Fluid Mechanics-I Lab (MEEN 2217)

Lab Report 04

Title: To calculate coefficient of discharge

when water flows through Pitot tube.

Abdullah Pervaiz

ME172072

25-12-2018

Page 1 of 11
Abstract:
In this analysis we can quantify exact stream amounts of viscous liquids through different sorts
of unmistakable weight stream meters. In the longing test we can utilize the stream meter in
stream meter we can talk about the pitot tube which is examined in outline. At the point when a
pitot tube is locked in with a pipe and the liquid is move whose rate of stream is to be estimated,
the pitot tube causes a weight drop which vacillates with the stream rate. We can utilize a Rota
meter to alter the stream rate and locate the real stream rate which is further look at by the
hypothetical stream rate which is acquired by the given recipe. The pitot tube gets rusted and
because of this after at some point, a few mistakes are happens. Also, the pitot tube are low
physically solid. The most generally utilized of pitot tube is in cpmpression plate. For the trial we
can accomplish that, the venturi meter is increasingly exact as contrast with the pitot tube. As the
stream rates of venturi meter is closer to the real estimation of the stream rates of pitot tube. In
the event that we can take proportion of real and a hypothetical stream rate, it is known as co-
productive of release.

Page 2 of 11
Table of Contents
Abstract: ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction: ................................................................................................................................. 4
Pitot Tube: ................................................................................................................................. 4
Rota Meter:................................................................................................................................ 4
Hydraulic Bench: ...................................................................................................................... 5
Theory: ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Flow Rate: .................................................................................................................................. 6
Co-efficient of Discharge: ......................................................................................................... 6
Apparatus and Diagram: ............................................................................................................. 7
Diagram: .................................................................................................................................... 7
Experiment and Procedure: ......................................................................................................... 8
Results and observation: .............................................................................................................. 9
Calculation: ................................................................................................................................... 9
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................... 10
Conclusion: .................................................................................................................................. 11
Reference: .................................................................................................................................... 11

Page 3 of 11
Introduction:
In the examination we can characterize the co-proficient of release by utilizing a stream meter
instrument.

In this examination we finish up hole stream meter. Scientifically the release coefficient might be
related to the mass stream rate of a liquid through a straight container of constant cross-sectional
region through the accompanying.

There are a wide scope of meters used to figure fluid stream the turbine type stream meter, the
Rota meter, the gap meter ( hole meter), and the endeavor meter. Each meter works by its ability
to change a positive physical property of the streaming fluid and afterward enables this
adjustment to be estimated.

The other capacity of the mechanical assembly incorporates a 90 degree elbow with weight
cadence. This capacity licenses us to decide the aggregate head misfortune and misfortune
coefficient when liquid streams over the 90 degrees elbow.

In this examination we can utilize the stream meter and measure floe rate in an opening meter by
utilizing the Bernoulli's Principal.

Pitot Tube:
It's a thin cylinder that has two gaps on it. The front opening is put in the airstream to gauge
what's known as the stagnation weight. The side gap estimates the static weight. By estimating
the distinction between these weights, you get the dynamic weight, which can be utilized to
figure velocity.

Rota Meter:
A Rota meter comprises of a step by step cone shaped glass tube settled vertically in an edge
with the vast wind up. Liquid move in the cylinder from the base. As it move in, it impacts the
buoy to lift the state of harmony. The area of balance is at the point where the heaviness of the
buoy is adjusted by the heaviness of the liquid it the Figure 2 is given beneath.

The higher the buoy position the more noteworthy the stream rate. Note that as the buoy rises,
the annular zone shaped between the buoy and the cylinder rises. Greatest stream is at outrageous

Page 4 of 11
annular zone or when the buoy is at the highest point of the cylinder. Least zone speaks to
slightest stream rate and is the point at which the buoy is at the base of the cylinder is set. The
given graph is given below.

Hydraulic Bench:
Hydraulic bench seat is exceptionally valuable and noteworthy gadget for pressure driven and
liquid dynamic. It offers a control water supply and stream meter for pressure driven and liquid
workman research facility in instructive establishment. In pressure driven seat water is reused
among trial area, deciding tank and capacity tank with help of radial siphon.

The water powered seat holds a divergent siphon, stockpiling tank, vertical pipe, control valve,
connector, channel, deplete valve, side channel, volumetric channel, scaling, dump valve,
actuator, and flood.

Page 5 of 11
Theory:
An orifice flow meter are contraption utilized for deciding the rate of release for a liquid streaming
in a pipe. These contraptions are set up on the weight contrast between any two points on a cone
shaped pipe through which the liquid is streaming relies upon the difference in levels and on the
adjustment in speeds. In this manner on the volume rate of stream. Where the stream is move to
contracted cross segment S.

Flow Rate:
𝑄 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑉 𝑇

Unit: m3s-1

Co-efficient of Discharge:
In hydraulics, it is the aftereffect of an outlet on a release. Water under strain has a distinct potential
vitality. At the point when released this vitality is changed to dynamic vitality. How expertly this
happens free on the geometry and worth of the spout. The coefficient of release is the proportion
of the measure of water released to the sum speculatively likely at that weight from an underlying
of that region.

