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Defence Weekly
President Sheikh Mohammed bin
ihs.com/janes prior
Rashid A1 Maktoum and EADS
CEO Tom Enders at the Dubai
to publication of the
VOLUME 50 ISSUE NO 48 • 27 November 2013 Airshow. (Sea pages 8-10) hardcopy magazine

contents » On the web

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Boeing announced at the Dubai Airshow that

an undisclosed customer has placed the first
order for its AH-6i. The company said earlier
Headlines Asia Pacific this year that it was waiting to finalise an
AH-6i deal with Saudi Arabia.

4 South Korea sets stage for F-35 FX-III win 18 China reveals details about CM-400AKG
5 UK considers options over privatised 19 India finally commissions ex-Russian aircraft Dubai Airshow 2013
procurement carrier • Saudi industry engaged in enhancing
Netherlands selects MQ-9 UAVs RSAF capabilities
Middle East/Africa___________ • US DoD overcomes sequestration to
Dubai Airshow 2013_________ support Middle East sales efforts
20 Iran unveils ‘strategic’ UAV • Diehl BGT takes aim with Laser-Guided
6 UAE yet to commit to additional F-16s 21 Iranian opposition reveals alleged nuclear Sidewinder
Airbus touts A400M to Middle East site • Boeing, Tawazun establish UAE joint
9 Adcom unveils Global Yabhon venture
10 Pakistan looks to Block 3 variant of Business Other news
Chengdu JF-17 • Egypt receives first missile craft
Italy becomes launch customer for 22 South Korea to announce updated offset • EDA to restructure from January 2014
MC-27J gunship policy by early 2014
23 Minister confirms UK FMS regime under
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ihs.com/janes 27 November 2013 Jane’s Defence Weekly | 3

» HEADLINES For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes

South Korea is set to buy 40

IHS:M Jane’s Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning
Defence Weekly II Joint Strike Fighters to fulfil its
FX-III requirement.
Editorial
Editor: Peter Felstead
Asia-Pacific Editor: James Hardy
Europe Editor: Nicholas de Larrinaga
Middle East/Africa Editor: Jeremy Binnie
JDW Features Editor: Kate Tringham
JDW Assistant Features Editor: Fay Brigden
Jane’s Aviation Desk Editor: Gareth Jennings
Jane’s Land Desk Editor: Nick Brown
Jane’s Land Consultant: Christopher F Foss
Jane’s Naval Consultant: Richard Scott
Jane’s Defence Industry Analyst: Charles Forrester
Jane’s Senior Principal Analyst: Guy Anderson
Jane’s Asia-Pacific Industry Reporter: Jon Grevatt
Washington, DC, Bureau:
Americas Editor: Daniel Wasserbly
Jane’s C4ISR Reporter: Geoff Fein
Jane’s Industry Reporter: Marina Malenic
Jane’s Naval Reporter: Grace Jean
South Korea sets stage
Jane’s Senior Americas Aviation Reporter: Caitlin Lee

Chief Sub Editor: Jonathan Maynard

Deputy Chief Sub Editor: Thomas Brown
for F-35 FX-III win
Sub Editors: Jessica D’Alonzo, Karen Deans, Terry Gault,
Susie Kornell, Deborah Miller, Dorn Passantino, Clare Welton
JAMES HARDY JDW Asia-Pacific Editor_____________ 2018 delivery requirements and is offered in
Design LONDON a Block 3F configuration”.
Head of Design: Roberto Filistad The decision to buy 40 aircraft - rather than
Chief Designer: David Playford
South Korea moved a step closer to sel­ the 60 originally outlined in the FX-III require­
Production ecting the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning ment - means that South Korea will be able to
Director EMEA, Production Services: David Ward
Production Controller: Martyn Buchanan II Joint Strike Fighter for its FX-III require­ afford the F-35, which was the highest priced
e-Publishing: Edward Allen, Richard Freeman ment after the country’s joint chiefs of of the three platforms that competed to fulfil
General staff (JCS) agreed on 22 November to buy the USD7.2 billion competition launched by
Senior Vice President IHS &
40 “advanced stealth jet fighters”. the Defense Acquisition Program Administra­
Managing Director IHS Jane’s: Michael Dell
Group Publishing Director: Sean Howe “Today the joint chiefs of staff meeting tion (DAPA) in January 2012. The Eurofighter
Director, News and Analysis: James Green decided to purchase 40 advanced stealth Typhoon and Boeing F-15 Silent Eagle concept
Director, EMEA Editing and Design: Sara Morgan
Administrative Assistant: Hannah Brockwell fighter jets from 2018 until 2024,” Ministry also competed for the requirement to replace
of National Defense (MND) spokesman Ki the Republic of Korea Air Force’s (RoKAF’s)
Correspondents
The Americas: Peter Diekmeyer, Diego Gonzalez, Hyeon-kwon told IHS Jane’s. Ki stressed that Northrop F-5E and McDonnell Douglas F-4
Scott Gourley, Inigo Guevara, Jose Higuera, Joshua Kucera,
the F-35 was not mentioned by name in the Phantom II combat aircraft.
Jeremy McDermott, Pedro Paulo Rezende, Patricia Samfelt,
Cesar Cruz Tantalean. Asia-Pacific: Gordon Arthur, Rahul meeting and that the next step would be The F-l 5 emerged as the only competitor
Bedi, Farhan Bokhari, J Michael Cole, Sebastien Falletti, budget discussions in 2014. to fall within the budget in bidding over the
Robert Foster, Julian Kerr, Dzirhan Mahadzir, Mrityunjoy
Mazumdar, Trefor Moss, Gavin Phipps, Kosuke Takahashi.
Lockheed Martin said in a statement to summer but was rejected by DAPA on 24
Europe: Victor Barreira, Nicholas Fiorenza, IHS Jane’s that it “greatly appreciates that September after it took “into consideration
Tim Glogan, David Ing, Bruce Jones, Jiri Kominek,
the Republic of Korea is pursuing a fifth- the recent security situation, including North
Georg Mader, Tim Ripley, Lale Sariibrahimoglu, Sebastian
Schulte, Menno Steketee, Radu Tudor, Theodore Valmas, generation solution to meet their demanding Korea’s third nuclear test and latest aerospace
Paolo Valpolini. Middle East/Africa: Segun Adeyemi, technology development”, MND spokesman
security needs” and added that “the F-35A
Nicholas Blanford, Helmoed-Romer Heitman, Yaakov Katz,
Ellen Knickmeyer, Mohammed Najib. is available to meet the Republic of Korea’s Kim Min-seok said at the time. ■
NATO and EU Affairs: Brooks Tigner.

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OPINION
The decision to opt for 40 “advanced stealth
fighter jets” rather than the 60 aircraft origi­
nally outlined in the FX-III requirement appears
to be a compromise between the RoKAF’s
insistence that it wants the most advanced
technology and financial limitations imposed on
grammes, the J-20 and the J-31, under development,
while Tokyo selected the F-35 in December 2011.
The latter is arguably of greater importance in Seoul,
where the perception exists that South Korea needs to
maintain parity with its former colonial master.
The JCS decision will come as a blow to Boeing,
which told IHS Jane’s at October’s Seoul International
Aerospace and Defence Exhibition that they were hop­

mm
This publication was produced
using FSC® certified paper
DAPA by the government. ing to offer the Advanced F-15 - featuring elements of
Another issue that has been raised in South Korea the Silent Eagle concept - as part of a split-buy deal. It
is the development or acquisition of fifth-generation appears that such a deal is acceptable to the RoKAF,
recycle platforms by China and Japan. China has two pro­ but only if the aircraft involved is an F-35.

4 ] Jane’s Defence Weekly 27 November 2013 ihs.com/janes

For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
UK considers options over
privatised procurement
GUY ANDERSON Jane’s Senior Principal Industry Analyst
LONDON
The pool of potential bidders to run UK
military procurement under a govern­
ment owned/contractor operated (GOCO)
Defence Equipment & Support (DE&S)
organisation has dwindled to just one
consortium.
UK Defence Secretary Philip Hammond
has conceded that the lack of competition
“is regrettable”, adding that “the reduction
in competitive tension will make it more
challenging for the [Ministry of Defence] to
conclude an acceptable deal with the remain­
ing bidder”.
His comments came in a statement to
parliament on 19 November.
The remaining bidder is the Materiel Acqui­
sition Partners group, led by engineering and
facilities specialist Bechtel with PA and PwC.
The MoD was informed on 15 November
that the second bidder - the Portfield con­
sortium made up of Atkins, CH2MHILL, and
Serco - had withdrawn from the competition.
Reasons for the withdrawal were not dis­
closed, although the consortium’s concerns
about the commercial terms of the arrange­
Netherlands selects MQ-9 UAVs
The Netherlands is to purchase four
General Atomics Aeronautical Systems
Inc (GA-ASI) MQ-9 Reaper medium-alti-
tude, long-endurance (MALE) unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) and related ground
stations, the Dutch Ministry of Defence
(MoD) announced on 21 November.
The first Reaper should be fully opera­
tional in 2016; the last the following year. As
opposed to MQ.-9/RQ-9 Reapers in service
with the US Air Force and UK Royal Air Force,
the Dutch ones will not be armed, although
this could change in future “with a minimum
of modification”, the MoD stated. The Reaper
was the only system available, the MoD said,
that met its requirement to conduct surveil­
lance missions with an endurance “exceeding
24 hours”. The sensor load will be as standard
for the platform - electro-optic/infrared,
synthetic-aperture radar, and ground moving
ihs.com/ianes
ment - plus Serco’s current dispute with the
UK government regarding charges relating to
another state contract - are believed to have
been factors.
Three bidders had been in the running at the
time of the release of an invitation to negoti­
ate in July this year, although an engineering
partnership of KBR and URS subsequently
dropped out. Military prime contractors had
been excluded from the programme to avoid
the emergence of conflicts of interest.
The MoD commenced a 12-month review
period in April ahead of a 2014 decision on
whether to transfer core operations of DE&S
to a privately managed procurement opera­
tions. IHS Jane’s previously reported that more
than half of the DE&S staff of 16,500 would
transfer to the new organisation.
An alternative to the GOCO model is the
internal reform of DE&S, which now appears
the more likely model. Hammond said on
20 November in a statement to parliament
that the so-called “DE&S+” bid is being
refined and enhanced, but is expected to be
received shortly. ■
The Netherlands plans to buy four General
Atomics MQ-9 Reaper UAVs. Unlike this USAF
example, the Dutch aircraft will be unarmed.
target indicator - but will also include a spe­
cial Dutch requirement “a ground and surface
radar with larger coverage” than standard and
a specialised signals intelligence package.
Although no contract value has been made
public, the deal will be conducted through
the Foreign Military Sales programme.
Menno Steketee
JDW Correspondent, Amsterdam
HEADLINES «
UK ‘right to develop
offensive cyber
capabilities’, but
risks remain
The UK must place itself at the forefront of
cyber warfare capabilities while remaining
cognisant of the consequences of weaponis-
ing cyberspace, according to Andrew Beckett,
head of cyber services at Cassidian UK.
Briefing journalists on 20 November at a location
close to Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes (the UK’s
famous Second World War deciphering station),
Beckett argued that “in this day and age, having a
strong defensive and a strong offensive capability in
cyber is absolutely essential”. He cautioned, how­
ever, that cyber-weapons need to be very specifically
targeted. “You tend to target a cyber-weapon based
on the hardware, the software, the Infrastructure of
your target organisation,” he explained, but “no mat­
ter how much you target, you cannot guarantee that
only your intended target is going to be affected”.
“A traditional kinetic weapon has a defined blast
radius; you know what it’s going to do and, once it's
been used, that's it,” said Beckett. “If you release
a cyber-weapon, particularly over the internet, you
cannot guarantee what will affected and where.”
By way of example Beckett noted that Stuxnet, a
very heavily targeted computer worm that the United
States, with possible Israeli assistance, used to
disable Iranian uranium enrichment facilities in mid-
2010, “also affected a car plant in the US, which
was shut down for several months because they
were using the same centrifuges to purify paint”.
Interestingly, he noted that Stuxnet had been “in the
wild” on the internet for two years before finding its
way into Iran’s nuclear facilities.
Beckett was speaking in light of the 28 Sep­
tember announcement by UK Defence Secretary
Philip Hammond that, as part of a GBP500 million
(USD805.6 million) initiative by the UK Ministry of
Defence to create a Joint Cyber Reserve Unit, the
UK would also be developing an offensive cyber
capability. Asked by IHS Jane’s if Hammond was
right to signal the UK’s development of an offensive
cyber capability, Beckett replied: “We have seen,
over the years, America is doing it, the Chinese do
it, the Russians do it. I think it was right to say that
the UK has such a capability because it does have a
deterrent impact, but we just have to be careful how
and when we use it.”
Peter Felstead JDW Editor, Milton Keynes
fgr Go to ihs.com/ianes for more
27 November 2013 Jane’s Defence Weekly | 5
» DUBAI AIRSHOW 2013 For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes

UAE yet to commit to additional F-16s

GARETH JENNINGS Jane’s Aviation Desk Editor seat F-16F platforms, which it tions or requirements.”
DUBAI began receiving in 2004. The UAE is currently engaged
These Block 60 aircraft are the in a fighter procurement com­
Lockheed Martin has yet ment from the UAE following the most advanced variant of the petition to replace its 43 ageing
to receive any official word announcement by US Defense F-16, fitted with the Northrop Dassault Mirage 2000s, and
from the United Arab Emir­ Secretary Chuck Hagel that the Grumman AN/APG-80 active the announcement that it was
ates (UAE) with regard to the additional F-16 Block 60 aircraft electronically scanned array to receive the additional F-16s
proposed sale of an additional would be provided as part of an (AESA) radar. Although it is no raised questions about the UAE’s
25 F-16E/F Block 60 Desert arms package valued at approxi­ longer built, McHenry said a immediate requirement for an
Falcon combat aircraft an­ mately USD5 billion. ready supply base to manufac­ alternative fighter.
nounced earlier in the year, “Hagel announced the [addi­ ture this radar still exists as it has However, with no official
a company official told IHS tional] F-16s in April, but we’re not long been out of production, contract to back-up Hagel’s
Jane’s on 18 November. still waiting for confirmation from meaning the F-16 could still be announcement, it would appear
Speaking at the Dubai Airshow, the customer,” McHenry said. built to Block 60 specifications that the fighter replacement pro­
Bill McHenry, F-16 Business The United Arab Emirates Air if required. However, he noted: gramme remains on track, with
Development, said that Lockheed Force & Air Defence operates 55 “[Lockheed Martin] doesn’t the UAE looking to field a new
Martin is awaiting acknowledg­ single-seat F-16E and 24 twin- comment on customer specifica­ type in the 2017 time frame. ■

Airbus touts A400M to Middle East UAE acquires

The Airbus Military
Atlas
at the
airlifter
Dubai
made
Airshow
from 17 to 21 November as
the European defence
facturer looks to
one-third market share
rently enjoys in
lift transport orders.
With delivery of the second
production aircraft (MSN008)
to France having taken place on
6 November, Airbus Military is
showcasing its A400M at Dubai
and in the Middle East for the
first time in an effort to further
its 174-unit order book by capi­
talising on the growing desire in
the region to take on the kind
of international coalition and
humanitarian work that neces­
sitates a large strategic airlifter.
Airbus Military’s main competi­
tors in this region and beyond
are the tactical Lockheed Martin
C-130J Hercules and strategic
Boeing C-17 Globemaster III.
With a 37-tonne payload, the
A400M sits mid-way between
the C-17 ,(76 tonnes) and the
C-130J (20 tonnes). This melding
of strategic and tactical capabili­
A400M
its
2013
debut
manu­
build on the
it cur­
global heavy
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister and Vice-President of
the UAE, and Tom Enders, CEO of EADS, walk in front of the Airbus Military
A400M Atlas at the Dubai Airshow.
ties - ‘stractical’, as an industry
executive termed it to IHS Jane’s
- is the principal selling point for
the A400M’s global marketing
campaign.
In terms of its payload, the
A400M can carry a wide assort­
ment of outsized military equip­
ment. Carrying 20 tonnes, it can
fly an unrefuelled 3,400 n miles
at 37,000 ft, and at near-airliner
speeds of Mach 0.72. Upon
reaching its destination, the
A400M can then deliver its
cargo into an austere and unpre­
pared airstrip.
The problem for Airbus Military
in the Middle East is that the
company’s export drive is begin­
ning at a time when most of those
regional operators looking to
recapitalise their ageing C-13 0
fleets or build their strategic airlift
capabilities have already signed
up, or signalled their intent,
to procure either the C-l 30J
(Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates [UAE]) or C-l 7 (Kuwait,
Qatar, and the UAE).
Gareth Jennings Jane’s
Aviation Desk Editor, Dubai
Al-Tariq guided
bomb kit
The United Arab Emirates (UAE)
has acquired the Al-Tariq guided
bomb kit developed by Tawazun
Dynamics, Hamad al Marar, the
general manager of parent com­
pany Tawazun Group, told IHS
Jane’s at the Dubai Airshow.
Valued at AED1.8 billion (USD490
million), the contract is the largest
signed by the company, which is a
joint venture between Tawazan and
South Africa’s Denel, since it was
founded in September 2012.
“The UAE armed forces’ use of
Al-Tariq enhances the international
trust in our company’s products
and enables us [to run the] Al-Tariq
production line to its maximum
capacity,” said Al Marar.
He added that Tawazun Dynamics
is currently integrating the Al-Tariq
aboard the UAE’s Dassault Mirage
2000 aircraft and is exploring the
possibility of doing the same for the
UAE’s Lockheed Martin F-16E/F
Desert Falcon fighters.
Mohammed Najib
JDW Correspondent, Dubai

