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Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays: Steve Turner Beckwith Electric Co., Inc
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays: Steve Turner Beckwith Electric Co., Inc
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays: Steve Turner Beckwith Electric Co., Inc
Bushing
LTC
LTC
Control
Cabinet
INTRODUCTION
Commissioning versus Maintenance Testing
INTRODUCTION
Topics:
Transformer Differential Boundary Test
(Commissioning)
Ground Differential Sensitivity Test
(Commissioning/Maintenance)
Secondary Transformer Protection
Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush
(Maintenance)
Doble Life of a Transformer 2011
Commissioning
Common Practice:
Test all numerical relay settings –
verify settings properly entered
Easily facilitated using computer –
automate test set & store results
Hundreds of tests are possible –
numerical relays have many settings
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
Commissioning
Final Goal
Ensure the transformer is properly protected for the
particular application
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
46 RG
E
+
46 RG
ZT
I2
3RG
ZT
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays
Y Y
Y Y
87
* Simulate Through Current
Differential Characteristic
Operating Equations
Differential Characteristic
Id
% = Y *100%
X
Y
X
Minimum
Pickup
(per unit) Ir
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
Differential Characteristic
Id
Minimum
Pickup
Ir
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
Matrix
[]
Id
Ir
= [ ][]
1 -1 *
½ ½
I1
I2
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
Inverted Matrix
[]
I1
I2
= [ ][]
½ 1
-½ 1
* Id
Ir
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
Differential Characteristic
Test Current Equations
Differential Characteristic
Test Points
Minimum Pickup = 0.2 per unit
Id
Slope = 28.6%
4
3
1 2
Minimum
Pickup
Ir
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
Differential Characteristic
Test Points (Per Unit)
Id Ir I1 I2
TABLE 1
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
DAB
I1 I2
Y
Y Y
87
* Simulate Through Current
MVA#
TAP# =
kV#LL*CTR#*SQRT(3)
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
From TABLE 1:
Id Ir I1 I2
2 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6
IA1test = 0.8*TAP1
IA2test = 0.6*TAP2*SQRT(3)
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
y g Relays
As an example, if we have a two winding transformer with Y/Delta-AC connection (or YD1)
with Y-Y cts. This will be equivalent to case 2 with a 30o phase shift.
A
1 −1 0
A
1: 1 0 0 2:
I ' ABC = 0 1 0 I ABC I ' ABC = 0 1 − 1 I ABC
0O 30O 1
C
3
C B 0 0 1 − 1 0 1
B
C
3:
C A
0 −1 0 4: 0 −1 1
60O I ' ABC = 0 0 − 1 I ABC 90O A I ' ABC = 1 0 − 1 I ABC
1
− 1 0 0 3
B − 1 1 0
B
C
− 1 0 1
C
5: 0 0 1 6:
I ' ABC = 1 − 1 0 I ABC
1
I ' ABC = 1 0 0 I ABC
120O 150O
B
3
B A 0 1 0 0 1 − 1
A
B
7:
B C
− 1 0 0 8: − 1 1 0
I ' ABC = 0 − 1 0 I ABC I ' ABC = 0 − 1 1 I ABC
180O 210O C
1
3
A 0 0 − 1 1 0 − 1
A
B
0 1 − 1
B
9: 0 1 0 10:
I ' ABC = 0 0 1 I ABC I ' ABC = − 1 0 1 I ABC
240O 270O 1
A
3
A C 1 0 0 1 − 1 0
C
A
11:
A B
0 0 − 1 12: 1 0 − 1
I ' ABC = − 1 0 0 I ABC I ' ABC = − 1 1 0 I ABC
300O 330O B
1
3
C
0 − 1 0 0 − 1 1
C
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
Internal External
I0 IG
-90o
Operate When:
180
160
140
Fault Resistance
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Source Impedance
IG
Directional Element
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
IG2
IOP
CTCF*3I0(2)
New Pickup = 1.0 Amps
Doble Life of a Transformer 2011
Causes of Overexcitation
Generating Plants
Excitation system runaway
Sudden loss of load
Operational issues (reduced frequency)
Static starts
Pumped hydro starting
Rotor warming
Transmission Systems
Voltage and Reactive Support Control Failures
Capacitor banks ON when they should be OFF
Shunt reactors OFF when they should be ON
Near-end breaker failures resulting in voltage
rise on line (Ferranti effect)
Runaway LTCs
Doble Life of a Transformer 2011
Ferranti Effect
10-20 MVAR
30-40 MVAR
Overexcitation Curves
Doble Life of a Transformer 2011
Waveform Sources:
•Events from Numerical Relays
•Events from Digital Fault Recorders
•Simulate using Transient Software
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
W3
delta
345 kV 230 kV
wye wye
W1 W2
Z HM + Z HL − Z ML
ZH = 2 = 0.0140 per unit
Z HM + Z ML − Z HL
ZM =
2
= -0.0029 per unit
Z HL + Z ML − Z HM
ZL = 2 = 0.0340 per unit
600 MVA
TAP2 = = 3.77
230 kV * 400 * SQRT(3)
Slope = 25%
*Original Pickup = 0.45 per unit
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
2 2 1/2
Ieven = (I2 + I4 )
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
CONCLUSIONS
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
CONCLUSIONS
Transformer Differential Boundary Test
(Commissioning)
Ground Differential Sensitivity Test
(Commissioning/Maintenance)
Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush
(Maintenance)
Testing Numerical Transformer Differential
Relays
QUESTIONS