Sociology

systematic study of society and social interaction; study of social life and the social causes and consequences
of human behavior

C. Wright Mills
"Sociology looks for the public issues that underlie private troubles"

Anthropology
study of human beings from its beginnings millions of years ago

society
a group of people whose members interact, reside in a definable area, and share a culture

culture
consists of the "objects" of a society; the beliefs and behaviours that a social group shares

E.B. Taylor
"culture is that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society"

material culture
refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people

non-material culture
consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

culture lag
the gap of time bet. the introduction of material culture and non-material culture's acceptance of it

cultural universals
patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

George Murdock
anthropologist who first recognized the existence of cultural universals while studying systems of kinship
around the world

ethnocentrism
evaluating and judging another culture based on how it compares to one's own cultural norms

William Graham Sumner

(sociologist) "Ethnocentrism involves a belief or attitude that one's own culture is better than all others"

culture shock
other term for ethnocentrism

culture relativism
is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one's own
culture
Ruth Benedict
anthropologist who argued that each culture has an internally consistent pattern of thought and action which
alone could be the basis for judging the merits and morality of the culture's practices.

beliefs
are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

values
standard for discerning what is good and just in society; portrays the ideal culture

ideal culture
standards society would like to embrace and live up to

real culture
the way society actually is, based on what occurs and what exists

sanction
a form of control, a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

norms
social expectations that guide behaviours; define how to behave; explain why people do what they do in given
situations

Society and culture

1. SOCIETY AND CULTURE
2. “a complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.” - E.B. TYLOR
3. ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY
4. SOCIAL SOLIDARITY
5. SHARED IDENTITY AND CULTURE
6. COMMON LANGUAGE
7. POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONECONOMIC,
8. ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY •Social Solidarity •Shared identity and culture •Common language •Large
population and the ability to sustain succeeding generations of members •Definite geographical area
•Political, economic, and social organization
9. TYPES OF SOCIETY
10. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY
11. •First society •Family – the basic social and economic units
12. HORTICULTURAL AND PASTORAL SOCIETY
13. •For stable food production •Cultivation of plants and domestication of animals
14. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
15. •Mesopotamia and China •New methods of farming and invention of tools
16. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
17. •Invention of machines for more production
18. POST – INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETY
19. •Technological innovation
20. TYPES OF SOCIETY •Hunting and gathering society •Horticultural and pastoral society •Agricultural society
•Industrial society •Post – industrialized society
21. HOW DO YOU SHOW RESPECT TO YOUR ELDERS?
22. Culture refers to the set of beliefs, ideas, values, practices, knowledge, history, and shared experiences,
attitudes, as well as material objects and possessions accumulated over time and shared by the members of
society.
23. TWO CATEGORIES OF CULTURE • MATERIAL CULTURE - includes all the physical things that people create
and attach meaning to.
24. • NONMATERIAL CULTURE - it includes creations and abstract ideas that are not embodied in physical
objects.
25. FOUR VITAL CULTURAL COMPONENTS
26. • SYMBOLS – - refer to things that convey meaning or represent idea • LANGUAGE – is a set of symbols
that enables members of society to communicate verbally and nonverbally • VALUES –- are shared ideas,
norms, and principles that provide members of society the standards that pertain to what is right or wrong,
good or bad, desirable or undesirable.
27. • NORMS –-are shared rules of conduct that determine specific behavior among society members.
Categories of Norms according to their social importance FOLKWAYS MORES LAWS
28. • SOCIALIZATION –refers to lifelong process of forging identity through social interaction. •
ENCULTURATION –refers to the process by which an individual learns or acquires the important aspects of his
or her society’s culture.
29. ACTIVITY Do this in 5 minutes. • For Group 1 – Make a roleplay that shows the Philippine Culture before. •
For Group 2 – Make a roleplay that portrays today’s Philippine Culture • For Group 3 – Make a roleplay that
shows some adaptation of other cultures to Philippine Culture
30. QUIZ 1. _____1. What type of society that domesticates plants and animals? _____2. Today our society is
characterized by using advanced technologies. What type of society is being described? _____3. What type of
culture does clothing, architecture, foods, and paintings belong? _____4. It is a type of norms that is legally
enacted and enforced. 11. 1. What is culture? 2. Why is it culture is always connected to society? 3. How can
we preserve our own culture?
31. ASSIGNMENT 1. Have an interview with your grandparents about their beliefs, traditions, and practices
that are not commonly observed in these days. 2. Make a two – column table that shows the lives before of
your grandparents and today’s generation.

For Group 1 – Make a roleplay that shows the Philippine Culture before.

For Group 2 – Make a roleplay that portrays today’s Philippine Culture

For Group 3 – Make a roleplay that shows some adaptation of other cultures to
Philippine Culture