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Microbiology: An Evolving Science
Microbiology: An Evolving Science
An evolving Science
Joan l. Slonczewski
John w. Foster
contents
4 Highlights
6 Brief Contents
9 Extended Contents
17 Media Package
21 About the Authors
22 Related Titles
23 Ordering and Information
Microbiology
An Evolving Science
Common shapes of bacteria. The shape of Current research examples throughout the text enrich students’ under-
most bacterial cells can be discerned with light standing of foundational topics. Every chapter presents numerous current
microscopy, but their subcellular structures and research examples within the up-to-date framework of molecular biology,
surface details cannot be seen. Left: Mediscan/
Visuals Unlimited; center and right: Dennis facilitating the incorporation of the latest research into the foundational
Kunkel Microscopy. topics of genetics, physiology, ecology, evolution, and immunology.
4
Microbial ecology and medical microbiology receive equal emphasis, with
much attention to the merging of these fields. Microbiology provides bal-
anced coverage of microbial ecology and medical microbiology. In addition
to devoting six chapters to each subject, the authors consider both ecological
and medical examples each time a principle is introduced.
5
Brief Contents
Part I: The Microbial Cell
1 Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery
2 Observing the Microbial Cell
■
4 Chapter 4 introduces the fundamental 3 Cell Structure and Function
classes of metabolism, to be developed further
in Part III. 4 Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development
■6 Viral genetics is introduced in preparation for 5 Environmental Influence and Control of Microbial Growth
the key roles viruses play in microbial genetics,
which is covered in Part II. 6 Virus Structure and Function
■
Part II Genetics is covered before metabolism, Part II: Genes and Genomes
enabling the authors to show the application
of genetic analysis to metabolic questions 7 Genomes and Chromosomes
and microbial diversity. Note, however, that
metabolism is actually introduced in Chapter 4 8 Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics
and that the chapters of Part III can be covered
earlier as desired. 9 Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution
10 Molecular Regulation
■
■ Chapter 11 treats examples of viruses in
11 11 Viral Molecular Biology
depth, emphasizing the diversity of molecular
mechanisms, such as primers consisting of 12 Molecular Techniques and Biotechnology
host-derived proteins or transfer RNA.
Part III: Metabolism and Biochemistry
13 Energetics and Catabolism
■
Part III The text presents the fundamental
chemistry of metabolism, including full 14 Respiration, Lithotrophy, and Photolysis
structural formulas for most pathways. The
diversity of bacterial and archaeal energetics 15 Biosynthesis
is emphasized. The chapters of Part III can be
covered before Part II, as desired. 16 Food and Industrial Microbiology
6
■
Part IV The text presents up-to-date coverage Part IV: Microbial Diversity and Ecology
of microbial evolution and a phylogeny-based
view of microbial diversity in the three domains. 17 Origins and Evolution
The varied roles of microbes in Earth’s bio-
sphere are presented, with relevance to global 18 Bacterial Diversity
concerns.
19 Archaeal Diversity
■
■■
12 ■■
16 ■■
22 ■ In addition to the numerous
28 20 Eukaryotic Diversity
examples of applied microbiology throughout
the text, Parts II through V each conclude with 21 Microbial Ecology
a chapter covering the practical applications of
the preceding chapters. 22 Microbes and the Global Environment
■
Part V The microbial fundamentals and re- Part V: Medicine and Immunology
search perspectives of Parts I–IV are applied to
show how modern research reveals causative 23 Human Microflora and Nonspecific Host Defenses
agents and develops new therapies.
24 The Adaptive Immune Response
25 Microbial Pathogenesis
■
■ An organ systems approach is used
26 26 Microbial Diseases
to discuss disease in terms of the different
microorganisms that can cause a given set of 27 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
symptoms. Patient case histories illustrate key
concepts of microbial diseases while showing 28 Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology
students the clues used to rule out or rule in
different possible causes.
Appendices
Appendices For students in need of review, A1 Biological Molecules
two appendices present essential material from
introductory biology. A2 Introductory Cell Biology
7
Model of a bacterial cell. Envelope: The cell
membrane contains embedded proteins for
Ribosome
structure and transport. Cytoplasm: Molecules
mRNA of nascent messenger RNA (mRNA) extend out
E
of the nucleoid to the region of the cytoplasm
P 50S rich in ribosomes. Nucleoid: The chromosomal
A
DNA is wrapped around binding proteins.
Flagellum Polypeptide
30S
Flagellar
motor
DNA-binding protein
HU
RNA polymerase
DNA
RNA
50 nm
Extended Contents
Bacterial Cell Components 1 Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery presents the history of microbial
Outer membrane proteins: discovery from ancient times up to the present day, including twentieth-
Sugar porin (10 nm) century discoverers of gene cloning, the archaeal domain, and the ubiquity of
Braun lipoprotein (8 nm) horizontal gene transfer.
