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Control Design of Converters For Wind Energy Conversion Systems Applied To Battery Charging
Control Design of Converters For Wind Energy Conversion Systems Applied To Battery Charging
Abstract – This paper presents a control design for a (400 W – 5 kW) associated with battery chargers are very
small size wind generation system for battery charging useful [3].
applications. A boost converter is used to regulate the The directed connection of a three-phase rectifier to
battery bank voltage, in order to implement a MPPT and batteries is a common practice adopted by some
limit the maximum current through the battery. The manufacturers [4]. Although there is simplicity and
system overview and modeling are presented including robustness, several problems associated with this solution
characteristics of wind turbine, generator, power result [3], such as the reduction of batteries useful life and
converter, control system, and supervisory system. increase of power losses. A dc/dc converter can be inserted
Simulations of the system are performed using between the rectifier output and the battery to change the
MATLAB/SIMULINK software for the case of battery apparent DC bus impedance seen by the generator [5] and
bank voltage regulation. improved efficiency can be obtained with the implementation
of maximum power point tracking algorithms (MPPT).
Keywords – Battery chargers, boost converters, control Within this context, this paper presents a system which
methods, wind generation, maximum power point employs a boost converter in cascade with the rectifier to
tracking. regulate the battery bank voltage, in order to implement a
MPPT algorithm and reduce the machine rotation in front of
I. INTRODUCTION high current levels through the battery. The system model,
control method, and supervisory system strategy are
Wind energy is a renewable energy source that does not investigated. Simulations results regarding the regulation of
pollute and is present everywhere. This kind of energy has the battery bank voltage are also presented.
become popular in electric power generation since 1970’s.
Within this period the world faced the Oil Crisis, which
caused an emphatic investment in wind systems to try to
reduce the employ of petroleum, which is used in power
stations.
The installed wind capacity in the world has increased
more than 30% per year over the last decade [1]. The current
surge in wind energy development is driven by multiple
forces in favor of wind power including its tremendous
environmental, social, and economic benefits, technological
maturity, the deregulation of electricity markets throughout
the world, public support, and government incentives [2].
A wind generation system can be used basically in three Fig. 1. Proposed topology.
distinct applications: isolated systems, hybrid systems and
grid connected systems. Basic characteristics of the systems II. PROPOSED TOPOLOGY
include power and energy system storage capability.
Generally, small size isolated systems demand energy The proposed system (Figure 1) is composed of a wind
storage by the use of batteries or in the form of gravitational turbine directly connected to a permanent magnet
potential energy in order to store the water pumped in synchronous generator (PMSG) rated at 40 V/1000 W in
reservoir raised for posterior use. More specifically, for cascade with a battery charger which supplies four batteries
electric generation in isolated systems, small wind turbines rated at 12 V/50 Ah.
The battery charger operates to obtain maximum power ρ ⋅θ g = ω g (5)
transferred to the batteries and can also limit the current and Where:
voltage levels of the battery bank. It is composed by a three-
λi
dt
Vc Ec 0 0 Rc I c M ca M cb Lc Ic
Where:
Where:
Cp - power coefficient;
C n - aerodynamic parameters (C1 to C6) of the turbine;
Va, Vb, Vc - phase voltages [V];
- pitch angle [rad];
Ra, Rb, Rc - phase winding resistances [ ];
- tip speed [m/s];
La, Lb, Lc - phase winding self-inductances [H];
i - parameter given in (2).
Mab, Mac, Mbc - phase winding mutual inductances [H].
1 1 0.035 The values considered in the simulation are 0.5 Ω/phase
= − 3 (2)
λi λ + 0.08 ⋅ β β + 1 (resistance), 3.35 mH (self-inductance), and 3.06 mH
(mutual inductance) [3].
In the simulations tests, the following constants mentioned
in (1) are considered: C1 = 0.5176, C2 = 116, C3 = 0.40, C4 = IV. CONTROL METHOD
5, C5 = 21, C6 = 0.0068. These values are given for a three-
bladed wind turbine, with similar aerodynamic
characteristics to the turbine used in the system. The value of A. Power Stage Design
chosen for simulation is 0º, as maximum Cp is obtained in Although this paper shows only simulations of proposed
this condition [3]. system, the design of the power stage is necessary to obtain
the transfer functions of the system plants. The system was
B. Generator Model then designed in accordance with [8].
The machine used in the simulation is a PMSG rated 1000 Preliminary specifications are:
W, 1000 rpm, 7 pole pairs, and axial flux. With many • output power: Po = 1000 W;
advantages over other kinds of generators, PMSGs are • switching frequency: fs = 50 kHz;
usually used in small wind turbine systems [7]. The dynamic • inductor current ripple: IL = 2%;
model of machine is obtained in [6], described by (3) to (6). • output voltage ripple: Vb = 0.25%;
Ea ⋅ I a + Eb ⋅ I b + Ec ⋅ I c • input voltage ripple: Vi = 2%.