6 | Jane's Defence Weekly 27 November 2013 ihs.com/janes

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 For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
-Asi details Adcom unveils
export strategy
Global Yabhon
General Atomics Aeronautical
Systems Inc (GA-ASI) is target­
ing its Predator XP unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV) at a number
of Gulf states, Kazakhstan, and
Chile, the company’s Aircraft
Systems group president,
Frank Pace, told IHS Jane’s on
17 November.
The Predator XP version has
already been sold to the United
Arab Emirates (UAE). However,
the procurement has yet to go
through the congressional notifica­
tion stages required as part of the
process under the US Foreign Mili­
tary Sales (FMS) programme, which
is expected to take place in the next
few months.
The Predator XP was designed by
the company as a platform that could
be exported to non-NATO countries
allied to the United States for use in
intelligence, surveillance, and recon­
naissance (ISR) missions.
Pace confirmed that maintenance,
repair, and overhaul (MRO) work had
formed part of the package for the
Predator XP sale to the UAE.
Charles Forrester
Jane’s Defence Industry Analyst,
... and reveals Algerian interest in United 40 Block 5
Algeria is considering
Adcom Systems Yabhon
United 40 Block 5 unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV) to
its medium-altitude,
durance (MALE) intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnais­
sance (ISR) requirement,
company official said at
Dubai Air Show 2013.
Speaking to IHS Jane’s on 17
November, CEO and general
designer Ali al Dhaheri said an
Algerian delegation had viewed
the aircraft in the static display
area with a view to procuring it.
ihs.com/ianes
DUBAI AIRSHOW 2013 «
istry of Defence was interested
in purchasing two examples
of the United-40 UAV: a plat­
form revealed in 2011 that
was Adcom’s first high-stability
tandem bi-wing UAV and which
formed the basis for the larger
RICHARD D FISHER JR JDW Correspondent Global Yabhon.
DUBAI Both designs make extensive
use of carbon fibre composites
United Arab Emirates (UAE) to reduce overall weight: the 26
unmanned systems developer • The UAE’s Adcom unveiled its m-wingspan Global Yabhon has
Adcom used the 2013 Dubai Global Yabhon UAV in Dubai an empty weight of about 3.5
Airshow to unveil the Global • Adcom is looking to the Global tonnes. Its maximum payload is
Yabhon, which at 10 tonnes Yabhon to rival the Northrop 6.5 tonnes and it has rear-wing
is its largest unmanned aerial Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk and fuselage pylon attachments
vehicle (UAV). for up to 18 weapons. Payloads
Adcom has ambitions for displayed as a full-size mock-up at include Adcom’s small Namrod
the Global Yabhon to rival the the show, Adcom Chief Designer precision-guided and small tur­
Northrop Grumman RQ.-4 Ali al Dhaheri told IHS Jane’s that bojet-powered bomb, and up to
Global Hawk high-altitude, long- a “fully equipped” and tested four of the larger 240 km-range
endurance (HALE) UAV, while version would be ready in six Yabhon Thunder cruise missiles.
industry sources note it may rival months. He said that develop­ The Global Yabhon has a
or complement the Boeing P-8 ment was possible because Adcom high-altitude endurance of 40
Poseidon manned multimission had the support of a customer. hours and can be powered by two
maritime patrol aircraft. In July 2013 Russian reports small turbofan or reciprocating
While the Global Yabhon was indicated that the Russian Min­ engines. Al Dhaheri mentioned
that a “GE Honda” turbofan was
under consideration, possibly the
400 lb HF120 small turbofan.
Also unveiled in Dubai was a
maritime patrol/anti-submarine
version of the United 40 called
the U-40. This is equipped to
carry 24 sonobuoys and both it
Dubai and the Global Yabhon were dis­
Adcom displayed a version of its Global Yabhon HALE UAV in Dubai. played with torpedo mock-ups. ■
the The North African country rently operates the Denel released at the Dubai Air Show
is looking for an unmanned Dynamics Seeker UAV, while give the United 40 Block 5 a
platform to track militants and the Denel Seeker 400 and Selex cruise speed of 120-200 kph, an
fulfill traffickers in its vast southern Falco have also been touted as endurance of over 100 hours, and
long-en- desert regions. potential candidates. a service ceiling of26,000 ft. In
While Algerian media have pre­ First revealed in scale model terms of payload, the aircraft is
viously revealed that the air force form in 2007, the Yabhon United fitted with synthetic aperture
a is interested in the US-made 40 Block 5 UAV features Adcom’s radar (SAR), terrain avoidance
the General Atomics Aeronautical distinctive double fore and aft systems and a gimballed camera.
Systems Inc (GAASI) Predator/ main-wing configuration. The It can carry 1,050 kg on its
Reaper platform, this is the first twin-turboprop platform has a four underwing hardpoints and
time the United Arab Emirates 17.53m wingspan (giving a 24.3 has a 6-unit rotating dispenser
(UAE)-developed Yabhon United m2 lifting area across the two mounted in the fuselage.
40 Block 5 has been touted as a wing sets), is 11.3 m in length, Gareth Jennings
possible candidate. and stands 4.38 m high. Jane’s Aviation Desk Editor,
The Algerian Air Force cur­ Performance specifications Dubai
27 November 2013 Jane’s Defence Weekly I 9
» DUBAI AIRSHOW 2013
KAF looks to
the future
The Kuwaiti Air Force (KAF) is
planning to boost its aerial and
ground-based capabilities, Brig­
adier General Yousef Abdulaziz
Alshaya, the deputy commander
of the KAF, told IHS Jane’s during
the Dubai Airshow.
“The leadership of our armed
forces has decided to purchase
double-engine fighter jets, either the
Eurofighter Typhoon, the Rafale from
Dassault, or the [Boeing F/A-18E/F]
Super Hornet,” he said.
The KAF also plans to upgrade its
fleet of Boeing F/A-18C/D fighters,
which was delivered in the 1990s, as
well as its ground-based air defence
systems to provide comprehensive
protection of Kuwait's airspace, Gen
Alshaya said.
Gen Alshaya added that: “Ballistic
missiles form a real threat as it takes
three or four minutes for them to
infiltrate the country's airspace,”
It was revealed earlier this year
that Kuwait had ordered kits to
modify its existing Patriot PAC-2
launchers to the PAC-3 standard, as
well as ordering the associated MIM-
104F missiles.
Mohammed Najib
JDW Correspondent, Dubai
Italy becomes launch customer for MC-27J gunship
The Italian Air Force (Aero-
nautica Militare Italiana - AMI)
was named as the launch
customer for the Alenia
Aermacchi MC-27J gunship
during the Dubai Airshow on
18 November.
Representatives from Alenia, f
ATK, the Italian government and 1
the AMI signed a letter of intent
for an initial three C-27J Spartan
transport aircraft to be modified
to accept the palletised gunship
kits by the end of 2016. A further
three C-27Js will be converted
and delivered back to the AMI
10 J Jane's Defence Weekly 27 November 2013
Pakistan looks to Block 3
variant of Chengdu JF-17
REUBEN F JOHNSON JDW Correspondent
DUBAI
At this year’s Dubai
officials from the Pakistan
Aeronautical Complex
discussed their plans
future Block 3 variant
Chengdu JF-17/FC-1
now that the Block 2 model
has a mature configuration.
The aircraft is produced jointly
by the PAC and Chengdu Aero­
space Corporation in China.
“The Block 3 aircraft now
exists in the form of a concep­
tual design and a list of mission
requirements,” said one of
the senior Pakistan Air Force
(PAF) officers assigned to the
programme, “but no concrete
decisions have been made about
the choice and configuration
of the onboard systems for the
aircraft.”
Despite proposals to replace
certain JF-17 components,
PAF officers who spoke to IHS
Jane’s said they are happy with
the aircraft’s current Chinese
| them equipped with
<I
in the same timeframe.
Italy has a requirement,
dubbed Praetorian, for a special-
mission platform that matches
the capability offered by the MC-
27J. Phase one of the Praetorian
For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
Airshow systems and have no plans to
replace them. Specifically, the
(PAC) PAF expressed satisfaction with
for a the radar set and the KG300G
of the electronic warfare pod, both of
fighter which are produced by different
institutes of the China Electron­
ics Technology Corporation.
These enterprises are co-located
in Chengdu, Sichuan Province,
along with Aircraft Plant No 132,
which manufactures the JF-17.
However, if there is to be a
series-produced FC-1 variant that
is operated by the People’s Lib­
eration Army Air Force the “rigid
security protocols in China will
not permit them to operate the
aircraft with a common [to the
Pakistani aircraft] set of onboard
systems,” said a Chinese industry
specialist with inside knowledge
of the programme.
One major JF-17 subsystem
that has long been the subject
of a possible replacement is the
Russian-made Klimov/Sarkisov
The initial MC-27JS for
the Italian Air Force
will be fitted with a
side-mounted GAU-23
30 mm cannon. Later
upgrades may see
precision-guided
munitions.
project will see Alenia develop
a prototype aircraft for the AMI
to be delivered in 2014. Phase
two encompasses the production
run for the six converted aircraft,
plus a support package.
RD-93 jet engine: a modified ver­
sion ofMikoyan’s MiG-29 RD-33
power plant. Numerous stories
over the years have discussed
replacing this with the WS-13
engine produced by the Liyang
Aeroengine Corporation (LYAC)
in Guizhou, Guiyang Province.
However, there are again
reports that technology bottle­
necks continue to dog this and
other Chinese military engine
designs, “such as engine blades
warping during high-g manoeu­
vres and sometimes complete
failures of the compressor
section”, according to a Western
intelligence officer posted in
Beijing. “Additionally, the lack
of fluency with such aviation
materials technologies as powder
metallurgy are another short­
coming that holds back Chinese
progress,” he said.
IHS Jane’s reported recently
that more than USD700 million
was to be invested into LYAC,
part of which is presumably to be
used to enhance the technological
proficiency of the enterprise. ■
First unveiled at the Farnbor-
ough Airshow in 2012, the MC-
27J is a special-mission variant
of the C-27J tactical transport
aircraft that features a palletised
roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) mission
and weapon system.
Developed with ATK, the
aircraft is fitted with two Star-
SAFIRE 380-HD/L-3 Wescam
MX-15HD electro-optic/infrared
(EO/IR) sensor turrets, and a
side-mounted GAU-23 (Mk 44
Bushmaster II) 30 mm cannon.
Gareth Jennings Jane’s
Aviation Desk Editor, Dubai
ihs.com/janes
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For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
Argentina
deploys Joint
Task Force
‘Fortin ir
Argentine Minister of Defence
Agustin Rossi on 13 November
officially unveiled the deploy­
ment of Joint Task Force ‘Fortin
II’ in the Santiago del Estero
province: a key development for
Operation 'Northern Shield’ and
the National Aerospace Surveil­
lance and Control programme
that was implemented in 2004.
“We had only four civilian control
radars [in 2004] and today - with
the addition of the upcoming ones
that will be installed in the towns of
Las Lomitas and Colonia Juarez in
Formosa - we’ll be getting to 22,
which means that we will be able to
control via radar 95% of our routes,”
the minister said.
Rossi also noted that the pro­
gramme’s primary and secondary
radars are entirely manufactured in
Argentina by INVAR
Diego Gonzalez
JDW Correspondent,
Buenos Aires
USAF and ANG review intra-theatre airlift needs
The US Air National Guard
(ANG) and US Air Force
(USAF) are re-evaluating their
intra-theatre airlift needs as
the latter is seeking to unload
its nascent Alenia C-27J
Spartan fleet.
C-27J procurement began in
2007 as the Joint Cargo Aircraft
(JCA) programme run by the US
Army and USAF, which were to
buy 78 aircraft in total: 54 for the
USAF and 24 for the army to sup­
plant older C-12 Huron and C-2 3
Sherpa platforms.
The ANG was to operate the
USAF’s C-27J transports. “The
C-27 was a platform that we
ihs.com/janes
USN, USAF discuss Global
Hawk-Triton funding deal
MARINA MALENIC Jane's Industry Reporter
WASHINGTON, DC
The US Navy (USN) and US Air
Force (USAF) are discussing
potential transfer of
2012 USAF procurement
ing to buy more MQ-4C Triton
unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs), according to
ment sources with
of the USN proposal.
The funds, in the range of
USD 3 00 million, were originally
allocated for the purchase of
three Northrop Grumman
Block 30 RQ-4 Global Hawk
high-altitude surveillance UAVs.
The navy proposes to use the
funding to procure two MQ-4C
maritime surveillance UAVs
instead, a government official
told IHS Jane’s.
"The discussions are at the
flag officer level, which means a
proposed transfer request may
go to Congress in early 2014,”
said the official.
The US military received its first C-27J Spartan tactical cargo aircraft in
October 2008.
were very interested in for
the homeland mission... but,
with the sequestration bill that
had to be paid, something had
THE AMERICAS «
• The USN has proposed that
a The Pentagon had planned
two MQ-4C Triton maritime
Fiscal Year
surveillance UAVs be bought
fund­ with funding originally
allocated to the USAF for
Block 30 Global Hawks
govern­
• A funding transfer request
knowledge
could go to Congress in
early 2014
Last week the USAF awarded
Northrop Grumman a USD 114
million advance procurement
contract to build three RQ-4s and
associated sensors. That contract
provides for advance procure­
ment of long-lead items associ­
ated with three Block 30 aircraft,
including three enhanced
integrated sensor suites, three
airborne signals intelligence
payloads (ASIPs) and two ASIP
retrofit kits to be installed on
previously purchased aircraft.
to go and the air force selected
that,” General Frank Grass,
chief of the National Guard
Bureau, told reporters during a
27 November 2013 Jane’s Defence Weekly | 13
According to the government
official, long-lead Block 30 RQ-4
Global Hawk parts are common
with the MQ-4C.
to purchase 42 Block 30 Global
Hawks. Northrop Grumman has
delivered 16 aircraft to the USAF,
with five more pending.
The USAF’s 2013 budget
proposal called for its Block 30
Global Hawk to be retired and
for new purchases to cease after
senior leaders reported in 2011
that the platform had not been
cost-effective and the manned
Lockheed U-2 Dragon Lady fleet
could undertake reconnaissance
missions at a lower cost. However,
US lawmakers questioned those
plans and put them on hold.
The USN plan to purchase
Tritons instead of the unwanted
RQ-4s “would assuage some
of the political furore over the
USAF’s intent to mothball its
new [Global Hawk] fleet”, said
the official. ■
19 November breakfast meeting
in Washington, DC.
Still, Gen Grass has asked the
National Commission on the
Structure of the Air Force to
study what smaller platforms,
such as the C-12 Huron and
C-2 3 Sherpa, have been lifting
and how often and far they were
flying over the past 10 years. The
ANG chief hopes this study will
result in “a proposal of who’s
going to do that mission in the
future, realising that we cannot
afford everything”.
Daniel Wasserbly
JDW Americas Editor,
Washington, DC
» THE AMERICAS
Lawmakers call for A-10
fleet to be preserved
CAITLIN LEE Senior Americas Aviation Reporter
WASHINGTON, DC
US lawmakers are urging the
US Department of Defense
(DoD) to reject any plans to cut
funding for the A-10 Thunder­
bolt II close support aircraft,
noting that they would oppose
any effort to divest from the
US Air Force’s (USAF’s) A-10
fleet in a recent letter.
The letter was signed by a
bipartisan group of lawmakers,
including Republican Senator
Kelly Ayotte, who has been a
vocal opponent of A-10 cuts.
The lawmakers called on Sec­
retary of Defense Chuck Hagel
and General Martin Dempsey,
chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, to scrutinise any move
to cut A-10 funds in the Fiscal
Year 2015 (FY15) budget. They
also called on the Pentagon to
complete a study on close air sup­
port (CAS) as directed by a Senate
Armed Services Committee
report accompanying the FY14
defence authorisation bill.
The letter additionally asked
the USAF to halt any actions that
could “make an A-10 divestment
a foregone conclusion before
Congress can exercise its consti­
tutional oversight role”.
Lawmakers are calling atten-
Ford moves down river for completion
The lead ship of the US Navy’s
(USN’s) new class
carrier was launched
James River on 17
and moved to a southern
at Newport News
(NNS) to complete
and testing.
Six tugboats helped to move
Gerald R Ford (CVN 78) to Pier 3
14 j Jane’s Defence Weekly 27 November 2013
• US lawmakers are calling on
the USAF to reconsider any
plans to cut A-10 funds
• The service has been mulling
‘vertical cuts’ to entire aircraft
fleets, including the A-10
tion to the A-10 as USAF officials
mull a variety of options for
‘vertical cuts’ to entire fleets
of aircraft, including the A-10
and the KC-10 Extender aerial
refuelling tanker.
The pressure to make such
drastic cuts stems from across-
the-board defence budget cuts
stipulated by sequestration.
“To get those billions of dollars
in savings versus millions of dol­
lars ... means we have to go after
vertical cuts,” Acting Secretary of
the Air Force Eric Fanning said on
18 November. “You don’t get sav­
ings of the magnitude we need
at NNS: a division of Huntington
of aircraft Ingalls Industries in Newport
into the News, Virginia.
November For the next 28 months
pier shipbuilders there will complete
Shipbuilding outfitting of the carrier’s berth­
outfitting ing areas, mess areas, and work
spaces and will continue testing
the ship’s electrical, mechanical,
and combat systems, to include
For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
to if you take a squadron out of
every fleet. You have to take out
entire fleets and everything that
surrounds them.”
In the letter, however, law­
makers said they believed any
moves to cut the A-10 would be
based on what they believed were
two ‘questionable - and poten­
tially dangerous - assumptions’.
The first is that, in the future,
the United States would not be
fighting counter-insurgency and
counter-terrorism battles such
as those in Afghanistan and Iraq.
The second assumption is that
aircraft such as the F-l 5 Eagle,
F-16 Fighting Falcon, B-1 Lancer,
or B-2 Spirit could cover the
A-lO’s low-flying CAS mission.
“The A-10 represents the air
force’s best CAS aircraft,” said
the lawmakers. “The last cuts we
should make are the ones that
would deprive our troops of the
capabilities they need to accom­
plish their missions and return
home safely.” ■
US lawmakers
are calling on
the Pentagon
to save the
A-10 fleet.
the new Electromagnetic Aircraft
Launch System and the Dual
Band Radar arrays.
Ford had been under construc­
tion at NNS’s Dry Dock 12 since
November 2009. It is due to be
delivered to the USN in 2016.
Grace Jean
Jane’s Naval Reporter,
Washington, DC
Electric Boat
receives more
funds for CMC
development
General Dynamics Electric
Boat (GDEB) has received
a USD22.5 million award
for continued research and
development (R&D) work on the
joint US-UK Common Missile
Compartment (CMC), officials
announced on 15 November.
GDEB received the award as
part of a five-year, USD1.85 billion
contract that was initially let by the
US Navy in December 2012 for R&D
work on the Ohio-class ballistic
missile submarine replacement
(SSBN[X]) programme.
The USD22.5 million contract
modification is intended to fund
continued CMC development
for the USN’s Ohio replacement
programme as well as the UK Royal
Navy’s Successor-class SSBN.
USN officials are planning to
acquire a 12-boat SSBN(X) class
to replace the fleet's 14 Ohio-class
SSBNs, which are set to retire from
2027. The new class, which is
expected to commence construction
in 2021, will be equipped with Trident
D5 ballistic missiles.
GDEB officials said that funds
from the award will support
the procurement and testing of
equipment that will be used in the
production of the CMC.
The Ohio-class replacement’s
missile tube construction is
intended to be accomplished in
groups of four, known as quad-
packs, in the shop and manufac­
turing process. GDEB would then
join and test the quad-packs at its
facility in Quonset Point, Rhode
Island, before shipping the missile
compartment as a single unit to the
shipyard for incorporation into the
hull during final assembly.
Grace Jean
Jane's Naval Reporter,
Washington, DC
ihs.com/janes
The Republic of Brazil
is forecast by IHS
to commit a total of
USD27.8 billion to military
procurement between
2011 and 2015...
Brazil’s economic and
currency problems seem to
be [in the past]...
Brazil’s defei The rise of Venezuela
forecast by I as a military power, and
between 20' growing defence spending
elsewhere in the region,
will encourage Brazil to
seek a parity...