Inner membrane proteins:
Glyceral porin 2 Observing the Microbial Cell presents microscopy as the key tool of
Secretory complex (Sec) microbial discovery, from an in-depth treatment of light microscopy and
Lipopolysaccharide ATP synthase (20 nm diameter electron microscopy to examples of confocal fluorescence and scanning probe
in inner membrane; 32 nm total
Outer membrane height) microscopy. In-depth coverage of microscopy helps the student evaluate
Envelope
Cell wall
Periplasmic proteins:
models of the cell presented in Part II, Genes and Genomes, and Part III,
Periplasm
Inner membrane Arabinose-binding protein
Metabolism and Biochemistry.
(cell membrane) (3 nm x 3 nm x 6 nm)
Acid resistance chaperone (HdeA)
(3 nm x 3 nm x 6 nm) 3 Cell Structure and Function emphasizes the functional unity of the cell,
Disulfide bond protein (DsbA) from envelope to nucleoid. Coverage includes envelope diversity (Gram
Ribosome (3 nm x 3 nm x 6 nm)
Cytoplasmic proteins:
positive, Gram negative, mycobacteria, and archaea), up-to-date models of
Peptide the prokaryotic cytoskeleton, and nucleoid organization. The organization of
Pyruvate kinase
(5 nm x 10 nm x 10 nm) DNA and RNA synthesis points to detailed exploration in Part II.
Cytoplasm
Phosphofructokinase
RNA (4 nm x 7 nm x 7 nm)
Proteasome
(12 nm x 12 nm x 15 nm)
4 Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development introduces the
RNA
Chaperonin GroEL fundamental classes of metabolism, to be developed further in Part III.
(18 nm x 14 nm)
polymerase Other proteins Developmental diversity includes biofilm formation, sporulation, and
Transcription and translation complexes:
“multicellular” fruiting body cycles.
RNA Polymerase (10 x 10 x 16 nm)
DNA bridging 5 Environmental Influence and Control of Microbial Growth presents
protein H-NS Ribosome (21 x 21 x 21 nm)
“extreme” environments and microbial adaptations, as well as practical
DNA-binding
Nucleoid components:
applications for control. Environmental topics are further explored in Part
protein HU
Nucleoid
DNA (2.4 nm wide x 3.4 nm/10 bp) IV, Microbial Diversity and Ecology, while pathogens and their control are
DNA
DNA-binding protein (3 x 3 x 5 nm) pursued in Part V, Medicine and Immunology.
DNA-bridging protein (3 x 3 x 5 nm)
9
6 Virus Structure and Function includes up-to-date visualization methods
such as cryo-EM as well as fluorescent-focus assays. Viral genetics is
introduced in preparation for the key roles viruses play in microbial genetics,
which is covered in Part II.
–35
10 Factor Region
11
A. DNA replication
Leading strand 3′
DNA polymerase Helicase 5′
Template strand complex
3′
5′
3′ Parental DNA helix
Newly synthesized strand 3′
Lagging strand
Second Template
new strand strand ssDNA
3′ 5′ binding proteins
Direction RNA
of replication 5′ First new strand
RNA primer
primer Slip in template
Slip in new strand causes strand causes
increase in repeats. decrease in repeats.
B. C.
New strand 5 4 3 2 1 New strand 5 4 3 2 1
RNA primer RNA primer
A T CG T T T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C CG A A G A A G A T CG T T T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C CG A A G A A G
T A G C A A A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A GG C T T C T T C A C G T A G C A A A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A GG C T T C T T C A C G
GA A
G
A
T CT
C
GA A A G
New strand slips T C C A
G
A G CTC
A T CG T T T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T GC A T CG T T T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T T GC
T A G C A A A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A GG C T T C T T C A C G T A G C A A A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A GG C T T C T T C A C G
AG
A A
G Enzymes chop
New round of replication Template strand slips off unpaired
strand and loop.
6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
GC T T T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C CG A A G A A G T GC A T CG T T T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C T T C T C CG A A G A A G T GC
C G A A A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A GG C T T C T T C A C G T A G C A A A A G A G A A G A G A A G A G A A G A GG C T T C T T C A C G
12
Au Q: For consistency, we picked up part A from
a previous figure, but in order for parts B and
C to align with A, we needed to flip the information
15 Biosynthesis presents key pathways of carbon and nitrogen fixation,
as well as amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. Modular synthesis of
polyketides and peptide antibiotics is presented.
13
20 Eukaryotic Diversity presents major categories of eukaryotic organisms
traditionally studied as microbes. Phylogeny is emphasized, including
recent data revealing the unexpectedly close relatedness between fungi and
metazoan animals. Key groups of algae and protists are presented, including
lobed and shelled amebas, flagellates and ciliates, and colonial protists.
14
25 Microbial Pathogenesis presents the different pathogenic mechanisms
employed by various organisms to cause disease, such as the modes of action
of various toxins and the mechanisms bacteria and viruses use to hijack host
cell metabolism.
Appendices
15
Mechanism of action for type II topoisom-
erases (DNA gyrase of E. coli). The gyrase dsDNA
enzyme grabs DNA and, in an ATP-dependent
process, introduces a double-strand break,
passes another part of the double helix through
the break, and then reseals the break. The re- GyrB
sult is the introduction of a negative supercoil.
