat exchanger
 INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

1. Students are advised to wear their Identity card while entering the laboratory.

2. Students are advised to wear their apron and shoes while entering the laboratory.

3. Students are advised not to wear any loose sleeves, rings, watches while performing

the experiment.

4. Students are advised to bring laboratory manual, calculator, and other accessories

needed while coming to the laboratory.

5. Students are advised to bring heat transfer data book for every class without fail.

6. Students are advised not to operate any equipment, machines, engines on their own

without knowledge of the faculty or the lab technician.

7. Students are advised to follow the instructions given by the faculty inside the

laboratory.
 Expt. 1
Thermal conductivity of a metal rod
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To determine the thermal conductivity of a given cylindrical metal rod and to
understand the heat conduction mechanism.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
A known rate of heat is conducted through a specimen of the material in the form of
a rod of cross-sectional area ‘A’ placed between an electric heat source generating heat
supply at a constant rate and heat sink (cold fluid chamber). The entire assembly is
embedded in low conductivity insulation in order to minimize the lateral heat leakage from
the exposed surface of the specimen.

FORMULAE
The Fourier’s law of heat conduction is given by

Q = k A
dT
dX
Where, Q = quantity of heat conducted per unit time, W
= mw Cpw (Two – Twi)
mw - mass flow rate of water, kg/s
Cp,w - Specific heat of water, J/kg K
Twi - Water inlet temperature, ° C
Two - Water outlet temperature, ° C
A = cross sectional area normal to direction of heat flow
π 2
= d d – dia. of metal bar, m
4

dT = temperature drop, o C
dX = distance over which dT occurs, m
k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m K
TABULATION
S. No. Heat Temperature ° C Cold water
supplied temperature ° C
Q, W X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 In Out

Fig. 1 Temperature distribution along the Length of bar

A straight line is drawn to fit the data and its slope gives the temperature gradient
SPECIFICATION
1. Length of metal bar, L = 430 mm
2. Size of metal bar, d = 37.5 mm

MODEL CALCULATION
mw, mass flow rate of water = kg/s
Cp,w, Specific heat of water = J/kg K
Twi, Water inlet temperature = °C
Two, Water outlet temperature = °C

Q = quantity of heat conducted, W

= mw Cp,w (Two – Twi)
=
A = area of cross-section normal to the direction of heat flow
π 2
= d d - diameter of metal bar = m
4
=
From Graph,
o
ΔT = temperature drop = C
ΔX = distance over which ΔT occurs = m
k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m K

Q
=
ΔT
A
ΔX

=
RESULT ANALYSIS TABLE

Heat supplied Q, Thermal conductivity, k

S. No. From Graph ΔT/ΔX
W = Q/A(ΔT/ΔX)

Mean value of thermal conductivity, k

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS / CONCLUSIONS

1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 2
Thermal conductivity of an insulating powder
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To determine the thermal conductivity of a given insulating powder and understand
its heat conduction mechanism.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The set up for the insulating powder consists of two concentric copper spheres
between which the insulating powder, whose thermal conductivity to be determined is filled.
The heater is provided inside the inner sphere for uniform heating of the sphere. Eight sets
of thermocouples are provided to measure the temperature difference across the powder
specimen. Provision has been made to measure the heat input.

PROCEDURE
The heater is switched on. The heat supply can be adjusted to a suitable level.
Temperature readings are noted at frequent intervals till consecutive readings are same
indicating that steady state has been reached. The readings of heat input, temperature
readings and the geometrical data of the setup are noted in the following table of
measurements.

SPECIFICATION
Inner sphere diameter di = 75 mm
Outer sphere diameter do = 150 mm
TABULATION

o
Heat input, Q Temperature Readings, C
W Thermal
Heater Temperature Insulating Powder
conductivity
S. No

k
Voltage, V

Q=V.I T5
Current, I

T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 (W/m K)
(W)

FORMULAE
The thermal conductivity of the powder is calculated using the following expression valid
for a sphere
Ti  To 4k ro ri Ti  To 
Q 
1 1 1 ro  ri 
  
4k  ri ro 

Where, Ti = T1  T2  T3  T4 , To = T5  T6
2
4
NOMENCLATURE
Q = Heat input, W
ri = Inner radius, m
ro = Outer radius, m
Ti = Inside surface temperature oC
To = Outside surface temperature oC
k = Thermal conductivity, W/m K

