Dynamic pressure

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Dynamic pressure (sometimes called velocity pressure) is the increase in a moving

fluid's pressure over its static value due to motion. In incompressible fluid dynamics, it is indicated

as , or Q, defined by:[1]

where (using SI units):

= dynamic pressure in pascals,

= fluid density in kg/m3 (e.g. density of water),

= flow speed in m/s.

Contents

 1Physical meaning
 2Uses
 3Compressible flow
 4See also
 5References
o 5.1Notes
 6External links

Physical meaning[edit]
Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid particle. Dynamic pressure
is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which can be derived from
the conservation of energy for a fluid in motion. In simplified cases, the dynamic pressure is
equal to the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure.[1]
Another important aspect of dynamic pressure is that, as dimensional analysis shows,
the aerodynamic stress (i.e. stress within a structure subject to aerodynamic forces)

experienced by an aircraft travelling at speed is proportional to the air density and

square of , i.e. proportional to . Therefore, by looking at the variation

of during flight, it is possible to determine how the stress will vary and in particular
when it will reach its maximum value. The point of maximum aerodynamic load is often
referred to as max Q and it is a critical parameter in many applications, such as launch
vehicles.

Uses[edit]

A flow of air through a venturi meter, showing the columns connected in a U-shape (a manometer)
and partially filled with water. The meter is "read" as a differential pressure head in cm or inches of
water and is equivalent to the difference in velocity head.

The dynamic pressure, along with the static pressure and the pressure due to elevation, is
used in Bernoulli's principle as an energy balance on a closed system. The three terms are
used to define the state of a closed system of an incompressible, constant-density fluid.
When the dynamic pressure is divided by the product of fluid density and acceleration due to
gravity, g, the result is called velocity head, which is used in head equations like the one
used for pressure head and hydraulic head. In a venturi flow meter, the differential pressure
head can be used to calculate the differential velocity head, which are equivalent in the
adjacent picture. An alternative to velocity head is dynamic head.

Compressible flow[edit]
Many authors define dynamic pressure only for incompressible flows. (For compressible
flows, these authors use the concept of impact pressure.) However, the definition of dynamic
pressure can be extended to include compressible flows.[2][3]
If the fluid in question can be considered an ideal gas (which is generally the case for air),
the dynamic pressure can be expressed as a function of fluid pressure and Mach number.
By applying the ideal gas law:[4]
the definition of the speed of sound and of Mach number :[5]

and

and also , dynamic pressure can be rewritten as:[6]

where (using SI units):

= static pressure in Pascals, Is also the basic SI unit of Pressure

= molar density of the ideal gas in mol/m3

= mass of a mole of the ideal gas in kg/mol

= density of the ideal gas in kg/m3

= gas constant (8.3144 J/(mol·K)),

= absolute temperature in kelvins (K),

= Mach number (non-dimensional),

= ratio of specific heats (non-dimensional) (1.4 for air at sea level conditions),

= flow speed in m/s,

= speed of sound in m/s

See also[edit]
 Pressure
 Pressure head
 Hydraulic head
 Total dynamic head
  Drag, lift and pitching moment coefficients
 Derivations of Bernoulli equation

References[edit]
 L. J. Clancy (1975), Aerodynamics, Pitman Publishing Limited,
London. ISBN 0-273-01120-0
 Houghton, E.L. and Carpenter, P.W. (1993), Aerodynamics for
Engineering Students, Butterworth and Heinemann, Oxford
UK. ISBN 0-340-54847-9
 Liepmann, Hans Wolfgang; Roshko, Anatol (1993), Elements of Gas
Dynamics, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-41963-0
Notes[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Section 3.5

2. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Section 3.12 and 3.13
3. ^ "the dynamic pressure is equal to half rho vee squared only in
incompressible flow."
Houghton, E.L. and Carpenter, P.W. (1993), Aerodynamics for
Engineering Students, Section 2.3.1
4. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Section 10.4
5. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Section 10.2
6. ^ Liepmann & Roshko, Elements of Gas Dynamics, p. 55.

External links[edit]
 Definition of dynamic pressure on Eric Weisstein's World of Science
Categories:
 Fluid dynamics
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