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CC3 - Introduction To Hormones Endocrinology Hormone
CC3 - Introduction To Hormones Endocrinology Hormone
Endocrinology – study of hormones, the endocrine system and Hormone – chemical messenger that travels through the
Exocrine = Glands with ducts and passes secretions to a luminal 1. Autocrine – cell released hormone and hormone reacts
area (oral cavity or intestines or skin). to the cell itself.
2. Paracrine – cell released hormone and hormone
Endocrine = Ductless glands that pass their secretions directly
diffuses to nearby neighboring cells.
to the bloodstream or interstitial fluid.
3. Endocrine – cell released hormone and hormone
Nervous System vs. Endocrine System: travels to the bloodstream and acts on distant target
cells.
4. Juxtacrine – direct cell-cell contact.
5. Intracrine – cell released hormone intracellularly within
itself and binds to a receptor located intracellularly.
6. Ectocrine (Pheromones) – organism releases a
substance that causes an effect in another organism.
(Dog releases something that cause effect on cats)
Types of Hormones:
- Peptide Hormones
- Steroid Hormones
- Amine Hormones
Peptide Hormones
Ans: This is because the cell membrane is composed of a The activated G Protein, in turn, activates the enzyme
bilipid layer making it strongly hydrophobic. Adenylate Cyclase. By activating adenylate cyclase, the GTP
bound to G Protein is hydrolysed back to GDP and G Protein
become inactive again.
Peptide Hormone Synthesis: (Only for peptide hormones and
Adenylate Cyclase acts to produce Cyclic Adenosine
very important)
Monophosphate (cAMP) from ATP.
Since peptide hormones are proteins, it will always start off
cAMP is free to diffuse throughout the inside of the cell and
with…
triggers the activation of Protein Kinases which performs the
DNA (nucleus) – transcription process will take place to produce intended cellular response of the original peptide hormone.
messenger RNA (mRNA).
*Protein Kinases – enzymes that either phosphorylate or
mRNA (ribosomes) – translation process takes place to produce dephosphorylate various proteins leading to the enhancing or
a PREPROHORMONE. inhibiting effect of the peptide hormone.
***Preprohormone consists of a signal peptide (pre) and a pro 1st Messenger = Original Peptide Hormone.
sequence (pro) which must be cleaved off to produce the fully
2nd Messenger = Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate.
active hormone.
- Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA and ENDOPLASMIC Thyroid Hormones – behave like steroid hormones.
RETICULUM of steroidogenic tissues.
Catecholamines – behave like peptide hormones.
- Examples of Steroidogenic Tissues = Luteal Cells of
Ovaries, Leydig Cells of Testis and Cells of Adrenal - Produced by the adrenal medulla and may act as
Cortex. both neurohormones and neurotransmitters.
- Rate of Production
- Rate of Delivery
Where does cholesterol used for steroid hormone synthesis
- Rate of Degradation and Elimination
come from?
Control of Hormone Release:
- Acetate
- Cholesteryl Ester 1. Substrate Control (Humoral)
- Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) - Glucose concentration regulating insulin release.
- Calcium concentration regulating parathyroid hormone
release.
Steroid Hormone Effect Mechanism: - Sodium concentration regulation aldosterone release.
2. Nervous Control (Neural)
A steroid hormone is carried through the blood by a protein
- Posterior pituitary hormones and adrenal medulla are
carrier. Once it reaches its target cell, it is released from its
both directly controlled by the nervous system.
protein carrier.
3. Trophic Hormones (Hormonal)
Since a steroid hormone is capable of directly entering the - TSH regulating T3 and T4 release.
cell (bilipid layer is hydrophobic and steroids are hydrophobic), - Corticotropin Releasing Hormone regulating ACTH
it attaches to its receptor within the cytoplasm. release.
- Usually produced by hypothalamus and anterior
The complex then directly enters the nucleus where it binds
pituitary gland.
and activates a specific gene on the DNA of the cell. This
activated gene causes the production of an mRNA that codes
for protein production causing the desired effect of the Feedback Control of Hormone Secretion:
steroid hormone.
Negative Feedback – prevents excessive stimulus of a
substance, hormone or activity by releasing a hormone which
acts to decrease the stimuli.
Amine Hormones
Example 1:
- Derivative of the amino acid TYROSINE.
Stimulus = Hyperglycemia in DM patient.
- Capable of behaving as Peptide or Steroid Hormones.
Body Response = Secrete Insulin which acts to lower the
Types of Amine Hormones:
increased blood glucose in order to maintain homeostasis.
- Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)
Example 2: - Example = Hypothalamus (TRH) and Pituitary Gland
Body Response = Secrete Calcitonin which acts to lower the Disorders of the Endocrine System:
***Conclusion: Negative Feedback = Lower something that has Example: Primary Hypothyroidism would be caused by damage
been increased. or removal of the thyroid gland itself.
Positive Feedback – involves a lot of variables wherein 1 Secondary – problem is with the pituitary gland.
variable acts to increase the other variables. Example: Secondary Hypothyroidism occurs as a result of a
pituitary adenoma (tumor that is exerting pressure on the
Example 1:
pituitary gland) causing a decreased release of TSH resulting to
Stimulus = Uterus Contraction during Pregnancy lesser stimulation of thyroid gland.
Body Response = Secrete Oxytocin which acts to increase the ***Almost all Secondary Disorders are due to Pituitary Adenoma
widening and contraction of the uterus to facilitate childbirth. or Accidents involving Pituitary Gland damage.
Stimulus = Excessive Intake of Calcium Supplements Example: Hypothalamic damage = Lack of Thyrotropin
Releasing Hormone = Lack of TSH = Lack of Thyroid
Body Response = Secrete Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulation = TERTIARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
which increases the activity of the Thyroid Gland to secrete
more Calcitonin.