MODEL CALCULATIONS
di = 75 mm ri = 37.5 mm
do = 150 mm ro = 75 mm
T1  T2  T3  T4 o
Ti = = C
4
T5  T6 o
To = = C
2
Q=VxI=
Ti  To
Q
1 1 1
  
4k  ri ro 

1 1
Q   
k=  i o =
r r
= W/m K
Ti  To  4

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS/ CONCLUSIONS

1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 3
Natural convection heat transfer
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To determine the free convective heat transfer coefficient between the given fluid
and the solid surface by both experimental and empirical methods

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental unit consists of a vertical tube made of S.S material enclosed in a
rectangular duct open at both top and bottom. The duct is of sufficient dimensions as not to
interfere with the convection process while at the same time preventing external
disturbances to affect the data. One side of the duct is made of the transparent heating
element embedded in the S.S. tube acts as the heat source. The surface temperature of the
tube is measured at different heights using thermocouples. The surface of the tube is
polished to minimize radiation heat losses. A voltmeter and an ammeter enable the
determination of heat input to the heater.

SPECIFICATION

Stainless steel tube: Inner Diameter = 39 mm

Outer Diameter = 45 mm
Height of the section, L = 450 mm

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the mains.
2. Allow the unit to stabilize.
3. Note down the readings of the SS rod shown in the digital display.
4. Note down the local chamber temperature shown in the digital display.
5. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs and tabulate the readings for calculations.

FORMULAE
Energy input, Q = VxI
The convection law is given as
Q = hexp As (Ts – T∞)
Where
Q – Rate of heat transfer; Heat input, W
h – Average heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
As – Surface area of the cylinder, m2
Ts – Mean surface temperature of hot body, oC
T∞ – Temperature of the fluid, oC
Hence,
Q
hexp. =
As Ts T 

For a vertical cylinder transferring heat to the surroundings, the following empirical
relations hold.
Nuav = 0.59 (GrL . Pr)0.25 for 104 < GrL Pr < 109
(Laminar flow)
Nuav = 0.10 (GrL . Pr)0.33 for 109 < GrL Pr < 1013
(Turbulent flow)
Where
Nuav = Average Nusselt number

= hL
k f

L - Height of cylinder, m
k - Thermal conductivity of fluid, W/m K

Gr = Grashof number based on length

g β ΔT L3
=
γ2

Where
β - Coefficient of thermal expansion,
 1 
β =   Where Tf is mean film temperature in K
T 
 f 
Ts  T  2
 Tf = Where Ts and T∞ are in oC

ΔT - Temperature difference, Ts - T∞

γ - Kinematic viscosity in m2/s

Cp
Pr - Prandtl number,
k

The fluid properties k, , , , Cp are all evaluated at the mean film temperature Tf

PRECAUTIONS

1. Note down the readings only when the steady state has been reached.

2. Do not touch any electrical connection.

3. Handle the selector switch gently.

TABULATION
S. Heat input Surface Temperature Ambient
Average
No (W) (o C) fluid
surface
Temp.
Voltage V

Current I

Temp. Ts
(Amps)

Q=V.I
(Volts)

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8=T∞
(W) (o C)
(o C)

1.

2.

3.

CALCULATIONS: (for reading No: )

To find hexp
 T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
Ts   
C
7
o
T∞ = C
As =  (do) L. m2 Where do – Outer diameter of the tube, in m
=
Q
hexp = 
As Ts  T 
hexp = W/m2 oC

To find hemp
Ts T
Tf = = = K
2
From HMT data book, properties of air at Tf
Pr =
 = m2/s
k = W/m oC
1
 = = K-1
Tf

g β ΔT L3
Gr = =
2
γ
GrL Pr =
Since GrL Pr =

Nuav =
=
Nuav =

Nuav = hemp L / k

hemp = Nuav k / L (W/m2 oC)

=
hemp = W/m2 oC
RESULTS ANALYSIS TABLE
Sl. Heat Input hexp hemp
2
No. (W) (W/m K) (W/m2 K)

1.

2.