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7311_1012AA
» EUROPE
Russian Air Force
chief outlines
inventory plans
KARL SOPER JDW Correspondent
WASHINGTON, DC_________________
Russia’s Sukhoi T-50 (PAK-FA)
fighter will complete factory
trials by the end of 2013 and
then begin state testing, the
commander of the Russian
Air Force, Lieutenant General
Viktor Bondarev, has said.
State tests of the T-50 will
take three years, at which point
the Ministry of Defence will
decide whether to accept it
into service, Gen Bondarev told
Russian magazine Voenno-Pro-
myshlenny Kuryer.
Gen Bondarev also provided
EU leaders agree capability goals
European Union defence and for­
eign ministers have agreed upon
four multi-nation capability goals
for their leaders to approve at the
EU’s planned defence summit in
December.
The four prioritised capabilities
that the 28 EU countries aim to jointly
develop for military/civilian applica­
tions are: air-to-air refuelling; remotely
piloted aircraft systems (RPASs); cyber of creating a European multi-role
defences; and government-owned
satellite communications.
The agreement, which has been
expected, came at the conclusion of an
18-19 November meeting of ministers
in Brussels. However, the ministers
failed to agree on a fifth line of action
on initiatives to support Europe’s
defence industry, although EU sources
say a compromise is in the making.
“There is a consensus that the EU
has to grow into its role of security
provider, but to play this role it needs
16 | Jane’s Defence Weekly 27 November 2013
• Factory trials of Russia’s
T-50 (PAK-FA) fighter will be
complete by the end of 2013
• The Russian Air Force has
received 400 new aircraft in
the last few years
details on procurement of
an interceptor to replace the
MikoyanMiG-31 ‘Foxhound’.
The Sukhoi Su-35 ‘Flanker E’
will be outfitted with modern
air-to-air missiles by 2015 and,
together with the T-50, will
fulfil the air superiority mission,
according to the general. He
added that the air force will only
capabilities and these must be
sustained by industry. That is the nar­
rative,” Majiec Popowski, deputy secre­
tary general of the European External
Action Service, the EU's foreign policy
wing, said on 19 November.
Regarding air-to-air refuelling, 10
countries signed a letter of intent on 19
November to explore joint acquisition of
new tanker aircraft, with the end-goal
tanker transport fleet by 2020.
As for RPASs, three initiatives were
agreed during the meeting, the most
strategically important of these being
the endorsement by all the EDA coun­
tries of a common staff target as the
basis for a future MALE programme.
That decision now clears the way for
work to begin on a MALE technical
requirement.
Brooks Tigner
JDW NATO & EU Affairs Co/respondent,
Brussels
For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
The fifth prototype Sukhoi T-50 (PAK-FA) was photographed on 20 November
in a new colour scheme.
consider buying the Mikoyan
MiG- 3 5 ‘Fulcrum F’ after 2016.
Gen Bondarev said that since
the launch of the 2011-2020
State Armaments Programme the
air force has received 400 new
aircraft: 100 fixed-wing plat­
forms and 300 helicopters.
He added that the inventory
of ageing An-2 6 ‘Curl’ transports
will continue to be replaced
with Antonov An-140 turboprop
aircraft. The air force currently
has 11 transport versions of the
An-140 regional airliner. Gen
Final bids in
for Poland’s
AJT contest
Final bids for the Polish Air
Force’s Advanced Jet
(AJT) programme were
mitted on 20 November,
the Polish Ministry of
Defence (MND) revealing
Alenia Aermacchi has
the lowest-cost solution.
Poland is seeking a new holistic
jet trainer solution, based around
eight new trainers alongside a
full training package, including a
full mission flight simulator and
task trainers; an ejection seat
simulator; teaching aids; service
equipment; spare parts; a data
package; and an exploitation sup­
port system, to be based in Deblin.
The new aircraft will replace
Poland’s PZL TS-11 Iskra jet train­
Bondarev also stated that the
Russian Air Force currently has
orders for 30 Ilyushin 11-476s
(Il-76MD-90As) and that he
hopes two An-124 ‘Condor’
strategic transport aircraft will be
modernised each year.
A new aerial tanker/transport
should complete development in
2015 and will be procured before
2020, according to the air force
chief. Meanwhile, the existing
fleet of 11-78 ‘Midas’ tankers will
be modernised and should remain
airworthy until 2030. ■
ers, manufactured in 1976-77.
In an announcement on 20
November the MND stated that
Alenia Aermacchi’s bid, based
around the M-346 Master, was
valued at PZL1.168 billion (USD
376.8 million). BAE Systems’
offer of a Hawk AJT-based solu­
tion came in at PZL 1.754 billion,
Trainer while Lockheed Martin UK and
sub­ Korea Aerospace Industries’ bid
with with the T-50 Golden Eagle was
National priced at PZL 1.803 billion.
that A potential fourth bidder, Aero
offered Vodochody, withdrew from the
programme in June.
The MND has revealed that
its planned budget for the AJT
programme is PLZ 1.196 million,
with the purchase cost compris­
ing 50% of the evaluation criteria,
while life cycle cost and perfor­
mance account for the remainder.
A contract is to be awarded in
the first quarter of 2014. Deliver­
ies are expected from 2016-17.
Remigiusz Wilk JDW
Correspondent, Warsaw
ihs.com/janes
For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
Turkey to boost defence, security,
intelligence budgets by 9.4%
LALE SARIIBRAHIMOGLU JDW Correspondent
ANKARA
Turkey’s security, defence
and intelligence budgets for
2014 will see a 9.4% rise over
2013’s figures, it was revealed
on 18 November.
According to the Ministry
of Finance, combined budgets
earmarked for these areas have
been set atTRY49.6 billion
(USD24.65 billion) for 2014, up
fromTRY45.3 billion in 2013.
This comprises 11.3% of Turkey’s
overall Fiscal Year 2 014 (FY14)
state budget and 3% of the coun­
try’s GDP.
Funding assigned specifically
for the Ministry of National
Defence (MND) has risen by
7.1 % to TRY21.8 billion in FY 14,
from TRY20.3 billion in FY13.
Reasons cited for the increase
in Turkey’s defence and security
budgets include the security
threats posed by the ongoing
conflict in neighbouring Syria
and the Kurdistan People’s Party
(PKK), despite the current peace
process involving the latter. Tur-
Further delays for Turkish attack helo
The main batch of 50 Turkish
Aerospace Industries (TAI)/
AgustaWestland T129 attack
helicopters is to be delayed
by another year, Murad Bayar,
head of Turkey’s Undersecre­
tariat for Defence Industries
(SSM), has told IHS Jane’s.
Delivery of the aircraft had
originally been planned to begin in
mid-2013, although this has now
been pushed back another year.
AgustaWestland sources sepa­
rately confirmed that manufactur­
ing of the first of the production
batch in Italy has yet to begin.
ihs.com/janes
key’s conscription-based military
model was also cited as a driver
for the increase, with Turkish
Defence Minister Ismet Yilmaz
stating that 48% of the MND
budget is earmarked for person­
nel expenditures in FY14.
However, the figures disclosed
on defence and security do not
include extra-budgetary resources
earmarked for these sectors. The
majority of these are unaccount­
able - including a fund created for
arms procurement carried out by
The news comes as the delivery
of the nine early-delivery, basic-
configuration T129A helicopters
continues to be delayed due to
technical issues discovered during
acceptance tests, Bayar stated.
However, he added that the
technical problems were not too
serious and should be overcome.
Local media reports have
claimed that excessive vibrations
have been occurring during flight
trials and that the aircraft are
unbalanced.
Meanwhile, Turkish Defence
Minister Ismet Yilmaz stated on
the Undersecretariat for Defence
Industries (SSM). However,
Yilmaz stated that around USD 1.5
billion is spent each year by the
SSM on military projects.
The lack of direct parliamen­
tary oversight of the defence
and security budgets makes
it difficult to identify the full
figures earmarked for these
sectors, which are generally
higher than the figures disclosed
by the finance ministry. Hence,
although the announced MND
budget comprises 1.2% of GDP
for 2014, it is estimated to be
closerto 2.3%ofGDP. ■
11 November that the procedures
for accepting the first four early-
delivery T129As have now been
completed and their acceptance
process continues. However, he
did not elaborate on the remain­
ing five early-delivery helicopters.
TAI has been making modifica­
tions to meet specific Turkish
requirements on the nine pre­
series T12 9 A attack helicopters,
which Turkey has ordered as a
stop-gap measure until the main
batch of T129Bs enter service.
Lale Sariibrahimoglu,
JDW Correspondent, Ankara
27 November 2013 Jane’s Defence Weekly | 17
EUROPE «
»In brief
Centurion fires first missile
Chemring Countermeasures and
Raytheon Missile Systems have
successfully conducted a first ‘proof
of concept’ missile firing from Chem-
ring’s Centurion multirole launcher.
Conducted on 23 October at the
Defence Training Estate on Salisbury
Plain in the UK, the proving trial saw
a Raytheon Javelin missile fired from
a Centurion ‘Bravo’ prototype and hit
a static target. Originally conceived
by Chemring to deliver advanced
soft-kill countermeasures for anti­
ship missile defence, the Centurion
launcher is now also being offered
as a multirole system also capable of
deploying a wide range of additional
offensive munitions.
NATO extends Patriot mission
The Netherlands and the United
States have decided to renew their
deployment of Raytheon Patriot air
defence missile systems in Turkey
for another year, it has been
announced. Turkey requested an
extension of the NATO deployment,
active since January to protect
it from potential missile attacks
emanating from the conflict in
neighbouring Syria, on 8 November.
The Netherlands decided to renew
its deployment on 15 November, with
the United States acting accordingly
on 18 November. Germany had yet
to respond to Turkey’s request when
JDW went to press.
Poland renews Embraer 175 lease
The Polish Armament Inspectorate
has decided to renew its lease of
two Embraer 175 medium-range
twin-engine airliners from LOT Polish
Airlines until 31 December 2017.
The aircraft have been used, under
charter, for Polish VIP transport since
June 2010. This first contract, worth
USD43.66 million, was signed to
replace the country’s ageing Tupolev
and Yakolev airliners after a Polish Air
Force Tu-154M crashed on 10 April
2010 near Smolensk, Russia, killing
all 96 on board, including many VIPs.
» ASIA PACIFIC For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes

While the official did not

Sagem, Thales
sign naval
China reveals specify which PLA platforms
the CM-400AKG was in service

systems deals
with Indonesia
Sagem and Thales have signed
contracts to supply mission sys­
tems for naval platforms under
construction for the Indonesian
Navy (TNI-AL), the two French
companies announced sepa­
rately on 18 November.
Thales signed a deal to deliver
and install a range of systems -
including its TACTICOS combat
management system - on board the
TNI-AL’s two SIGMA 10514 Perusak
Kawal Rudal (PKR) guided missile
frigates, while Sagem will supply the
navigation system for the TNI-AL’s
three Chang Bogo-class Type 209
submarines.
Thales said it had been con­
tracted by prime contractor Damen
Schelde to supply the PKR frigates
with the latest version of its TACTI­
COS system as well as its SMART-S
Mk2 surveillance radar, STIR 1.2
Mk2 fire control system, KINGKLIP
sonar, and LINK-Y datalink.
Sagem's contract from DSME
features the former's supply of a
navigation system comprising two
Sigma 40 inertial reference units, a
computer, and navigation software.
Jon Grevatt
Jane’s Asia-Pacific Industry Analyst,
Bangkok
new details about
CM-400AKG ASM
RICHARD D FISHER JR JDW Correspondent_________________________________
DUBAI & LONDON
Officials at the 2013 Dubai
Airshow revealed new details
about the China Aerospace
Corporation (CASIC) Mach 4+
CM-400AKG anti-ship missile
(ASM), which was unveiled at
the November 2012 Zhuhai
Airshow.
A full-size model of the missile
was displayed in Dubai alongside
the Chinese-Pakistani Chengdu
FC-1/JF-17 fighter.
A military source told IHS
Jane’s that the CM-400AKG had
been tested and was “opera­
tional” with China’s military,
contradicting earlier reports
with, it is likely that the missile
has been initially fitted to Xian
JH-7A strike fighters of the
People’s Liberation Army Air
Force and PLA Navy Air Force.
The source also revealed that
a ‘more advanced’ version of the
CM-400AKG is under develop­
ment, with its major difference
being the incorporation of a new
• New details have been radar guidance system that he
revealed about the CASIC declined to elaborate upon.
Mach 4+ CM-400AKG anti-ship However, Aviation Industries
missile at the Dubai Airshow Corporation of China (AVIC) did
• A ‘more advanced’ version of disclose system and dimensional
the CM-400AKG is also under data about the CM-400AKG,
development, according to a including information on three
military source possible guidance systems.
One guidance system was
described as ‘INS+GNSS+ pas­
that the missile was designed by sive radar (L, S, X Band)’, giving
China to first meet Pakistan Air the missile a circular error
Force (PAF) requirements. probable (CEP) of 5-10 m. A
The CM-400AKG has previ­ second version was described as
ously been described as a response ‘INS+GNSS+IR/TV seeker’ with
to the Russian-Indian BrahMos a CEP of 5 m. A third version
supersonic anti-ship missile. employs ‘INS+GNSS Combined
Guidance’ to give a CEP of 50 m.
AVIC also confirmed earlier
reports that the CM-400AKG
has a high-altitude, high-speed
launch profile, listing launch
altitude as 8 -12 km and launch
speed as Mach 0.7-0.9. AVIC
I also notes the missile’s length as
a 5.165 m, diameter as 40 cm, and
! range as 100-240 km and says it
g isarmedwitha200kg“penetra-
' tion-explosive” warhead. ■

