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The system may be required to be fault-tolerant,

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implying that redundancy in devices and
of 20 communication  Search document 
paths is provided. The extent of fault-tolerance provided SCADA
Master cloc
(GPS, radio)
will depend on the size and criticality of the substation interface

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to the operator, and the normal manning status
HMI
(manned/ unmanned). Many of the functions may be
executed from a remote location (e.g. a System Control Station bus
Telecontrol or
bus interface
Centre) in addition to the substation itself.
 Bestsellers Bus interface
Certain of the above functions will be required even in
the most elementary application. However, the selection IED's

Legacy bus
Books
of the complete set of functions required for a particular
application is essentially
user (Utility, etc.). Due tothea responsibility of theblock’
modular, ‘building end- Computer
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approach to software design, it is relatively easy to add
functionality at a later stage. This often occurs through The HMI, telecontrol interface, and the bus inter
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changing operators’ needs and/or electrical network   • separate equipment
  • integrated into the same PC
development. Compatibility of the underlying database
of network data must be addressed to ensure that
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historical data can still be accessed. Figure 24.2: HM

24.3.2 RTU-based Topology

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This topology is an enhancement
24.3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
To form a substation control system, the various and
RTU isis used
shown in Figure
to host 24.3. A
the automation
elements described above must be assembled into some
HMI computer for operator interf
form of topology. Three major hardware topologies can
HMI computer can therefore be les
be identified as being commonly used, as follows:
takes the form of a standard PC,
manned substations, visiting p
portable PC.
24.3.1 HMI-based Topology
This takes the form of Figure 24.2. The software to
implement the control/automation functions resides in SCADA
interface
the HMI computer and this has direct links to IED’s using HM

one or more communications protocols. The link to a

remote SCADA system is normally also provided in the Telecontrol or
bus interface
HMI computer, though a separate interface unit may be RTU
provided to offload some of the processor requirements Bu
from the HMI computer, especially if a proprietary
communications protocol to the SCADA system is used. Legacy
Master clock
(GPS, radio)
For this topology, a powerful HMI computer is clearly IED's
required if large numbers of IED’s are to be 
accommodated. In practice, costs usually dictate the use This document is...
of a standard PC, and hence there will be limitations on  Useful I/O,CT,
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devices
VT

b t ti i th t it b li d t b f The RTU telecontrol interface and the bus inter