3.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS/ CONCLUSIONS

1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 4
Forced convection heat transfer
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To study the relation between Reynolds number, Prandtl number and Nusselt
number, and to determine the heat transfer coefficient of air under forced convection mode.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental set up consists of a tube through which air is sent in by a blower.
The test section consists of a long electrical surface heater on the tube, which serves as a
constant heat flux source on the flowing medium. The inlet and outlet temperatures of the
flowing air are measured by thermocouples and also the temperatures at several locations
along the surface heater from which an average temperature can be obtained. An Orifice
meter in the tube is used to measure the airflow rate with a U tube water manometer.
An ammeter and a voltmeter are provided to measure the power input to the heater.
A power regulator is provided to vary the power input to the heater. A multipoint digital
temperature indicator is provided to measure the above thermocouples input. A regulator is
provided to vary the speed of blower and to regulate the flow rate of air.

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the mains.
2. Switch in the blower.
 3. Adjust the regulator to any desired power input to the heater.
4. Adjust the blower speed regulator to any desired flow rate of air.
5. Wait till steady state temperature is reached.
6. Note the manometer reading h1 and h2.
7. Note temperatures along the tube, and air inlet and outlet temperatures.
8. Note voltmeter and ammeter reading.
9. Vary the flow rate of air and repeat the experiment.
10. For various air flow rates and for various power inputs the readings may be taken to
repeat the experiments.
TABULATION
Sl. Voltage Current Inlet air Outlet air Temperature along the Duct Manometer reading
No. temperature temperature
V (Volt) A (amp) T1 (ºC) T6 (ºC) T2 T3 T4 T5 h1 (cm) h2 (cm)
(ºC) (ºC) (ºC) (ºC)

MODEL CALCULATION
1. Using Energy Balance,
h A (LMTD) = m CP (temperature of the tube – the temperature of the air)
Where,
m = mass of air
CP = specific heat of air
LMTD = ((Average tube temp – outlet air temp) – (Average tube temp – inlet air
temp))/((ln(Average tube temp – outlet air temp)/ (Average tube temp – inlet air temp))
h = heat transfer coefficient
A = heat transfer area = π*d*l, d = diameter of tube, 40 mm, l = length of tube, 500 mm
From the above calculation, the heat transfer coefficient can be calculated.

2. Calculate the air velocity in the tube using the Orifice meter or water manometer.
The volume flow rate of air through the tube, Q = Cd * a1 * a2 * sqrt(2*g*h0)/sqrt(a12 – a22)
h0 = head of air causing the flow = (h1 – h2) * ρw/ρa
ρw = 1000 kg/m3
ρa = 1.16 kg/m3
h1 and h2 are the manometer readings in meter.
a1 = area of tube (d1 = 40 mm)
a2 = area of orifice (d2 = 20 mm)
Velocity of air, V = Q/a1
Heat transfer rate and flow arte rates are expressed in dimension less form of Nusselt
number and Reynolds number.
Nu = h*D/k, Re = V*D/ν
Where,
D = Diameter of pipe
V = Velocity of air
k = Thermal conductivity of air
The heat transfer coefficient can also calculated using Dittus Boelter correlation.
Nu = 0.023 * Re0.8 * Pr0.4
Average temperature of heater = (T2 + T3 + T4 + T5) /4
Average temperature of air = (T1 + T6) /2
SAMPLE CALCULATION
ANALYSIS OF RESULT/CONCLUSION
1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 4
Performance of Pin fin under Natural convection
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To determine the heat transfer coefficient between Pin – Fin, and air and the
efficiency of Pin-Fin under natural convection mode.

DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a pin fin placed inside an open duct, (one side open) the
other end of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower; the delivery side of the
blower is taken up through a gate valve and an orifice meter to the atmosphere. The air flow
rate can be measured with the help of a water tube manometer connected to an orifice meter.
A heater is connected to the one end of the Pin-Fin and five thermocouples are connected at
equidistant points to measure the surface temperature and the sixth is left on the duct to
measure the air temperature.

PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION IN FREE CONVECTION MODE:

FORMULAE
For the Pin-Fin with insulated tip condition, the temperature distribution is given by
T  T Cosh mL  x 

Ts  T Cosh mL

The heat loss from the fin is given by

Q= h p k fin A Ts  T  tanh mL

The efficiency of the pin fin for insulated tip condition is given by
tanh mL
f =
mL
hp h D 4h
Where m   
k fin A k fin  D 2 k fin D
4

D is the diameter of the pin fin (m)

Evaluation of heat transfer coefficient h :
Natural convection
Nuavg = 0.85 (Gr. Pr)0.19 for 102< Gr Pr <104
Nuavg = 0.48 (Gr. Pr)0.25 for 104< Gr Pr <107
Nuavg = 0.13 (Gr. Pr)0.33 for 107< Gr Pr <1012

Where Nuavg = average Nusselt number = (h D / k)

h = heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC
D = diameter of the Pin Fin, m
k = thermal conductivity of air, W/m oC
Gr = Grashof number = (g β ΔT D3 / γ2)
g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
β = coefficient of thermal expansion, K-1
ΔT = Ts - T∞, oC
γ = kinematic viscosity, m2/s

The fluid properties, cp, k,  are evaluated at the film temperature given by
Ts T
Tf =
2
Where Ts is the average fin surface temperature and T∞ is the surrounding temperature.