𝐶d = Qexp / 𝑄actual.

Bernoulli’s equation is

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ +𝑍 = + +𝑍
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾

⸪Z=Z=0
V2 = 0
𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑃1
= −
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾
So,

𝑃2 𝑃1
𝑉1 = √2𝑔( − )
𝛾 𝛾

Page 6 of 11
 𝑉1 = √2𝑔∆ℎ
As
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝜋
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐷12 √2𝑔∆ℎ
4
Then we can say that
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑄𝑡ℎ
𝜋 2
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐶𝑑 𝐷 √2𝑔∆ℎ
4 1

Apparatus and Diagram:

Flow meter, hydraulic bench and stop watch.

Diagram:

Figure 1diagram

Page 7 of 11
Experiment and Procedure:
1. First of all the device is associated on the highest point of the water powered seat.
2. The water is permitted to fill the endeavor cylinder and expel all the air molecule from
the cylinder.
3. Adjust the stream rate with the assistance of volumetric stream rate technique and remain
fluctuate in the premise everywhere throughout the test.
4. Set the intensity of the siphon.
5. Adjust the spill out of the Rota meter.
6. We can compute the real stream rate 10 litters of water from the recipe
𝑉
𝑄=
𝑡
7. Adjust stream of water through hole meter with the assistance of given spill out of
controller valve and evacuate all the air which is caught between the funnels.
8. Measure the weight change between two segments in the opening meter utilizing stream
of fluid.
9. Repeat the entire trial for the following perusing. The qualities are placed in given table

Page 8 of 11
 Results and observation:
D1 = Diameter of pipe = 19 mm = 0.019 m

No. Flow on Hydraulic bench Flow rate Pitot tube Volume

Of Rotameter ‘Qact’ V1 Cd
Volume Time h1 h2 Δh
Obs. (I/sec) (m3sec-1) (m3)
‘V’(m3) ‘t’(sec) (m) (m) (m)

1 8 0.005 36.3 1.37×10-4 0.26 0.279 0.019 0.610 0.894

2 10 0.005 30.4 1.64×10-4 0.264 0.282 0.018 0.593 0.977

3 12 0.005 25.9 1.93×10-4 0.276 0.304 0.028 0.740 0.921

4 14 0.005 22.56 2.21×10-4 0.293 0.33 0.037 0.851 0.917

5 16 0.005 19.2 2.60×10-4 0.314 0.362 0.05 0.989 0.930

Table 1measuring flow rate

Calculation:
The water is converted from dm3 into mm
1 𝑑𝑚3 = 0.001𝑚𝑚
5 𝑑𝑚3 = 0.001 × 5
10 𝑑𝑚3 = 0.005 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 0.005
Actual flow rate = 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 0.000137
𝑇 36.3

The area of pipe and the hole meter (orifice meter) is

𝜋 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝐴1 = 𝐷
4 1
3.1415
𝐴1 = (0.019)2
4
𝐴1 = 0.000283

Page 9 of 11
 Therefore, we can determine theoretical flow rate by using this formula.
𝜋 2
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐶𝑑 𝐷 √2𝑔∆ℎ
4 1

Now we can determine the co efficient of discharge which is CD

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝐷 =
𝑄𝑡ℎ

This method is repeat by changing Rota meter from 8 to 10 to 12 to 14 and 16. These values is
given in above Table.

Discussion:
In this examination we can work on a pitot tube by utilizing a stream meter. From this trial we can
reason that if the zone of the opening of the pitot tube is bigger than it will be low speed of a liquid
in cylinder because of high sped over the cylinder and the other way around. As a matter of first
importance we can locate the genuine stream rate by utilizing a recipe or condition at that point
discover the co-productive of release. The real estimation of the Cd which is fundamentally a 0.95
to 0.99 however our esteem is additionally near this estimation of co-productive of release.

There is might distinction between the qualities in view of a few blunders these mistakes must be
human blunders or mechanical assembly mistakes.

We can think about the entire stream meter including adventure meter, hole meter and a pitot tube.
We can draw a diagram between the Cd and real stream rate (Qact).

Page 10 of 11
 Flow meter
0.0003 0.000278
0.00026
0.000238 0.000243
0.00025
0.000202 0.000242
0.0002 0.000172 0.000221
0.000171
0.000137 0.000193
Qact

0.00015
0.000164
0.000136
0.0001

0.00005

0
0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
Cd

Q act pitot tube Qact venture mter Qact orifice meter

Graph 1Qact and Cd

Conclusion:
This trial is performed on stream meter which is chip away at the Bernoulli's essential. As per
Bernoulli's key where zone is little speed will be high. Thus, this key is utilized in this examination
as though the extent of the gap is little the speed is high in this condition the weight will be low.
At the point when the liquid is proceed onward the little pitot tube there are a few blunders are
happen because of 90 elbow. From this investigation we reason that in the event that size of
cylinder is little, speed of liquid is low because of its little size and rapid liquid is move outwards
the cylinder.

Reference:

1. Diagram(Figure 1diagram)
2. Table(Table 1measuring flow rate)
3. Graph(Graph 1Qact and Cd)

Page 11 of 11