China fields new 105 mm assault gun vehicle

The People’s Liberation Army
(PLA) has started to field a
new assault gun vehicle that
has a turret armed with a
105 mm gun.
The new vehicle is understood
to be designated the ZBL-09. IHS
Jane’s understands that the first
unit to be equipped with it is the
162nd Light Mechanised Infantry
Division, which is part of the
54th Group Army stationed in the
Jinan Military Region.
The ZBL-09 is based on a new
welded steel hull that probably
shares some components with
the wheeled ZBD-09 (8x8)
infantry fighting vehicle also
deployed by the PLA.
An export version of the ZBD-
09 is marketed by China North
Industries Corporation (Norinco)
under the VN1 designation. Chi­
nese sources have also referred to
the ZBD-09 family of vehicles as
the Type 109.
The layout of the ZBL-09,
which is also referred to as a
“wheeled light tank” by the PLA,
appears to differ from the ZBD-
09, with the driver at the front,
turret and fighting compartment
in the middle, and the diesel
power pack at the rear. The hull
and turret are fitted with appli­
que passive armour.
The turret is armed with a 105
mm rifled gun that is fitted with
a thermal sleeve, fume extractor,
and muzzle brake. It does not
appear to be fitted with a muzzle
reference system.
Christopher F Foss Jane’s
Land Consultant, London

18 j Jane’s Defence Weekly 27 November 2013 ihs.com/janes

For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
India finally commissions
ex-Russian aircraft carrier
RAHUL BEDI JDW Correspondent
NEW DELHI
The Indian Navy (IN) commis­
sioned INS Vikramaditya, a
second-hand 44,750-tonne
modified Kiev-class aircraft
carrier, on 16 November fol­
lowing a five-year delay and
an almost three-fold escala­
tion in its refurbishment costs.
“The induction of Vikrama­
ditya, with its integral MiG-
29KUB fighters and Kamov
Ka-31 helicopters, will add a new
dimension to the IN’s capabili­
ties,” Indian Defence Minister
A K Antony said at a ceremony
at the Sevmash shipyard in
Severodvinsk, northern Russia,
where the vessel was refitted for
USD2.33 billion.
Antony admitted that India
had “almost given up hope on
the carrier at one point” but the
country’s “time-tested special
and strategic partnership” with
Russia had led to the project’s
successful culmination.
He was referring to recurring
delays in the carrier’s deliv­
Malaysia plans naval command at Bintulu
The Royal Malaysian Navy
(RMN) will establish a re­
gional naval command at the
planned Bintulu naval base in
addition to its existing three,
service chief Admiral Aziz
Jaafar told IHS Jane’s on
15 November.
“It will be a major effort there
and we are currently in discus­
sion with both the federal and
state government there as to the
size and development of the base
and its facilities,” he said.
The RMN currently has three
regional naval commands:
ihs.com/janes
ery, originally scheduled for
2008, and cost escalation in its
refurbishment far in excess of
the USD974 million originally
agreed on in January 2004.
“Vikramaditya’s induction will
not only exponentially increase
the IN’s capabilities but also alter
the balance of power in the Indo-
Pacific region,” former IN chief
Admiral Arun Prakash told IHS
Jane’s on 18 November.
“The Vikramaditya/'MiG-29K
COMNAV 1 at Kuantan on the
east coast of Peninsular Malaysia,
which covers the Johore Strait,
east coast of Peninsular Malaysia
and Malaysia’s portion of the
South China Sea there; COMNAV
2 at Sepanggar, Sabah, covering
the entire East Malaysian coast­
line and the waters surrounding
it, including Malaysia’s portion of
the South China Sea there and the
Spratly Islands; and COMNAV 3
on Langkawi Island, covering the
Strait of Malacca and Malaysian
waters at both ends of the strait.
The planned COMNAV 4 will
ASIA PACIFIC «
| Karwar in southwestern India, in
J early 2014.
| The carrier will not be equipped
combination can be expected to
confront any shore-based air force
and prevail as it will exercise sea
control over a three-dimensional
bubble spread over a 400-450 n
mile radius,” he added.
Former Vice Admiral Anoop
Singh concurred, claiming that,
once operational, Vikramaditya
would be a “game changer” in the
Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
“Its MiG-29Ks, with operating
ranges of 1,300 km extendable
cover the waters of the South
China Sea around the East
Malaysian state of Sarawak,
which include James Shoal, 50 n
miles from Bintulu and the site
of a People’s Liberation Army
Navy (PLAN) naval exercise on
26 March. The development
of a naval base at Bintulu was
announced on 10 October by
Malaysian Defence Minister His-
hammuddin Tun Hussein.
Adm Aziz said the base was
being established to ensure
the protection of Malaysia’s
resources and interests in its ter­
27 November 2013 Jane's Defence Weekly | 19
to 3,500 km with in-flight refu­
elling, will exponentially change
the IOR’s strategic landscape,”
he said.
The IN has acquired 45 MiG-
29Ks, which will constitute the
air arms of Vikramaditya and
Vikrant: a 40,000-tonne carrier
under construction at Cochin
Shipyard Limited in southern
India that is likely to be commis­
sioned in 2018.
The 294 m-long Vikramaditya,
which has a short take-off but
arrested recovery (STOBAR) con­
figuration, is scheduled to leave
Russia with its 1,600-strong
Indian crew in early December.
It is expected to reach its home
port of INS Kadamba, near
8 with close-in weapon systems
(CIWS) until around 2017.
“We had initially offered the
IN the possibility of installing
the Kashtan CIWS [known in
Russian service as the Kortik/
Pantsir-Sl (SA-N-11 ‘Grison’)]
and the AK-630M 30 mm sys­
tem, but a decision on this has
not been taken by the IN as yet,”
Sergey Vlasov, Vikramaditya’s
chief designer at the Nevskoe
Design Bureau, told visiting
Indian media at Severodvinsk. ■
ritorial waters and exclusive eco­
nomic zone. The development
of the base is also a response
to the PLAN exercise at James
Shoal and numerous incursions
by Chinese ships, mainly vessels
from China’s various maritime
enforcement agencies.
Adm Aziz also outlined RMN
priorities for 2014, with a chief
emphasis on operational readi­
ness and having a target of eight
ongoing operational patrols in
Malaysian waters every 24 hours.
Dzirhan Mahadzir JDW
Correspondent, Kuala Lumpur
» MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA
»in brief Iran unveils ‘strategic’ UAV
Saudi navy requests C4I kit
The Royal Saudi Navy (RSN) has
requested the sale of C4I equipment
worth an estimated USD1.1 billion,
the US Defense and Security Agency
(DSCA) announced on 18 November.
It listed the equipment involved as
109 Link-16 Multifunctional Informa­
tion and Distribution System - Low
Volume Terminal, Global Command
and Control Systems - Joint; IFF
systems; commercial satellite com­
munications; the Combined Enter­
prise Regional Information Exchange
System; commercial radios;
high-frequency datalink systems;
global positioning systems; and an air
defence system interrogator.
Iran developing 23 mm Gatling
Iran is working on a three-barrelled
23 mm Gatling-type gun to defend
against cruise missiles, it was
revealed on 18 November. The
Asefeh was displayed to Major
General Mohammed Ali Jafari, the
commander of the Islamic Revolu­
tion Guards Corps (IRGC), when he
reviewed some of the latest innova­
tions made by the IRGC's research
and development department. The
gun is reportedly capable of firing up
to 900 rounds a minute.
US to train Libyans in Bulgaria
The United States has agreed to
train between 5,000 and 8,000 Lib­
yan military personnel in Bulgaria,
Department of Defense spokesman
Colonel Steve Warren told reporters
on 18 November. “It's one element
of a targeted security programme
we've been providing in Libya since
2011," Col Warren said. No further
details were provided.
Tunisia negotiates for helos
Tunisia is negotiating to buy six
helicopters from France for about
EUR300 million (USD405.5 million),
Al-Jazeera reported on 14 Novem­
ber. It said a team from the French
Ministry of Foreign Affairs was visit­
ing Tunisia to discuss the deal.
20 | Jane's Defence Weekly 27 November 2013
For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
JEREMY BINNIE JDW Middle East/Africa Editor same class as the Shahed-129,
LONDON which purportedly has an
operational ceiling of24,000 ft
Iran unveiled its largest un­ • Iran’s latest UAV resembles and a range of 17,000 km. The
manned aerial vehicle (UAV) Israel's Heron TP, but cannot Shahid-129 was first seen in 2012
to date on 18 November, rais­ reach the same altitudes and Iranian television showed
ing questions about duplica­ • Service rivalries appear an armed version firing a tube-
tion in the Islamic Republic’s to have resulted in the launched projectile in October.
UAV programmes. development of two Iranian The rivalry between the Islamic
The twin-boom/pusher con­ UAVs with similar capabilities Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC)
figuration Fotros was displayed and the regular military could
armed with a previously unseen with its cargo, flies up to a height explain why Iran appears to be
type of missile that resembled the of 25,000 ft and has the capability developing two UAVs with similar
AGM-114 Hellfire. Iranian televi­ of flying for 16-30 hours continu­ capabilities. While the Shahed-129
sion also showed footage of the ously,” Defence Minister General is clearly an IRGC programme, the
Fotros taking off and landing. Hossein Dehghan said during the defence minister was flanked by
“This strategic drone, which has unveiling ceremony. senior officers from the air force
an operational radius of2,000 km This puts the new UAV in the and army aviation command dur­
ing the Fotros unveiling ceremony.
Neither UAV would be capable
of reliably carrying out reconnais­
sance missions in hostile airspace
as their low operational ceilings
make them vulnerable to air
defence systems. IRGC officers
claim this capability gap is close
to being filled by a reverse-engi­
neered version of the ‘stealthy’
Lockheed Martin RQ-17 0 Senti­
nel UAV that came down in Iran
in December 2 011. ■
David’s Sling passes second test
The Israeli and US missile de­ planned trajectory and destroyed David’s Sling is being developed
fence organisations have car­ the target missile.” by Rafael and Raytheon as a more
ried out a second successful The US Department of affordable way of intercepting
test of the David’s Sling air Defense added that the “suc­ large artillery rockets, short-range
defence system in southern cessful test is a major milestone ballistic missiles and cruise mis­
Israel, it was announced on in the development of the siles than the Patriot system.
20 November. David’s Sling weapon system In Israeli service it will fill
The Israeli Ministry of Defence and provides confidence in the gap between the Iron Dome
(MoD) said the test was the first future Israeli capabilities to short-range rocket interceptor
to integrate the system’s com­ defeat the developing ballistic and the Arrow Weapon System.
ponents. “The target missile was missile threat”. This will make it an important
launched, the multi-mission radar The previous interception asset in defending Israel against
successfully detected and tracked test was announced by Israel in the arsenal of long-range rockets
the target and transferred target November 2012, when the that the Lebanese militant group
flight information to the battle MoD released a video that Hizbullah has built up since
management control system,” the included infrared footage of a the war in 2006.
MoD stated. “The Stunner inter­ successful interception. Jeremy Binnie JDW Middle
ceptor successfully performed its Also known as Magic Wand, East/Africa Editor, London
ihs.com/janes
For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
Iranian opposition reveals alleged nuclear site
JEREMY BINNIE JDW Middle East/Africa Editor
SEAN O’CONNOR JDW Correspondent
LONDON & INDIANAPOLIS
The National Council of
Resistance of Iran (NCRI) -
the political affiliate of the
Mujahideen-e Khalq (MeK)
rebel group - has identified
another underground facility
that it says is linked to Iran’s
nuclear weapon programme.
“According to specific informa­
tion obtained by the Iranian
resistance, the clerical regime is
establishing or completing paral­
lel secret and undeclared sites for
its nuclear project,” NCRI official
Mehdi Abrichamtchi told a press
conference on 18 November.
He said one such facility
- codenamed Site 012 - was
constructed inside a 600 m
tunnel within the existing Hafte
Tir Industries complex south
of Esfahan. The tunnelling was
carried out between 2005 and
2009 and the facility inside is
“nearly completed”, according
to Abrichamtchi.
While the NCRI admitted it did
not know the specific purpose of
the facility, it said the project was
UN chief outlines options in the CAR
UN Secretary-General
Ki-moon has submitted
report to the Security
outlining the UN’s options
supporting peacekeeping
erations in the Central
Republic (CAR).
The 15 November report
noted an alarming deteriora­
tion in the security situation in
the CAR since the government
was overthrown by the Seleka
coalition in March. The national
security forces have yet to be re­
established as an effective force,
leaving much of the country at
ihs.com/janes
under the control of the Organ­
isation of Defensive Innovation
and Research (SPND), which
is run by the suspected head of
Iran’s nuclear weapons pro­
gramme, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh.
The NCRI revealed the exis­
Satellite imagery of the Hafte Tir complex south of Esfahan taken on
8 January 2010. Numerous underground facilities (UGFs) surround the
complex, including a tunnel that the National Council of Resistance of Iran
(NCRI) claims is linked to Iran’s nuclear weapons programme.
Ban the mercy of armed gangs, many
a of them made up of former rebels.
Council “In response to the violations
for committed by the ex-Seleka
op­ combatants, traditional militia
African groups known as the ‘anti-balaka’
have emerged, creating a new
dynamic of violence and retalia­
tion,” the report said. “This cycle,
if not addressed now, threatens
to degenerate into a countrywide
religious and ethnic divide with
the potential to spiral into an
uncontrollable situation that
could include atrocities and have
serious regional implications.”
MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA «
tence of the Natanz uranium
enrichment plant and the IR-40
reactor at Arak in 2002, but
its record of revealing strategic
facilities has been less impress­
ive since then.
Iranian Defence Minister Hos-
sein Dehghan denounced the
latest claims, saying they were
part of a conspiracy to under­
mine Tehran’s negotiations
with the international com-
The African Union is already
preparing to establish a peace­
keeping force called the Interna­
tional Support Mission for the
CAR (MISCA) with a uniformed
strength of 3,500. This force is
scheduled to become operational
on 19 December, when the 2,560
uniformed personnel of the
existing Economic Community
of Central African States (ECCAS)
mission will be officially rebadged.
The secretary-general listed
four options under which the UN
could provide varying degrees of
support to MISCA ranging from
27 November 2013 Jane's Defence Weekly | 21
munity. “[Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin] Netanyahu and the
terrorist MeK... in a wicked co­
ordination have forged this news
report in a bid to undermine and
influence the successful diplo­
macy of the Islamic Republic of
Iran,” he was quoted as saying.
The Hafte Tir complex has
previously been identified as a
site that is involved in producing
components for rockets, missiles
and uranium enrichment centri­
fuges. UN Security Council Reso­
lution 1737 stated that Hafte Tir
Industries is “widely recognised
as being directly involved in the
nuclear programme”.
Satellite imagery shows the
complex has large-scale under­
ground facilities (UGFs) built
into the surrounding terrain, as
well as separate residential and
technological areas. The tunnel
identified by the NCRI is the
only significant feature added to
the complex since 2002.
Some of the UGF portals and
various site security features,
including fence lines and guard
towers, remain incomplete,
suggesting the complex is not
operationally employed in a
sensitive capacity. ■
“a limited role” in mobilising
and co-ordinating international
assistance through to providing a
comprehensive support package
like the one established for
the African Union Mission in
Somalia (AMISOM).
The report also outlined a fifth
option: transforming MISCA
into a UN mission with a military
strength ofbetween 6,000
and 9,000, depending on the
security situation.
It noted that the African Union
and ECCAS had indicated they
would support the move, but not
in the immediate future.
Jeremy Binnie JDW Middle
East/Africa Editor, London
» BUSINESS
South Korea to announce updated
offset policy by early 2014 ...
JON GREVATT Jane's Asia-Pacific Industry Analyst
BANGKOK
South Korea is preparing to
introduce an updated defence
offset policy to promote fur­
ther development of the coun­
try’s defence industrial base.
IHS Jane’s understands that
South Korea’s military pro­
curement agency, the Defense
Acquisition Program Administra­
tion (DAPA), hopes to publish the
policy at the end of the year or in
the first quarter of 2014.
DAPA sources told IHS Jane’s
that the updated policy will
introduce “some significant”
amendments to the existing
procedures that were last revised
in 2012, although details were
ANALYSIS
The update is likely to follow DAPA’s
recent trend of introducing more
flexibility into the defence offset
policy as well as making offset
obligations gradually more onerous
for foreign contractors.
...as well as sale of DSME and KAI
The South Korean government
is likely to push again next year
to sell state-owned stakes in
two major defence contrac­
tors, IHS Jane’s understands.
Over the past few years the gov­
ernment has made several bids to
sell stakes in Daewoo Shipbuilding
& Marine Engineering (DSME) and
Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI),
but transactions for both compa­
nies have repeatedly collapsed.
However, a source with direct
knowledge of the two potential
22 | Jane's Defence Weekly 27 November 2013
• South Korea is to introduce an
updated defence offset policy
in 2014
• More flexible but increasingly
onerous obligations are
expected ahead of a multi­
billion dollar procurement
bow-wave
not revealed. Sources also said
the update is intended to channel
greater industrial benefits to local
companies involved in defence
and related sectors.
The updated defence offset
policy will also be introduced
to coincide with some major
Clauses introduced in recent years,
for instance, have increased the ratio
limit from 30-50%, highlighted a
requirement for target-oriented technol­
ogy acquisition, and expanded the scope clauses amounting to at least 50% of
of offset trade items. The policy has also the total value of the deal. The policy is
introduced a clause allowing prime con­
tractors to discharge offset obligations
sales told IHS Jane’s the govern­
ment still intends to sell its stakes
in DSME and KAI but that pro­
cesses for both divestments had
been shelved. “We need to wait a
little bit longer,” he said.
The government’s sale of
its stake in KAI is complicated
further, he indicated, by the
requirement for KAI’s sharehold­
ers to agree a schedule for the
transaction. “The shareholders
need to get together and discuss
the future of KAI,” he noted.
For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
South Korea offset policy: key figures
Threshold:
Quota:
Direct / indirect:
Fulfillment period:
Penalties:
Last update of procedures:
Multipliers:
Source: IHS/DAPA
forthcoming international
procurement programmes man­
aged by DAPA. These include the
USD1 billion purchase of four
aerial refuelling tankers and the
USD7.2 billion acquisition of up
to 60 FX-III fighter aircraft.
Additionally, the move is
through foreign direct investment (FDI).
South Korea’s existing policy man­
dates that defence contracts worth more military platforms: the T-50 Golden Eagle
than USD10 million must include offset
credited in South Korea with providing
local companies with major opportunities in the 1990s.
The potential sale of DSME
comprises 32.8 million DSME
shares owned by the government
through its Financial Services
Commission. This stake, which
amounts to 17.15%ofDSME’s
total equity, could be expected
to reach a sale price of around
KRW1.2 trillion (USD1.1 billion).
A government-owned 31.3%
stake in DSME managed by the
Korea Development Bank is not
immediately expected to be sold.
The government agreed in
USD10 million
50%
Both
Typically during life of programme
10% of unfulfilled obligation
2012
Not disclosed
in alignment with the South
Korean government’s continuing
drive to develop the capabilities
of its national defence industrial
base in order to achieve a higher
level of self-reliance and become
one of the world’s leading export­
ers of military equipment. ■
to expand. It was also a key driver behind
one of the country’s most prominent
advanced jet trainer. The development of
the T-50 was linked directly to an offset
contract attached to South Korea’s pur­
chase of Lockheed Martin F-16 fighters
principle in 2009 to sell its entire
DSME stake to the Hanwha group
for USD4.6 billion, but the deal
was cancelled.
In 2 012 the government made
two attempts to sell its 41.75%
stake in KAI, worth about USD 1
billion. This stake would have
comprised most of the govern­
ment’s 26.4% stake in KAI as
well as smaller stakes from other
shareholders, which include Sam­
sung Techwin, Doosan Infracore
and the Hyundai Motor Company.
Jon Grevatt Jane’s
Asia-Pacific industry Reporter,
Bangkok
ihs.com/janes
For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes BUSINESS «

Minister confirms UK FMS regime »In brief

under consideration Saab to cut more jobs
Saab is to cut 50 jobs from its
ensuring that manufacturers Support and Services business. The
CHARLES FORRESTER Jane's Defence Industry Analyst meet deadlines for delivery and move affects several sites in Sweden
DUBAI negotiate areas such as cost, - primarly Ostersund, Nykoping,
thereby streamlining the pro­ and Linkoping - and is “the result
The United Kingdom is Typhoon would be ineligible for curement process and reducing of the weaker market situation", the
exploring the establishment support under the programme. risk factors such as procurement company said. Saab cut more than
of a Foreign Military Sales Dunne stressed that it was still delays and corruption. 150 jobs from its Electronic Defence
(FMS) programme similar to “very early days” for the pro­ IHS Jane’s first reported in Systems unit in September.
the system operated by the gramme and that the government August that a UK FMS programme
United States, Minister for has only just begun to investigate had been under consideration. Cassidian creates subsidiary
Defence Equipment, Support how such a system would work. A At the time the cost of establish­ EADS subsidiary Cassidian Optronics
and Technology Philip Dunne report is scheduled for delivery in ing such a system was raised as a has established a subsidiary in Brazil.
confirmed to journalists at the the second half of 2 014. potential barrier to progress. The move to target local opportuni­
Dubai Airshow. The FMS system used by the Efforts to facilitate exports are ties for optical and optronic devices
The system would, according US has been seen as a major consistent with the govemment#s comes after Cassidian dissolved a
to Dunne, only cover platforms, helper to the US defence industry pledge - contained in the Strategic joint venture with Brazil’s Odebrecht
systems, and technologies devel­ and procuring countries, as pur­ Defence and Security Review earlier in 2013,
oped in the United Kingdom. As chases take place through the US (SDSR) of 2010 and the Interna­
a result, multinational pro­ Department of Defense (DoD). tional Defence Engagement Strat­ Rosoboronexport to steady sales
grammes such as the Eurofighter The DoD is also responsible for egy (IDES) of 2013 - to encourage Russian military export organisation
national defence sales. Rosoboronexport has outlined its
Previous measures announced strategy to 2020, saying it will aim to
» BUSINESS For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes by the government include engi­ maintain steady annual sales to 2016
neering exportability into major before seeking growth for the next
UK considers US-style FMS regime domestic defence programmes; four years. The body - responsible
»'« Safer PrrdfMl InOuatry Analyst defence export sales (USD billions) the offer of training alongside for 90% of Russian defence export
LONDON

Th« UK government and ele­ • The introduction of a US-style

ments of the national defence
industry have discussed
establishing a government-led
military export facility com­
parable with the US Foreign
Military Sales (FMS) system,
sources have told IHS Jane's.
The discussions were con­
sistent with the UK’s pledge
- contained in the UK Strategic
Defence and Security Review
(SDSR) of 2010 and the Inter­
national Defence Engagement
Strategy (IDES) of 2013 - to
encourag^natiogal dc
UK armed forces to sweeten sales sales - currently achieves annual
Foreign Military Sales system
has been discussed in UK
efforts; and the appointment of sales of around USD13 billion.
A spokesman for the Defence 30% and 60% of annual US mili­
• Tlx idea is not being “actively & Security Organisation of tary export agreements. an export co-ordination director
national export support body Despite the surcharge, such
UK Trade and Investment said:
"The UK government wants to
government-to-gowmment
agreements have proved popular
within the MoD. It was the pos­ RC names MEA chief
do all it can to support legitimate in some commercial markets,
to haw looked at similar options. defence exports, but this is not given the reduced potential for sibility of a UK FMS-like regime, Rockwell Collins (RC) has named
White UK industry sources have something that is actively being sharp practices and consequent
expressed enthusiasm for such a discussed at the moment." losses to corruption. however, which gained particular Chafik Hilal as managing director
regime, the potential initial costs However, industry has noted FMS is managed by the US
to government at a time of auster­ that a UK FMS regime would
ity suggest that the scheme will have the potential to bolster the
Department of Defense (DoD)
through the Defense Security
traction in some quarters of indus­ for the Middle East, Turkey and
try. Other European countries Africa, Hilal has been managing the

An exclusive report on UK plans for an FMS regime: how IHS Jane’s Defence - notably Italy - are reported to company’s interests in the region
Weekly broke the story in August this year. have looked at similar options. ■ since last year and will replace Yves
Gallety, who is to retire.

mandated by Section 21 of the US Arms have proved popular in some defence New CFO for General Dynamics
COMMENT
Export Control Act and facilitated by a markets given the reduced potential Jason W Aiken has been named
UK industry has been lobbying for 3.5% surcharge on transactions to cover for losses to corruption. as chief financial officer of General
some time for a local equivalent administrative management expenses. The United Kingdom has looked to Dynamics (GD). He replaces L Hugh
of the US FMS regime, arguing it US FMS agreements were valued government-to-government agreements Redd II, who is retiring. Aiken is
would be a self-financing means of at USD16 billion and USD21 billion on numerous occasions to facilitate currently CFO of GD subsidiary
invigorating national exports. in 2011 and 2010 respectively. defence trade, albeit on an ad hoc basis. Gulfstream Aerospace.
Other European countries are also Government-to-government (as One of the higher-profile examples in
understood to have looked at the opposed to direct commercial transac­ recent years was the USD6 billion Pro­ UAC creates new division
introduction of such a scheme, although tions) typically account for between ject Salam agreement with Saudi Arabia United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) of
hopes of an EU-wide FMS-like mecha­ 30% and 60% of annual US military covering the provision of Eurofighter Russia has merged its Tupolev and
nism have not been realised so far. export agreements. Typhoon that was signed in 2007. Kazan aircraft manufacturers to form
The US FMS system is operated at Despite the surchage, such gov- Guy Anderson Jane's Senior the UAC Special Aircraft Division,
zero cost to the US government: a status ernment-to-government agreements Principal Industry Analyst, London under a plan signalled earlier this year.

ihs.com/janes 27 November 2013 Jane’s Defence Weekly | 23

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For further insight and analysis go to ihs.com/janes
Russia’s popular minister
takes first-year plaudits
While it is still too early to proclaim his tenure a success, Sergei
Shoigu, Russia’s latest minister of defence, is proving to be a
popular choice one year into the job. Karl Soper assesses what
he has accomplished so far and what lies ahead
ergei Shoigu arrived at
S the Russian Ministry of
Defence (MoD) at a critical
moment. On 6 November 2012
President Vladimir Putin sent
Shoigu, long regarded as Russia’s
chief‘rescuer’, to the scene of a
man-made catastrophe with a
difficult task: extract the MoD
from huge corruption scandals,
continue military reforms, and
stabilise a professional military
establishment left reeling by his
predecessor, Anatoly Serdyukov.
A year later Russian commen­
tators are virtually unanimous
in their positive assessments of
Shoigu’s work. He enjoys the per­
sonal confidence of his supreme
commander-in-chief and high
esteem from the public. In polls
Russians pick him as the most
effective minister, just as they
did when he headed the Ministry
of Emergency Situations. Shoigu
reportedly listens to officers and
soldiers in a way that Serdyukov
did not.
Shoigu earned points by
reversing Serdyukov’s unpopu­
lar decisions. He doubled the
matriculation of cadets into
commissioning schools, returned
officers to military factories as
MoD quality inspectors, restored
warrant officers to the ranks,
and retained a large number
of airfields. He also built on his
predecessor’s policy of‘humanis­
ing’ military service for draftees
by continuing improvements
in mess halls and installing
ihs.com/janes
showers in barracks, allowing
conscripts to bathe more than
once per week.
However, Shoigu has not
altered the fundamental course.
As commentator Ilya Kramnik
has observed: “The point of no
return in military reform has
already passed.”
Shoigu wants to operate
forces - not just to run the MoD’s
bureaucracy and finances. After
Serdyukov reorganised the
Soviet-style mobilisation army,
Shoigu stress-tested smaller,
more combat-ready formations
for the first time in many years.
Surprise inspections
In 2013 surprise inspections and
exercises in each military district
and in strategic nuclear forces
allowed the MoD to evaluate
readiness and capabilities, as well
as reveal deficiencies. The results
are reflected in its Action Plan
2020: a roadmap for addressing
problem areas.
It is too early, however, to
proclaim Shoigu’s tenure a
success. It remains to be seen
how he handles the challenge
of modernising the military
beyond where it is currently.
This will require not pen strokes
reversing earlier decisions, but
new decisions on issues not
amenable to immediate progress
or easy solutions.
The defence minister has
announced plans to establish
a new national defence com­
mand centre and form research
and development centres for
unmanned aerial vehicles and
robotics. He has also turned hun­
dreds of unneeded and dilapidated
former garrison towns over to
regional and municipal authori­
ties. It will take longer than a year
to judge the outcome of these
initiatives.
Shoigu is trying to solve the
military’s housing problem once
and for all through a one-time
payment for retired officers’
owed apartments. The plan
would take the MoD out of the
corrupt and wasteful business of
buying, building, and distributing
housing. However, the legislature
and government have to agree,
on how much will be paid and
how payments will be financed.
Service housing for active-duty
officers and contractees is a long­
standing problem that is only
now being addressed.
Shoigu has reduced tension
between the MoD and defence
industry, which peaked under
his predecessor. The military will
neither set prices for new weap­
ons and military equipment,
nor accept inflated prices, poor
quality, and late deliveries. How
this will work in practice is an
open question. Rearmament is
central to military modernisa­
tion, but it is even less under
Shoigu’s control than it was
under Serdyukov.
Most acute, however, is the
military manpower problem.
27 November 2013 Jane's Defence Weekly | 25
ANALYSIS «
The government has officially
reported that the armed forces
are manned at about 75% of their
authorised level of one million.
Shoigu stated that the MoD
“overfulfilled” this plan by sign­
ing up 60,000 enlisted volun­
teers in 2013, but it still has only
205.000 contractees. Retention
is obviously a problem.
Contract-enlisted person­
nel are essential, according to
Shoigu, because one-year draft­
ees do not have time to learn to
operate modern combat systems.
However, he also expressed a
very Soviet view that Russia
is too large for an exclusively
professional army; ex-conscripts
represent a mobilisation resource
in an emergency. The thought
of accepting armed forces with
700.000 or 800,000 personnel
apparently remains taboo.
Shoigu also faces an issue
Serdyukov did not. He is, admit­
tedly or not, a national political
figure, which is something that
could potentially distract him
from MoD business.
A recent suggestion that
Shoigu might be elevated to first
deputy prime minister forced
him to deny “any kind of political
ambition”. He added that if Putin
asked him to serve as “senior
gamekeeper” he would accept.
Chief ‘rescuer’
The chief‘rescuer’ has avoided
entanglement in high-level poli­
tics and remained neutral during
occasional realignments of forces
surrounding Putin. That will be
hard to do if more politicians
call on him to rescue the entire
country - not just the MoD.
Shoigu’s second year in charge
of the military will not be as
charmed as his first, but he is
likely to stay at the job. After all,
Putin calls armed forces moderni­
sation one of the “strategic tasks
of the coming decade”. No one
expects it to be completed ahead
of schedule. ■
Karl Soper JDW Correspondent,
Washington, DC
» BRIEFING
UK operations in Afghanistan

Lessons from Afghanistan:

The UK experience
With UK combat troops set to withdraw from Afghanistan in little more than a year, the
lessons of the United Kingdom’s military engagement in the southwest Asian country
since 2001 are starting to be assessed. Tim Ripley reports

Phase 3 of Operation ‘Panther s Claw’ was initiated on 3 July 2009

by the Light Dragoons Battlegroup. More than 700 British soldiers
were involved in the operation, supported by 300 personnel from
the Afghan National Security Forces. Crown Copyright: 1363'

26 | jane’s DeMca Weekly 27 November 2013 ihs.coiwjlffe


n the days after the Al-Qaeda attacks on
I Washington, DC, and New York in 2001,
then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair
pledged to “stand shoulder to shoulder” with
the United States in the soon-to-be named
‘War on Terror’.
Within a month a UK Royal Navy nuclear
submarine started firing Raytheon Toma­
hawk Land Attack Missiles (TLAMs) at targets
in Afghanistan. This set in motion the series
of events that led to the UK armed forces
being drawn deeper into a conflict that has
to date cost the British taxpayer more than
GBP25 billion (USD40.3 billion) and the lives
of some 446 British service personnel.
By the end of 2 014 British combat troops
are expected to have completed their
withdrawal from Afghanistan, but their
experiences there have led to several major
re-organisations of the British armed forces,
the fielding of new equipment, as well as the
development of new tactics and training.
Beyond learning from the military technicali­
ties of the campaign, the United Kingdom’s
involvement in the Afghan war, its huge cost
in blood and money, and the apparent uncer­
tain outcome have led to a national debate
about the United Kingdom’s place in the
world and its willingness to embark on future
foreign military engagements.
Afghan campaign 2001-2014
British involvement in the Afghan campaign
has shifted through a number of distinct
phases. The first two months saw UK special
forces, backed by airborne surveillance
aircraft, air-to-air refuelling aircraft, and
submarines, operating alongside their US
counterparts in the offensive action that
overthrew the Taliban regime.
The United Kingdom then deployed by
16 Air Assault Brigade to Kabul to act as the
framework nation of the NATO multinational
brigade that was mandated to provide secu­
rity in the recently liberated Afghan capital.
This deployment lasted three months, after
which the British Army handed over leader­
ship of the Kabul mission to Germany and the
United Kingdom began scaling back its pres­
ence in Afghanistan. For the next two-and-a-
half years the United Kingdom downscaled to
a battalion-sized force, which it deployed first
in Kabul and then in the north around Mazar-
e-Sharif in a humanitarian operations role.
Throughout this period a significiant
contingent of UK special forces remained in
ihs.oom/ianes
Afghanistan as part of the US Combined Joint
Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF) oper­
ating against Al-Qaeda stay-behind groups
and the remnants of the old Taliban regime.
In 2005, as the United States was becom­
ing increasingly preoccupied with the war in
Iraq, it turned to NATO to take on a growing
role in Afghanistan. The British govern­
ment was keen to be in the vanguard of this
process, known as ‘NATO expansion’, which
would eventually see alliance troops take
over security responsibility across Afghani­
stan. To lead this process the UK-led Allied
Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC) headquarters
was deployed to Kabul in 2006 to become
the theatre command. The United Kingdom
was also to play an important role in southern
Afghanistan, contributing a 3,000-strong
task force integrated into a British, Canadian,
and Dutch NATO command under a mission
now codenamed Operation ‘Herrick’.
The UK operation in southern Afghanistan
was focused on Helmand province, to the
northeast of the city of Kandahar, with the
first British paratroopers moving into the
region’s towns in the summer of 2006. These
troops were originally envisaged as operating
in a nation building or humanitarian role,
supporting the local civil administration,
non-governmental agencies, and the military
provincial reconstruction teams. However,
this stablisation mission was soon derailed
as resistance from Taliban fighters escalated
into open conflict. By the time 16 Air Assault
Brigade’s tour of duty ended in the autumn of
2006, it was clear that this war was not going
to end quickly. Over the next two years Brit­
ish troops found themselves locked into a war
of attrition across Helmand, with casualties
escalating, ammunition expenditure going
off the scale, and demands being made for
additional troops and equipment to allow for
the scale and tempo of British operations to
be increased.
It was only with the ending of the British
mission in Iraq in May 2009 that the United
Kingdom’s armed forces were able to
concentrate resources and attention on
Afghanistan, with the size of the force in
Helmand growing to 10,000 personnel. The
British Army began what became known as
Operation ‘Entirety’, in which it reconfigured
all its units to allow the Afghan campaign to
be sustained over the long term. Funding for
urgent operational requirement (UOR)
equipment was dramatically boosted to
BRIEFING «
nearly GBP1 billion in 2009 and 2010 to
facilitate the purchase of additional helicop­
ters, unmanned aerial vehicles, mine-pro­
tected vehicles, and counter-improvised
explosive device (C-IED) equipment.
On the ground in Afghanistan the British
Army and the US military developed tactics
and strategies to move away from kinetic
offensive action to what became known as
‘population-centric counter-insurgency’
operations. A series of major offensives,
beginning with Operation ‘Panther’s Claw’
in July 2009 and Operation ‘Moshtarak’ in
February 2010, cleared Taliban fighters from
the main insurgent strongholds of Helmand.
British and Afghan forces were then concen­
trated in these areas to prevent the return of
the Taliban.
The next phase of the campaign saw the
British focus on building up the capacity of
the Afghan army and police to prepare them
for eventually assuming responsibility for
security in Helmand. At the same time the
size of the British sector was cut back, leaving
behind a more concentrated contingent of
UK forces that created greater operational
impact. US Marine Corps forces backfilled
British units as they moved into the centre
of Helmand from more remote parts of
the provinces.
Although Helmand was the public focus of
the British campaign, UK special forces, air
power, and ISTAR assets remained commit­
ted to the countrywide coalition campaign,
working closely with their US counterparts.
In the spring of 2013 UK forces stood back
from their direct combat role in Helmand
and assumed an overwatch posture, ready to
provide air, ISTAR, medical, and other special­
ist support for Afghan army units. On several
occasions UK advisory teams deployed with
Afghan units engaging Taliban fighters. As
part of this transition process, British soldiers
began handing over to Afghan troops their
forward operating bases and moving major
equipment back to the main operating base at
Camp Bastion. This huge stockpile of equip­
ment and vehicles is now being returned
to the United Kingdom by air, sea, and rail.
Under current plans, the transition process
will be complete by the end of 2014, paving
the way for UK and NATO combat units to
return home.
During the British campaign in Afghani­
stan a great deal of work has been put into
developing procedures for learning tactical
27 November 2013 Jane’s Defence Weekly | 27
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8513_0113M

and operational lessons. The main aim of this
is to inform new commanders and units head­
ing to Helmand of the latest situations and
help modify equipment to counter the latest
insurgent threats. This process now involves
considerable engagement with the scientific
and industrial communities to focus their col­
lective expertise on problem solving.
When UK forces first deployed to Afghani­
stan in 2001 these processes were very
different. At that time units - and senior com­
manders - produced post-operation reports
when their tours of duty in theatre finished.
This procedure had changed little since the
British operations in Northern Ireland from
1969 to 2007 and the Balkan campaign in
the 1990s.
Mainly as a result of British participation in
the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the British Army
dramatically expanded its efforts to review
lessons and experiences from operational
theatres. A formal process of interviewing
senior officers returning from operations was
established, while junior officers and senior
non-commissioned officers who had just seen
combat duty were posted to the Operational
Training and Advisory Group in Warminster
on Salisbury Plain to help train units head­
ing out on operations. Meanwhile, civilian
scientific and operational analysis experts
from the UK Minisry of Defence’s (MoD’s)
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
were posted to military headquarters in Iraq
to gain knowledge about insurgent weapons
and tactics.
With the escalation of the UK campaign in
Afghanistan after the deployment of 16 Air
Assault Brigade to Helmand in 2006, these
processes were soon migrated to the new
theatre of operation.
The dynamic nature of the conflict in Hel­
mand demanded continuous improvement
to UK military equipment. Under mounting
political, public, and media pressure to reduce
casualties, the British government ramped
up spending on UOR equipment for Afghani­
stan from some GBP51 million in 2006 to
GBP936 million in 2010.
The need to get UOR equipment into
service quickly led to the development of
new ways of engaging with outside experts
from industry, academic institutions, and the
BRIEFING «
Members of 39 Engineer Regiment on
patrol in Kandahar, southern Afghanistan,
on 24 February 2006. pa:nlpd
scientific community. Specialist industry days
were held with niche experts in fields such as
counter-IED technolgy and communication
networks. These were then expanded into
what became known as mission exploita­
tion symposiums (MXSs), run by the British
brigade headquarters on their return from
Afghanistan, the MOD’s own Lessons Exploi­
tation Centre (LXC), and UK industry trade
group ADS. The aim of the June 2012 MXS at
the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, a ADS
spokesperson said, was to connect returning
subject matter experts with capability stake­
holders and provide a suitable forum in which
to host a constructive discussion of current
operational issues and challenges.
“The key output of the MXS is a defence-
Trojan armoured engineering vehicles helped
reduce civilian and military casualties from
lEDs during Operation ‘Moshtarak’ in 2010.
UKMoO: 1363924
_ - . i&S&sm,-. «*, —
» BRIEFING
wide situational awareness of current issues
that will set the conditions for subsequent
work by stakeholders to contribute to
improved operational performance,” the ADS
spokesperson said. “This will also inform
future force development.
The programme for the day will include
an overview presentation from the brigade
commander followed by a series of 15 syn­
dicate discussions [including counter-IED,
equipment, engineering, communications,
and logistics]. In addition to the different
syndicate discussion topics, the focus areas
for the MXS are lessons identified and issues,
good practice, training and force generation
challenges, transition, and force development
[future contingency capability]”.
Taliban tactics and equipment, however,
developed at such a rate that even the above
process could not cope, so procedures were
developed that allowed units in Afghanistan
to create what were called operational
learning account and after-action reviews,
usually produced after significant incidents
or operations to share experience rapidly
around the operational theatre and to units
heading to Afghanistan.
Tactics and equipment
Thanks to this process of continuous reas­
sessment and improvement, the British Army
has been transformed by its engagement in
Afghanistan. Across almost every aspect of
its organisation, tactics and equipment have
been affected by the Afghan operation.
The constant churn of British Army bri­
30 | Jane’s Defence Weekly 27 November 2013
gade headquarters and other units through
Afghanistan over the past six years has
created a pool of equipment and systems
expertise. A generation of officers and soldiers
have been to Afghanistan on multiple tours
of duty, creating an iterative learning process,
with personnel using equipment at different
points in their careers and gaining an intui­
tive understanding about its performance,
capabilities, and shortcomings.
Entire fleets of mine-protected vehicles
modified to meet Afghan requirements are
now in service, with enhancements including
the installation of bespoke electronic coun­
termeasures, communications, and armour
packages. Counter-IED equipment is now
distributed widely across units in Afghani­
stan, including the latest generations of
detection devices and jamming systems. The
tactics to employ this equipment have also
gone through several iterations to answer the
Taliban’s evolving manoeuvres.
Unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are now
widespread across the army, including the
Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk mini-UAV
system and the larger Elbit Hermes 450. In
Afghanistan, army commanders have also
routinely controlled and directed the use of
larger, armed UAVs such as the UK and US air
forces’ General Atomics MQ.-9 Reapers. This
exposure to a wide spectrum of UAV capabili­
ties has given the British Army considerable
experience in integrating robotic systems
into its operations.
The fielding of the Overtask communica­
tions network in Afghanistan with UOR
funding has prepared the British Army for
using collaborative working applications and
sharing databases, and has provided rapid or
real-time access to ISTAR products. British
officers refer to the UK task force headquar­
ters in Helmand as the ‘Battlestar Galactica’
on account of its multiple information feeds.
Sustaining UK forces in the harsh environ­
ment of Helmand at the end of a logistics
chain that stretches 5,500 km around the
world has also generated a number of invalu­
able lessons. A new family of deployable
accommodation is being developed that is
based around power management technol­
ogy, super-efficient batteries, renewable
power sources, and heat-efficient materials
in a bid to dramatically slash fuel and other
logistic support requirements.
Operational and strategic lessons
In the case of Iraq the United Kingdom
launched an inquiry under Sir John Chilcot
in July 2009 to understand and learn from its
involvement in that conflict. Four years after
work on this began, however, the inquiry is
yet to be published.
Regarding the Afghan conflict, the British
government has so far not put in place any
formal process to produce a study into the
higher-level lessons.
During his first appearance before the
House of Commons Defence Committee
since being appointed as the United King­
dom’s chief of defence staff, General Sir
Nick Houghton in October presented his
assessment of the lessons learned from the
Afghanistan conflict.
The general had been chief of joint opera­
tions at the United Kingdom’s Permanent
Joint Headquarters at Northwood when
troops first moved into Helmand and he sub­
sequently became vice chief of defence staff
throughout the escalation of the Afghan
mission from 2009 onwards. As such,
Gen Houghton had a ringside seat and
was intimately involved in many of the
key decisions that shaped the United King­
dom’s involvement.
“I think one of [the lessons] is the impor­
tance of what we now term ‘understanding’,
which is a combination of cultural under­
standing, intelligence understanding, and
an understanding of the utility of military
capability to circumstance,” Gen Houghton
told the committee. “A strategic deficit in the
first few months of our commitment to the
southern part of Afghanistan [since 2006]
was a full and comprehensive understanding
lhs.com/janes

of what we were getting involved in. You can
reflect on the fact that we could have done
a far more comprehensive job in achieving
a better level of understanding, and it would
have informed better our actions in the
early months.
“The second [lesson] - this is easier to
do in retrospect than it is at the time - is to
understand the point at which a considered
intervention is no longer an intervention
and has become a campaign that needs to
be resourced at a wholly different level of
defence involvement, resource, and energy,”
he continued.
“There is an extent to which, even a long
time into that campaign, Defence [the UK
defence establishment] looked at it as a series
of six-month deployments rather than a
deployment over time of what needed to
be the far more consistent application of
a comprehensive approach rather than bite­
sized chunks. That has come out in some
of the early lessons from our involvement
in Afghanistan.
“For quite a long time into the campaign
it was a sort of sideshow to Iraq in terms of
resourcing. Even when the tactical circum­
stances demanded uplifts in troops and capa­
bility to respond to IEDs, we could have been
quicker to switch the Ministry of Defence to
a more industrial scale to recognise that this
was not some aberration and that this was
British soldiers deploy from a Chinook
helicopter in Afghanistan's Upper Sangin
Valley on 31 May 2009. pa.im»ib7
part of the purpose for which it all existed,
and that therefore we had to lean into this in
terms of resource and energy.”
Finally, Gen Houghton noted that there
was a tendency to focus too narrowly on
Helmand, where the bulk of British troops
were fighting, rather than consider the
theatre-level coalition campaign. “There
is also the extent to which the UK was -
although it was not alone in this - observing
a campaign in a country wholly through the
straw of its own national equity in a part of
that country,” he explained.
“Although it is quite difficult, we need to
free up some of the perils of our microscopic
examination of tactical detail through a
national straw to an understanding of what
the whole of a combined coalition effort is
trying to achieve in a country. You will not
succeed in Afghanistan through the micro­
management of the British plan for Helmand,
but only through an international contribu­
tion to an internationally agreed plan for the
whole of Afghanistan.”
The general also raised concerns that the
campaign in Afghanistan had been treated
too much as a military or kinetic struggle,
rather than engaging in political, economic,
development, and other lines of activity.
“A couple of people have said we should have
been talking to the Taliban from the outset,”
Gen Houghton said. “That is, of course,
BRIEFING «
huge wisdom way after the event, as it were,
and to an extent that is probably borne out.
There is no doubt about it: for a whole range
of reasons, too much of what has happened
in Afghanistan has been exclusively viewed
through the optic of a military struggle
between an international force and the
Taliban, whereas there was never going to be
a satisfactory military outcome.”
As the British armed forces shift from
warfare to a contingency posture, perhaps the
greatest lesson that stands out from Opera­
tion ‘Herrick’ is to be ready for the unex­
pected and to have the flexibility to react.
This lesson is already having some impact on
the United Kingdom’s equipment process: an
issue that came under heavy criticism during
the conflict. The UK MoD has begun to build
what is called ‘budgetary headroom’ into its
equipment procurement plan so that several
hundred million pounds each year is freed
from long-term projects, to be switched read­
ily if required for emerging developments.
How long the ministry can keep its
room for financial manoeuvre in the face
of mounting pressure from Her Majesty’s
Treasury to make more budgetary cuts will
prove a major test of whether lessons from
the campaign in Afghanistan have indeed
been learned. ■
Tim Ripley is a JDW Correspondent,
based in London
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ihs.com/janes 27 November 2013 Jane’s Defence Weekly | 33

»INTERVIEW
Ray Mabus
US SECRETARY OF THE NAVY
lthough reduced budgets and
A sequestration have had an impact
on the US Navy (USN), the service
remains committed to a defence strategy
that will see a significant portion of its
assets rebalanced to the Pacific and includes
a modernisation drive that will eventually
lead to much of its fleet being equipped with
next-generation weapon systems.
“In 2013 we had two issues,” US Secre­
tary of the Navy Ray Mabus told IHS Jane’s.
“One was continuing resolutions; the budget
was not passed until March. That caused
us some issues because, for example, you
cannot put a ship in for repair availability
because you did not have that ship in the
year before; it is considered a new start. We
are working through [those issues] because
Congress passed the budget so late.”
Sequestration, meanwhile, “has pretty
much had an impact across the board”,
Mabus said. Despite the challenges it poses,
the navy nonetheless remains committed to
its defence strategy, and is working to pro­
tect shipbuilding and fleet size, so that “not
only are we in the right place at the right
time, we are in the right place all the time”,
Mabus explained.
“There are ways that we can save money,
ways that we can spend less without harm­
ing defence, but sequestration makes it
very difficult to do that. We are taking risks
in terms of things like maintenance and
our shore bases in order to put money into
things like readiness, deployments, our
ships, aircraft, and our forward-deployed
capabilities,” he said.
“We are committed to making sure that
60% of our fleet - [including] newbuilds
and the most advanced systems, ships, and
aircraft - are moving to the Pacific. And
the proof of that ‘rebalance’, as it has been
called, is real.”
One of the USN’s efficiency measures is
the ‘Great Green Fleet’ initiative, Mabus
noted. “I am trying to move the US Navy to
the maximum extent possible away from
its dependence on fossil fuels because it is
a military vulnerability and because, as we
move away from them, it makes us better
warfighters. That is the only reason we are
moving. There are side-effects in terms of
34 J Jane's Defence Weekly 27 November 2013
‘I am trying to
move the US
Navy away from
its dependence
on fossil fuels
because it
is a military
vulnerability’
emissions and climate change, but that is
not the reason that we are doing it,” he said.
The navy’s goal is to source half of its
energy, both afloat and ashore, from non­
fossil fuel sources by 2020, and Mabus
insisted the navy was “on track to get there”.
“The ‘Great Green Fleet’ last summer at
RIMPAC [the Rim of the Pacific Exercise -
the world’s largest international maritime
warfare exercise] was a demonstration of a
Carrier Strike Group with every ship - other
than the nuclear carrier, obviously - sailing
on a 50:50 blend of biofuel and petroleum
marine fuel, and every type of aircraft flying
on a 50:50 blend of aviation gasoline and
biofuels,” Mabus said.
“Every type of aircraft on every ship we
have has been certified to use those fuels.
I think it is more important to do it now
than it has ever been, particularly with the
fiscal situation facing us. In Fiscal Years
2011 and 2012, the navy alone faced about
a billion dollars in additional, unbudgeted
fuel bills because of price spikes.”
The USN has also indicated its continued
commitment towards the modernisation of
its fleet and weapon systems.
“These next-generation weapon systems
are now beginning to move to the fleet, so,
across the board - whether it is in littoral
combat, be it small combatants like the
new Littoral Combat Ships [LCSs] or more
traditional DDGs [guided missile destroy­
ers], carriers, amphibious craft, aircraft, or
the next-generation versions of all those -
I think that we are where we need to be,
and we are moving ahead in all these areas,”
the secretary said.
Examples include the Virginia-class attack
submarines and Arleigh Burke-class (DDG
51) destroyers, which are being built to a
drumbeat of two units per year. Additionally,
there are 24 LCSs, either in the water, under
construction, or under contract, and a new
class of aircraft carrier is joining the fleet,
beginning with first-of-class Gerald R Ford
in 2016.
“We are also building amphibious ships
at a pretty good clip for marine lift and
expeditionary use,” Mabus said. “So in
terms of our modernisation across the
fleet, we have got a good balance and we are
moving forward.”
Mabus also pointed out that the navy
was upgrading existing ships. The USN’s
destroyers, for example, are being upgraded
with ballistic missile defence capabilities,
with 40 units planned to be completed
within the next few years.
The USN is also investing in, and fielding,
a number of unmanned systems, including
air, subsurface, and surface platform,
Mabus said, the most prominent of which
is the navy’s efforts under the Unmanned
Carrier-Launched Surveillance and Strike
(UCLASS) programme.
Serge DeSilva-Ranasinghe
JDW Correspondent, Perth
ihs.com/janes
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