PROCEDURE:
1. The system is switched on and allowed to reach a steady state.
2. Once a steady state has attained the temperature along the length of the fin, and the
ambient air temperature is noted. Care should be taken to maintain constant power
supply to the heater.
3. The heat input is varied and the readings are noted.
4. The heat transfer coefficient and the efficiency of the pin-fin are calculated.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Length of the fin, L = 15 cm
2. Diameter of the fin Dfin = 12.5 mm
3. Duct width, b = 10 cm
4. Duct height, w = 15 cm
5. Orifice diameter, do = 12.5 mm
6. Orifice discharge coefficient, Cd = 0.64
7. Thermal conductivity of fin material, kfin = 375 W/m oC

TABULATION
S. Power Input Fin Temperature, (o C) Average Ambient
No Surface temp.
. V I Q temp. T6=T∞
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
(Volts) (Amps) (W) Ts (oC) (oC)

1.

2.

CALCULATIONS: (for reading no: )

Ts T o
Mean film temperature, Tf = = = C
2

Properties of air at Tf are as follows:

k = W/m oC
γ = m2/s
Pr =

g β ΔT D fin 3
Grashof number, Gr = =
γ2
Gr =
Gr Pr =

Since Gr Pr =

Nuav =

Nuav =

Nuav = hemp Dfin / k

hemp = Nuav k / Dfin (W/m2 oC)

hemp = W/m2 oC

4hemp
m =
k fin D

= m-1

Fin efficiency,
tanh mL
f = =
mL
RESULTS ANALYSIS TABLE
The efficiency of the given pin fin was determined under natural convection mode for
various base surface temperatures and the results are given below.

S. Heat Input h
No. Ts (oC) ηfin
Q (W) (W/m2K)

1.

2.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 6
Estimation of Emissivity of a given test surface
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To determine the emissivity of a given test surface using radiation studies.

THEORY
An ideal black surface is one which absorbs the entire radiation incident on it and its
reflectivity and transmissivity are zero. The radiation emitted per unit area per unit time
from the surface of the body is called emissive power. It is denoted by the term ‘E’. The
black surface has the maximum amount of emissive power for a given temperature. The
ratio of the emissive power of given surface at a given temperature (E) to that of the
emissive power of a black body at the same temperature (Eb) is defined as emissivity (ε).
For a black body, emissivity is 1. Emissivity depends upon temperature, wavelength, and
nature of the surface.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental set up consists of two circular plates identical in size and provided with
heating coils at the bottom. The plates are mounted on asbestos cement sheet and are kept in
an enclosure so as to provide undisturbed natural convection surroundings. The heat input to
the heater is varied by dimmer stat and is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter. The
average temperature of the plates is evaluated by noting the temperatures at 3 different
locations on each plate which are measured by thermocouples. One thermocouple is kept in
the enclosure to read the ambient temperature. One plate is blackened by a thick layer of
lampblack to form the idealized black surface whereas the other plate is the test plate whose
emissivity is to be determined. The heat dissipated by conduction and convection is the
same in both cases.

FORMULAE
The power input is given for black surface, Pb = Ib * Vb Watts
The power input is given for test surface, Pt = It * Vt Watts
  T1  T2  T3  0
The average temperature of the black surface, Tb =   in C
 3 
 T4  T5  T6  o
The average temperature of the test surface, Tt =   in C
 3 
The ambient temperature T∞= T∞ + 273 in K

E  Tt  T 
4 4

Emissivity, ε =   (Based on Stefan – Boltzmann law)

Eb  Tb 4  T 4 

PROCEDURE
1. Give same power input to black surface and the given test surface.
2. Adjust the dimmest to the desired value and allow sufficient time for the steady state.
3. Measure the steady state temperatures reached by the black body and the test surface.
4. Calculate the mean temperature of both the surfaces.
5. Measure the ambient temperature.
6. Repeat the experiment for different equal power inputs to both the surfaces.