GyrA
GyrA introduces
ATP ATP double-strand break in
this section (cylinder) and
ADP
holds the two ends apart
ADP while remaining covalently
attached to the DNA.
16
A complete, easy-to-use Media Package expands
coverage of interesting topics and aids understand-
ing of complex processes.
Weblink Icons throughout the text point students to the student website,
which serves as a portal to websites where they can research a host of topics.
Each link was reviewed and approved by the authors to ensure that only
high-interest, high-quality sites were selected.
MicrobeWiki Joan Slonczewski hosts a free wiki—an online forum that allows
users to add and edit content on microbes and microbiology. The site is
refereed for accuracy and quality by Joan Slonczewski and includes several
sub-areas:
■■ Microbial Biorealm: encylopedia of bacteria, archaea, and
eukaryotic microbes.
■■ Viral Biorealm: encyclopedia of viruses of animals and plants
and bacteriophages.
■■ Microbial World News: highlights of microbiology in the news.
■■ Microbial Mythology: common errors and controversies in microbiology.
17
Cytoplasm
Influenza virion
HA
1. Virion uptake Replication of the influenza virus The influ-
enza virion attaches to glycoprotein receptors
on the host cell membrane and is taken up
through endocytosis. Acid triggers release of
Endosome Receptor with
sialic acid
viral RNA and proteins into the cytoplasm. The
viral RNA segments enter the nucleus for repli-
H+ cation by the viral RNA-RNA polymerase. Viral
2. (–) RNA and RNA-RNA genes are transcribed in the nucleus, and viral
Nuclear
polymerase are released. pore proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm
and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Progeny
(–) strand RNA
segment virions complete their assembly at the
8. Transcription 9. Transcription cell membrane where they are coated
3. (–) RNA and polymerase (+) strand by host membrane and viral envelope
enter nucleus.
proteins, and are released from the
host cell.
10. Packaging
(–) strand RNA (–) strand proteins bind RNA
RNA pol components
(PB1, PB2, PA, NP) segment genome segments.
4. Transcription
(+) strand mRNA primed by capped
translation 5′ C 3′ host mRNA.
11. Packaged
C PB1, PB2, PA
RNA exits
C HA, NA Nucleus nucleus.
5. (+) mRNA translation
C M1, NS1
5′ mRNA
C
6. (+) mRNA translation:
Envelope proteins enter ER.
C M2, NS2
3′
HA
5′
NA C 3′
3′ 5′ C M1
5′ C 3′
M2
13. Envelope proteins ER
7. Packaging NS2
enter Golgi.
proteins return
to nucleus.
NS2
12. Capsid
assembles.
Golgi
15. Envelope
14. Envelope proteins coats capsid.
transfer to cell membrane.
18
16. Virion buds out.
StudySpace This student website includes multiple-choice quizzes, process
animations, vocabulary flashcards, indices of the Weblink reference sites
from the text, and prominent links to Joan Slonczewski’s MicrobeWiki.
Ebook Same great book at half the price. Microbiology: An Evolving Science is
also available as an ebook from nortonebooks.com. With a Norton ebook,
you can electronically highlight text, use sticky notes, and work with fully
zoomable images from the book.
Drawn Art and Photographs Digital files of all drawn art and most
photographs are available to qualified adopters.
Test Bank The Test Bank includes 2,000 questions in ExamView® Assessment
Suite format.
19
About the Authors
John W. Foster received his B.S. from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
and Science (now the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia), and his
Ph. D. from Hahnemann University (now Drexel University School of
Medicine) also in Philadelphia, where he worked with Albert G. Moat.
After postdoctoral work at Georgetown University, he joined the Marshall
University School of Medicine in West Virginia and is currently teaching at
the University of South Alabama College of Medicine in Mobile, Alabama.
Dr. Foster has coauthored three editions of the textbook Microbial Physiology
and has published over 100 journal articles describing the physiology
and genetics of microbial stress responses. He has served as Chair of the
Microbial Physiology and Metabolism division of the American Society for
Microbiology, and is a member of the editorial advisory board of the journal
Molecular Microbiology.
Joan L. Slonczewski received her B.A. from Bryn Mawr College, and her
Ph.D. in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry from Yale University, where
she studied bacterial motility with Robert M. Macnab. After postdoctoral
work at the University of Pennsylvania, she taught undergraduate microbi-
ology at Kenyon College, where she earned a Silver Medal in the National
Professor of the Year program from the Council for the Advancement and
Support of Education. She has published numerous research articles with
Helicobacter pylori within the crypt cells of
undergraduate coauthors on bacterial pH regulation, and has published five
the stomach lining. Microscopy demonstrated science fiction novels including A Door into Ocean which earned the John
the presence of H. pylori, the causative agent W. Campbell Memorial Award. She serves as At-large Member represent-
of gastritis, growing on the lining of the human
ing Divisions on the Council Policy Committee of the American Society for
stomach, a location previously believed too
acidic to permit microbial growth. Mediscan/ Microbiology, and is a member of the Editorial Board of the journal Applied
Visuals Unlimited and Environmental Microbiology.
21
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