Transliteration

As these varieties are spoken therefore, to represent them correctly, Latin letters were
employed. Nevertheless, in some places examples were cited from the written language, so it
was necessary to provide a transliteration table which shows the correspondence between the
phonemes of the varieties under study and the letters of the Pashto-Arabic script.

Phoneme Name of the Grapheme Phoneme Name of the Grapheme

letters letters

/a/ zabәr َ /ā/ alif ‫ا‬

/b/ be ‫ب‬ /p/ pe ‫پ‬

/t/ te ‫ت‬ /ṭ/ ṭe ‫ټ‬

/ğ/ ğīm ‫ج‬ /ź/ dzīm ‫ځ‬

/č/ če ‫چ‬ /c/ tsīm ‫څ‬

/h/ he ‫ح‬ /x/ xe ‫خ‬

/d/ dāl ‫د‬ /ḍ/ ḍāl ‫ډ‬

/r/ re ‫ر‬ /ṛ/ ṛe ‫ړ‬

/z/ ze ‫ز‬ /ž/ že ‫ژ‬

/ǵ/ ge ‫ږ‬ /s/ sīn ‫س‬

/š/ šīn ‫ش‬ /x́/ xīn ‫ښ‬

/’/ ayn ‫ع‬ /ġ/ ġayn ‫غ‬

/f/ Fe ‫ف‬ /k/ kāf ‫ک‬

/g/ Gāf ‫ګ‬ /l/ lām ‫ل‬

/m/ Mīm ‫م‬ /n/ nūn ‫ن‬

/ṇ/ ṇūṛ ‫ڼ‬ /ō/ mağhul wāw ‫و‬

/u/ marūf wāw ‫و‬ /ә/ zwarakáy ‫ۀ‬

/i/ mārufa ye ‫ي‬ /ē/ mağhula ye ‫ې‬

/ay/ prata ye ‫ے‬/‫ی‬ /әy/ tānisī́ ye ‫ۍ‬

/tazkīrī́ ye
/әy/ fe’lī́ ye ‫ێ‬ /w/ semi-vowel ‫و‬

/y/ semi-vowel ‫ي‬ /a͂/ nasalized -

/ā͂/ Nasalized - /ē͂/ nasalized -

/i͂ / Nasalized - /ō͂/ nasalized -

/ә͂/ Nasalized - /u͂/ nasalized -

 Place of Bi-labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Pre-palatal Post- Uvular Glottal/
articulation palatal Pharyng
/Velar eal

Manner
of articulation
Stops Unvoiced p t ṭ k
Voiced b d ḍ g
Fricativ Unvoiced (f) s (š) x {h}
es Voiced z (ž) ġ {’}
Affricat Unvoiced (c) č
es Voiced (ź) ğ
Nasals m n [ṇ] [ŋ]
Lateral l ṛ
Trill r
Semi-vowel w (y)