TABULATION

Power input Temp. of the black Power input Temp. of the test surface Air
o o
to test surface ( C) to black ( C) temp.
surface Pt surface Pb T∞
(Watts) T1 T2 T3 Tb (Watts) T4 T5 T6 Tt (oC)
MODEL CALCULATIONS: (for reading no: )

 T1  T2  T3  0
The average temperature of the black surface, Tb =   in C
 3 
Tb =
Tb = Tb + 273 K
Tb = K

 T4  T5  T6  o
The average temperature of the test surface, Tt =   in C
 3 
Tt =
Tt = Tt + 273 K
Tt = K

The ambient temperature T∞= T∞ + 273 K = K

E  Tt  T 
4 4

Emissivity, ε =  
Eb  Tb 4  T 4 

=

Emissivity, ε =
RESULTS ANALYSIS TABLE
Average temperature Average temperature of
Emissivity of the test
S. No. of the test surface, Tt the black surface, Tb
surface, ε
(°C) (°C)

1.

2.

3.

Average Emissivity (ε) =

The emissivity of the given test surface is determined by carrying out the radiative heat
transfer study with it. The average value of the emissivity of the test surface is ________.

ANALYSIS OF RESULT/ CONCLUSION

1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 7
Unsteady heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid
Date:

OBJECTIVE

To draw the temperature distribution and calculate the total heat transferred per unit
area in time‘t’ in unsteady state heating of a semi-infinite solid.

THEORY

Transient or unsteady state conduction is a process in which temperature changes

with time. Applications of transient heat conduction are cooling and freezing of food, heat
treatment by quenching, heating, and cooling of buildings, boiler tubes, rocket nozzles etc.
Sometimes solids are heated or cooled in such a way that the temperature changes are
confined to the region near or on the surface. The temperature near the hot surface will
change rapidly with time and more slowly farther away. If the wall is thick enough that
there will be no measurable change in the temperature of the other end for a considerable
time, then for this situation, the heat conduction equation is

dT d 2T
 2 where α is thermal diffusivity of the material (m2/s)
dt dx
Temperature T at any point at a distance x and time t from the hot surface is

 Ts T  2
z
    e dz
z 2

 Ts  Ta   0

for T = Ts at x = 0 and t > 0

T = Ta at any value of x (x > 0) and t < 0
T  T at t > 0 and x  


x
where z =
2 αt
 - Thermal diffusivity of the material, m2/sec
t - Time after change in surface temperature.
x - Distance from hot side
 Ts - Hot surface temperature
T - Temperature at any time
Ta - Ambient temperature or initial uniform temperature at t = 0

The heat transferred in the solid is

 2k Ts  Ta  t
QT
A 

where
QT - Total quantity of heat transferred after completion of time ‘t’
A - Area of heat transfer, m2
k - Thermal conductivity of material = 45 W/m K
 - Thermal diffusivity = 1.172  10-5 m2/s

PROCEDURE

1. The wattmeter connections are checked and the multiplication factor is noted.
2. The values of thermocouples are noted.
3. The heater is switched on and the heat input to the system is adjusted. The other end is
connected to the water supply.
4. The observations are carried out until there is no further change in temperature for 10
min.

MODEL CALCULATIONS (at t = min.)

Ts  T1 
θ1 = =
Ts  Ta 
T1, T2 ………represent the temperature readings of the thermometers along the length of the
solid (refer table of measurements for distance in ‘cm’).
Q
 2k T  T
T
s a
 t 
A

=
x
z =
2 αt

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS

o
Ambient temperature (Initial temperature of the specimen), Ta = C

Temperature at different locations, °C

Time, t
S. No.
(min) Ts T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
(x=0 cm) (x=6 cm) (x=12 cm) (x=18 cm) (x=24 cm) (x=30 cm)
TABLE OF RESULTS
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 QT/A,
W/m2

S. No. Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5

GRAPHS
Plot graphs of T vs x and  vs z
RESULTS

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 8
Heat transfer in a parallel flow double pipe heat
exchanger
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effectiveness, NTU and overall heat transfer coefficient of a double
pipe heat exchanger under parallel flow mode.

PROCEDURE
1. Start the experimental setup and check the water flow direction.
2. Initially, start the experiment with parallel flow of the hot and cold fluids.
3. Adjust the flow rate of the hot and cold fluids to a known quantity and record them.
4. Note down the inlet and outlet temperatures of both hot and cold fluid streams.
5. Repeat the experiment for another set of the flow rate of the hot and cold fluids.