Te = (3) The values obtained for the filter elements are:
ωg
• inductance: L = 662 H;
Where: • output capacitance: Co = 4400 F;
Te - electrical torque [N.m]; • input capacitance: Ci = 6600 F.
Ia, Ib, Ic - phase currents [A]; Switches and diodes are also considered ideal to simplify
Ea, Eb, Ec - induced electromotive force [V]; the analysis.
g - mechanical speed of the generator [rad/s].
B. Control System Design
J ⋅ ρ ⋅ ϖ g = Tm − Te − B ⋅ ϖ g (4) The control system was designed according to [8], and is
Where: composed by three proportional-integrator (PI) filter
J - inertia moment [km.m2]; controllers. Since this type of controller presents small
- differential operator. bandwidth, the speed response is slow. Thus they are
Tm - mechanical torque [N.m]; supposed to present high gain at low frequencies and
B - coefficient of viscous friction. improve the steady state precision.
Fig. 2. Control Design.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Wind
5
The authors acknowledge the members of Group of
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Energy Processing and Control (GPEC) for the friendship
Speed (rad/sec)
100
Mechanical
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
REFERENCES
Coefficient
0.4 [1] P. Gipe, “Soaring to new heights: the word energy market”,
Power
2000
Extraction Algorithm for Inverter-Based Variable Speed Wind
1000 Turbine Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
vol. 19, no. 5, September 2004.
[3] I. R. Machado, H. M. Oliveira F., L. H. S. C. Barreto, D. S.
Power (W)
500
DC Bus
10
Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, pp. 641-
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
644, May 2005.
54.5 [8] R. W. Erickson, D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power
Voltage (V)
54
York, USA, 2004.
53.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
[9] V. Vorpérian, “Simplified Analysis of PWM Converters Using
1.195 the Model of the PWM Switch Part I: Continuous Conduction
Reference
Voltage
1.19
Systems, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 490-496, May 2003.
1.185
0 20 40 60 80 100
10 BIOGRAPHIES
Reference
Inductor
Current
5
Herminio Miguel de Oliveira Filho was born in Taguatinga, Distrito
0 Federal, Brazil, on 1983. He received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (sec) Engineering from the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, in 2007.
Currently, he is an engineer and M.Sc. student with the Group of Energy
Fig. 12. Simulation results.
Processing and Control in the Federal University of Ceará. His interest areas the IEEE Power Electronics Society and Industrial Application Society and
include control applications, switching power supplies, and renewable the Brazilian Power Electronics Society (SOBRAEP).
energy applications. Fernando Luiz Marcelo Antunes, Ph.D. B.Sc. degree in Electrical
René Pastor Torrico Bascopé, Dr. was born in Cochabamba, Bolivia, on Engineering from Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, in 1978, B.Sc. degree
1967. He received the BSc from San Simón University of Cochabamba, in Business and Administration from Estate University of Ceará, Brazil,
Bolivia, in 1992, and its MSc and Dr. degrees from the Federal University of MSc. degree from the University of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1980 and PhD
Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 1994 and 2000, respectively. During 1995 and degree Loughborough University of Technology, United Kingdom (UK) in
1996, he was Research Engineer in the Power Electronics Institute of 1991. He is a lecturer at Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, teaching Power
Federal University of Santa Catarina. From March 2001 to May 2003, he has Electronics and Electric Machines at graduate and undergraduate levels. He
been an Assistant Professor at the Univali – University of Itajaí, Brazil. coordinates the Energy Processing and Control Group of the UFC where
Currently, he is Professor of the Federal University of Ceará. His main research projects are carried out with financial support of research
research interests include power supplies, power factor correction development agencies and public and private companies. He is member of
techniques, UPS systems, and renewable energy applications. the SOBRAEP, SBA and IEEE.
Prof. Luiz Henrique Silva Colado Barreto, Dr. He received the B.Sc. Prof. Demercil de Souza Oliveira Júnior, Dr. has B.Sc. (1999) and M.Sc.
degree in Electrical Engineering from Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, degrees (2001) in Electrical Engineering from Federal University of
Brazil, in 1997 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Universidade Uberlândia, Brazil, and Dr. degree (2004) from Federal University of Santa
Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil, in 1999 and 2003 respectively. Since June Catarina, Brazil. His fields of interest include power electronics, soft-
2003, he has been with the Electrical Engineering Department, Universidade switching, wind energy systems, DC/DC converters, etc. At the moment he
Federal do Ceará, Brazil, where he is a Professor of Electrical Engineering. is Professor and Researcher in Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, and is
His research interest areas include high-frequency power conversion, reviewer from IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and IEEE
modeling and control of converters, power factor correction circuits, new Transactions on Power Electronics.
converters topologies, UPS system and fuel cell. Dr. Barreto is member of