Processing

TechnologiesII

Class 9
Last Class:
• Processing Technologies I

• Gas stripping

• Oxygen

• CO2

• H2S
In this class:
• Processing technologies II (pag. 227-256)

• Filtration (removal of solids)

• Oil removal

• “polishing” methods
Filtration
• Removing disolved/dispersed solids

• Decantation and floculation are complementary methods

Decantation and floculation
Filtration
• Use of membranes and filtrating substrates

• Countless substrates for filtration

• Size gradient
Filtration

• 25-50um
• Affected by hydrocarbons
Filtration
• Deep bed filtration
Filtration
• Upflow filter
Filtration
• Multimedia
Filtration-Nut shell

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOCbNdnShes
Filtration
• Dual flow filter
Filtration
• Diatomaceus Earth filter
Filter Ratings
• Nominal

• Absolute

• Filtration rate and eficiency

Filter selection
• Amount of disolved solids

• Particle diameter

• Amount of oil

• Volume of fluid
Oil removal
• Important step when primary
separation fails
• Emulsions

• Oil can cause troubles in

treatment
Oil removal
• Skimmer tanks

• Key to succesful removal  residence/retention time

• Demulsifiers
Oil removal
Oil removal
• Vortex tank
Oil removal
• Horizontal Skim
Oil removal
• Flotation cells
Oil removal
• Flotation
Oil removal
• Coalescers
Oil removal
• Hydrocyclon
“Polishing” methods
• Softening

• Removal of ions capable of forming scales and deposits

• Ca
• Mg
• Carbonate and bicarbonate
Softening
• Precipitation softening

• Softening by ionic exchange

• Destilation
Softening by precipitation
• Add compounds to precipitate problematic ions

• Sodium Hydroxide
• Sodium Carbonate

• Precipitates calcium

• Works better at high temperatures

Ionic exchange
• Use of resines that “prefer” certain ions

• Strong Acid
• Weak Acid

• Anions
Softening
• Demineralization  hydrogen exchange

• Destilation  “pure” water

• Very high quality results, very high operational costs

In this class:
• Solids removal
• Filtration

• Oil removal
• Skimmer tanks
• Hydrocyclones

• Softening
• Precipitation
• Ionic exchange
Next class  EXAM III
• In Two weeks  Disposal systems (pag. 259-281)