TABULATION
S.No Hot stream data Cold stream data
Mass flow Inlet temp Outlet temp Mass flow Inlet temp Outlet temp
o
rate mh Thi ( C) Tho (oC) rate mc o
Tci ( C) Tco (oC)
(kg/s) (kg/s)
Parallel flow data:
1.
2.
3.

SPECIFICATIONS
Length of the heat exchanger (L) = 1200 mm
Inner copper/brass tube I.D. (di) = 9.5 mm
Inner copper/brass tube O.D. (do) = 12.5 mm
Outer G.I. tube I.D. (Di) = 28.5 mm
Outer G.I. tube O.D. (Do) = 32.0 mm

MODEL CALCULATION:
Parallel flow: (for reading no: )
Heat lost by hot water Qh = mh Cph (Thi – Tho) W
=

= W

Heat gained by cold water Qc = mc Cpc (Tco – Tci) W

=

= W

Logarithmic mean temperature difference for parallel flow

Thi  Tci   (Tho  Tco )

Tlm 
T  Tci 
ln hi
Tho  Tco 

o
= C

Now, average heat transfer rate is

Qavg = (Qh + Qc) / 2

= = W

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

Qavg
U = where Ai =  do L m2 (do –Outer dia of inner tube)
Ai * Tlm

= W/m2 oC

Effectiveness of the heat exchanger for parallel flow mode

E = (Qavg / Qmax)
= Qavg / {(m Cp)min(Thi – Tci)}
 =

NTU = U Ai / (m Cp)min

GRAPH
Plot ε Vs NTU

RESULTS ANALYSIS TABLE

LMTD Heat Flow rate Uexp Effectiveness

S. No NTU
(oC) Q (W) W/m2k E
Parallel flow
1
2
3

ANALYSIS OF RESULT/ CONCLUSION

1.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 9
Heat transfer in a counterflow double pipe heat
exchanger
Date:

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effectiveness, NTU and overall heat transfer coefficient of a double
pipe heat exchanger under counter-flow mode.

PROCEDURE
1. Start the experimental setup and check the water flow direction.
2. Initially, start the experiment with counterflow of the hot and cold fluids.
3. Adjust the flow rate of the hot and cold fluids to a known quantity and record
them.
4. Note down the inlet and outlet temperatures of both hot and cold fluid streams.
5. Repeat the experiment for another set of the flow rate of the hot and cold fluids.

TABULATION
S.No Hot stream data Cold stream data
Mass flow Inlet temp Outlet temp Mass flow Inlet temp Outlet temp
rate mh Thi (oC) Tho (oC) rate mc Tci (oC) Tco (oC)
(kg/s) (kg/s)
Counter flow data:
4.
5.
6.

SPECIFICATIONS
Length of the heat exchanger (L) = 1200 mm
Inner copper/brass tube I.D. (di) = 9.5 mm
Inner copper/brass tube O.D. (do) = 12.5 mm
Outer G.I. tube I.D. (Di) = 28.5 mm
Outer G.I. tube O.D. (Do) = 32.0 mm
MODEL CALCULATION:

Counter flow: (for reading no: )

Heat lost by hot water Qh = mh Cph (Thi – Tho) W
=
= W

Heat gained by cold water Qc = mc Cpc (Tco – Tci) W

=
= W

Logarithmic mean temperature difference for counterflow

Thi  Tco   (Tho  Tci )

Tlm 
T  Tco 
ln hi
Tho  Tci 

=
o
= C

Now, average heat transfer rate is

Qavg = (Qh + Qc) / 2

= W

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

Q
U = where Ai =  do L m2 (do –Outer dia of inner tube)
Ai * Tlm

= W/m2 oC

The effectiveness of the heat exchanger for counterflow mode

 E = (Qavg / Qmax)
= Qavg / {(m Cp)min(Thi – Tci)}

NTU = U Ai / (m Cp)min

=
GRAPH
Plot ε Vs NTU

RESULTS ANALYSIS TABLE

LMTD Heat Flow rate Uexp Effectiveness

S. No NTU
(oC) Q (W) W/m2k E
Counterflow
4
5
6

ANALYSIS OF RESULT/ CONCLUSION

1.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code:
 Expt. 10
Heat transfer in the plate type heat exchanger
Date -

OBJECTIVE:
1) To analyze the performance of an existing plate type heat exchanger.
2) To calculate overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness for the given plate type
heat exchanger.
3) To analyze the effects of changing the flow rate for hot & cold fluid streams.

