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Water (H2O) Data Page - Wikipedia
Water (H2O) Data Page - Wikipedia
Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at the NIST Webbook page on thermophysical properties of fluids. Except where noted
otherwise, data relate tostandard ambient temperature and pressure.
Contents
Structure and properties
Thermodynamic properties
Liquid physical properties
Water/steam equilibrium properties
Melting point of ice at various pressures
Table of various forms of ice
Phase diagram
Water with dissolved NaCl
Self-ionization
Spectral data
Self-diffusion coefficients
Additional data translated from German "W
asser (Stoffdaten)" page
Physical and thermodynamic tables
Standard conditions
Triple point
Saturated vapor pressure
Formulas
Magnetic susceptibility
References
Bibliography
External links
Thermodynamic properties
Phase behavior
Triple point 273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa
Critical point 647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa
Enthalpy change
6.01 kJ/mol
of fusion at 273.15 K, ΔfusH
Enthalpy change of
40.68 kJ/mol
vaporization at 373.15 K, ΔvapH
Entropy change of
109.02 J/(mol·K)
vaporization at 373.15 K, ΔvapS
Enthalpy change of
51.1 kJ/mol
sublimation at 273.15 K, ΔsubH
a = 553.6 L2 kPa/mol2
van der Waals' constants
b = 0.03049 L/mol
Steam table[15]
Ic 0.92 cubic
Phase diagram
Log-lin pressure–temperaturephase diagram of water. The Roman numerals indicate various ice phases.
Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm, and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; Teq is the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid
solution for Teq < 0–0.1 °C and NaCl/liquid solution forTeq above 0.1 °C.
Self-ionization
°C −35 0 25 60 300 (~50 MPa)
pKw [18] 17 14.9 14.0 13.0 12
Spectral data
UV-Vis
λmax ? nm
Extinction coefficient, ε ?
IR
vapor: ν1 = 3657.05, ν2 = 1594.75, ν3 = 3755.93 cm−1
Major absorption bands[19] liquid: ν1 = 3280, ν2 = 1644, ν3 = 3490 cm−1
hexagonal ice: ν1 = 3085, ν2 = 1650, ν3 = 3220 cm−1
NMR
Proton NMR 4.79 ppm in D2O ; 1.56 ppm in CDCl3 ; 0.40 ppm in C6D6 ; 4.87 in CD3OD[20]
Carbon-13 NMR N/A
Other NMR data
MS
Masses of
main fragments
Self-diffusion coefficients
Experimental self-diffusion coefficients at various temperatures[21]
T – temperature in degreesCelsius
V – specific volume in cubic decimeters per kilogram (1 dm3 is equivalent to 1 liter)
H – specific enthalpy in kilojoules per kilogram
U – specific internal energyin kilojoules per kilogram
S – specific entropy in kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin
cp – specific heat capacity at constant pressure in kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin
γ – Thermal expansion coefficient as 10−3 per kelvin
λ – Heat conductivity in milliwatts per meter-kelvin
η – Viscosity in micropascal-seconds (1 cP = 1000 µPa·s)
σ – surface tension in millinewtons per meter (equivalent to dyn/cm)
Standard conditions
In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at
0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of
0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.
Triple point
In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa (equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple
point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can
exist together with both liquid water and vapor
. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only
.
The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as .air
Hence they apply only to
pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below),
which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolatedranslator's
[T note:
Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below −42 °C].
The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.
Formulas
The table values for −100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, Pw and Pi, are in
pascals.
Over ice
At triple point
An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point of water. The internationally
accepted value according to measurements of Guildner
, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:
Magnetic susceptibility
3/mol.[26]
Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −12.97 cm
3/g.[26]
Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −0.702 cm
References
1. Lide, David R. (2004). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(https://books.google.com/books?id=WDll8hA006AC&pg=SA6-
15) (85 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 6–15.ISBN 0-8493-0485-7.
2. Maksyutenko, Pavlo; Rizzo, Thomas R.; Boyarkin, Oleg .V(2006). "A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water".
The Journal of Chemical Physics. 125 (18): 181101. Bibcode:2006JChPh.125r1101M(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JChP
h.125r1101M). doi:10.1063/1.2387163 (https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2387163). PMID 17115729 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pu
bmed/17115729).
3. Cook, R; Delucia, F; Helminger, P (1974). "Molecular force field and structure of water: Recent microwave results".Journal of
Molecular Spectroscopy. 53: 62. Bibcode:1974JMoSp..53...62C (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JMoSp..53...62C) .
doi:10.1016/0022-2852(74)90261-6(https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2852%2874%2990261-6) .
4. Hoy, AR; Bunker, PR (1979). "A precise solution of the rotation bending Schrödinger equation for a triatomic molecule with
application to the water molecule".Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 74: 1–8. Bibcode:1979JMoSp..74....1H (http://adsabs.harv
ard.edu/abs/1979JMoSp..74....1H). doi:10.1016/0022-2852(79)90019-5(https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2852%2879%2990019
-5).
5. "List of experimental bond angles of type aHOH"(http://cccbdb.nist.gov/expangle2.asp?descript=aHOH&all=0)
. Computational
Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase .
6. Griffiths, D. J. "Introduction to Electrodynamics," 3rd Ed. page 275. Prentice Hall, 1999ISBN 0-13-859851-7
7. "Water and the Speed of Sound"(http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-water-d_598.html).
www.engineeringtoolbox.com. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
8. Lange, p. 1199. Due to the old definition ofliter used at the time, the data from the Handbook was converted from old g/ml to
g/cm3, by multiplying by 0.999973.
9. Lide, David R. (1989-06-30).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(70 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.ISBN 978-0-
849-30470-5.
10. Franks, Water a comprehensive treatise Volume 1 The Physics and Physical Chemistry of W
ater (https://books.google.at/books?i
d=5f_xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376&lpg=PA376&dq=999.972+3.984&source=bl&ots=cmB39Q ADE0&sig=PG_2dNaNirijB2QWF4XhR
MFkk54&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=999.972%203.984&f=false) .
11. David R. Lide CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(https://books.google.com/books?id=WDll8hA006AC&pg=SA6-15)CRC
Press, 2004, p. 6-201 ISBN 0-8493-0485-7.
12. Lange, p. 1663.
13. Revised Release on Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance (http://www.iapws.org/relguide/TransD2O-20
07.pdf), The International Association for the Properties of W
ater and Steam Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2007.
14. Lange, p. 1436.
15. Lange, p. 1476.
16. Martin Chaplin. "Water Phase Diagram" (http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/phase.html). London South Bank University. Retrieved
2008-01-21.
17. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. pp. 8–71, 8–116.
ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
18. Martin Chaplin. "Ionization of water" (http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ionis.html). London South Bank University. Retrieved
2008-04-09.
19. Martin Chaplin. "Water Absorption Spectrum"(http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/vibrat.html). London South Bank University. Retrieved
2008-04-10.
20. Fulmer et al. Organometallics, Vol. 29, No. 9, 2010
21. Holz, Manfred; Heil, Stefan R.; Sacco, Antonio (2000-01-01)."Temperature-dependent self-diffusion coefficients of water and six
1
selected molecular liquids for calibration in accurate H NMR PFG measurements"(http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b005319h).
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2 (20): 4740–4742. Bibcode:2000PCCP....2.4740H (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000P
CCP....2.4740H). doi:10.1039/b005319h (https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb005319h). ISSN 1463-9084 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/
1463-9084).
22. Guildner, L. A.; Johnson, D. P.; Jones, F. E. (1976). "Vapor Pressure of Water at Its Triple Point: Highly Accurate Value". Science.
191 (4233): 1261. Bibcode:1976Sci...191.1261G (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...191.1261G) .
doi:10.1126/science.191.4233.1261(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.191.4233.1261) . PMID 17737716 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pubmed/17737716).
23. Klaus Scheffler (1981): Wasserdampftafeln: thermodynam. Eigenschaften von Wasser u. Wasserdampf bis 800°C u. 800 bar
(Water Vapor Tables: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water and Water Vapor to 800°C and 800 bar), Berlin [u.a.] ISBN 3-540-
10930-7
24. D. Sonntag und D. Heinze (1982):Sättigungsdampfdruck- und Sättigungsdampfdichtetafeln für W asser und Eis. (Saturated
Vapor Pressure and Saturated Vapor Density Tables for Water and Ice)(1. Aufl.), VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
25. Ulrich Grigull, Johannes Staub, Peter Schiebener (1990):Steam Tables in SI-Units – Wasserdampftafeln. Springer-Verlagdima
gmbh
26. Weast, Robert (1983–1984).CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 64th edition
. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC publishing.
pp. E-119. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
Bibliography
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. ISBN 0-07-016384-7 (for 15th edition)
Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD), http://webbook.nist.gov
External links
Microwave Spectrum (by NIST)
Compilation of properties, with citationsby Martin Chaplin, London South Bank University
.
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