THEORY:
The plate heat exchanger normally consists of corrugated plates assembled into a frame. The
hot fluid flows in one direction in alternating chambers while the cold fluid flows in true
counter-current flow in the other alternating chambers. The fluids are directed into their
proper chambers either by a suitable gasket or a weld depending on the type of exchanger
chosen. Plate heat exchangers are best known for having overall heat transfer coefficients
(U-values) in excess of 3–5 times the U-value in a shell and tube designed for the same
service. The significantly higher U-value results in far less area for a given application. The
higher U-values are obtained by inducing turbulence between the plate surfaces. Owing to
this they are also known to minimize the fouling.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the thermic fluid tank with about 75 litres of thermic fluid (say water - here).
2. Switch on the immersion type heater (6 kW) provided in the thermic fluid tank and heat
the thermic fluid to the desired temperature (about 50-60 C). Intermittently switch ON
the pump with bypass line valve fully open and supply valve fully closed to ensure
thorough mixing of thermic fluid in the tank to obtain uniform temperature.
3. After achieving the desired temperature of thermic fluid in the thermic fluid tank, switch
ON the pump (0.5 HP) and allow the hot thermic fluid to flow through plates and adjust
the flow rate to the desired value using the valve to have a residence time of 5 minutes.
Recycle the exit of the hot thermic fluid to the thermic fluid tank.
4. Start the cold water supply through the plates and adjust the flow rate to the desired
value.
5. Monitor the hot thermic fluid inlet temperature and maintain it at the constant value by
switching the heater either ON/OFF with the help of thermostat provided on the control
panel of the tank.
6. Observe the inlet and outlet temperature of both cold water and hot thermic fluid streams
and note down them after they achieve steady state.
7. Also note down the flow rates of hot thermic fluid and cold water streams with the help
of rotameters.
8. Repeat the above procedure either by changing the flow rates or by changing the inlet
temperature of the hot thermic fluid.

(Make sure during the test period, the hot thermic tank should not be emptied totally
and the heater must not be exposed to air if the heater is ON, otherwise it will be
damaged).

OBSERVATIONS:

Number of plates (N) =

Length of each plate (L) = 165 mm = 0.165 m

Width of each plate (W) = 85 mm = 0.085 m

TABULATION:
Hot stream data Cold stream data
S. Flow rate Inlet temp Outlet temp Flow rate Inlet temp Outlet temp
No. qh T1 T2 qc T3 T4
(LPM) (C) (C) (LPM) (C) (C)
1.
2.
3.
4.
MODEL CALCULATIONS: (for reading no: )
The total area available for heat transfer is computed using the following equation:
A = N * a = N * (L * W) =
= m2

Where, N = number of plates

a = projected area of a single plate, m2 = (L * W)
L = the length component of the projected area of the plate, m
W = the width component of the projected area of the plate, m

Flow rate of hot fluid in kg/ s

mh = qh * h / 60

= kg/sec

Heat lost by the Hot fluid

Qh = mh * Cph * (T1 – T2)

= W

Flow rate of cold fluid in kg/ s

mc = qc * c / 60

= kg/sec

Heat gained by the Cold fluid

Qc = mc * Cpc * (T4 – T3)

= W
Logarithmic Température Différence
T1  T4   (T2  T3 )
Tlm 
T  T4 
ln 1
T2  T3 
=

o
= C

Now, average heat transfer rate is

Q = (Qh + Qc) / 2

= W

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

Q
U =
A * Tlm

= W/m2 oC

Effectiveness of the heat exchanger

= Q / {(m Cp)min (T1-T3)}

TABLE OF RESULTS:
Heat transfer study was carried out in given plate type heat exchanger. The performance and
the effectiveness of the heat exchanger were analyzed. The design heat transfer coefficient
was evaluated for various flow conditions of the hot and cold fluid streams. The results are
tabulated below.
 Overall heat
Mass flow rate Mass flow rate Average heat
S. transfer Effectiveness
of cold fluid of hot fluid flow rate
No coefficient U E
mc (kg/s) mh (kg/s) Q (W)
(W/m2 oC)
1
2
3
4

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS/ CONCLUSION

1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date: Signature:

Faculty Code: