Professional Documents
Culture Documents
08 Chapter 2
08 Chapter 2
08 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
related areas of the study. Any effective research must be based upon
already been done and provides useful and significant data for
with their scope and objectives may be useful for understanding the
1
T.R. Shanmugam- “Marketing of Railway Services-A Study of Passenger and Goods
Traffic in Madurai” M.Phil. Dissertation submitted to Madurai Kamaraj University,
April, 1987.
2 Promila Sharma and Harpreet Duggal-“Grievance Redressal in Indian Railways”,
Consumer Confrontation, CERC November 1989,pp.5-7.
19
of the complainants did not use the redressal service provided by the
Railway department because they did not expect any concrete action
from Railways.
20
Bansal and Sharma [1997]5 analysed a study about the catering
observe and analyse the catering service of the dining cars and to
and fraught with health hazards. Almost all the model regulations for
food safety had been flouted. The study also revealed that there is no
21
confronting the STUs knows these service quality; gap perceptions,
catering for the domestic freight in any country with marginal share
by other modes. In India, Road and Rail are the main modes for
generally observed that railways are suitable for moving bulk traffic
while roadways are preferred for high valued packages for short and
22
railway is non-bulk commodities. The non-bulk commodities which
choice between the roadways and railways and hence they are
study revealed that 75% of the shippers are road shippers and
remaining 25% are rail shippers. It also revealed that the total number
of shipment km of both the modes are almost same, even though road
haul for rail is 820km and for road 375km. The study also revealed
23
operators constantly endeavour to improve the quality of their
services. They aim at passenger comforts and keep their buses clean
Above all they are time-conscious. Though they charge higher fare, the
public patronize them as their service is much better than the ones
Section” has found that if season ticket fares are reduced for long
will be required for short distance travellers and it has been found
that most of the passengers are not happy particularly with the
Southern Railway with particular reference to the front line staff”. The
24
objectives of the study were to measure the level of job satisfaction of
given to the staff to make them evince interest in their jobs. The
satisfying the needs of the travelling public, and whether any change
13 John Gabriel and Suresh Babu – “passenger reservation system in the Indian
railways”, The Journal of institute of Public Enterprise, vol.28, No .1&2, Jan – Mar
and April – June 2005, pp 77-84
25
improvement of the services. The study revealed that railways are
out-agency bookings and hence all these facilities reveal the efficiency
of reservation services of the railways and the study also revealed that
effectively.
Railways”, has pointed out that South India is noted for the large
number of important Hindu festivals. Not less than 175 festivals are
Six sheds each containing a booking office were provided for pilgrim
timetables were drawn out and issued well in time. About 46,000
26
the measures and strategies that would go a long way for
take suitable steps to enhance the quality of fast food items sold in the
System can be provided in all express trains, the same should be used
the most important factors essential for the development and growth
creativity an output greater than the sum of his inputs. Second, this
27
has his or her own distinct background. Finally, it is only this
management.
present study seven model attributes are chosen viz, fare, travel
All the attributes assumed here are of abstract in nature and have
with regards to travel speed attribute the special bus has been ranked
as the most satisfying mode. The study also revealed that the waiting
time for ordinary buses has been considered to be minimum and that
17 Sudip Roy and Datta – “Ranking of public transport Modes According to the
characteristics of abstract nature in Kolkata” – Indian journal of Transport
Management, Vol.29, No2, April-June 2005, pp 136-143.
28
Murty, Kishore Kumar Dhavala, Meenakshi Ghosh and Rashmi
Growth Delhi University. In this paper the growing demand for public
2002 under the aegis of IRCTC (Indian Railway Catering and Tourism
18 Murty. M.N, Kishore Kumar Dhavala, Meenakshi Ghosh and Rashmi – “Singh
Social costs benefit analysis of Delhi Metro – 2006” – Institute of Economic growth,
working paper, October-2006.
19 Chinmoy Kumar -“Indian Railway; IT Innovations in Passenger Services” –
the ICFAI Journal of Service Marketing , Vol.4, No.1. March-2006, pp 64-71.
29
passenger reservation system (PRS) and served as an interface
more satisfied with “knowing when the buses arrive and depart” as
20 Madhavaiah. C. and Durga Rao .S. –“Public Sector Road Transport Corporations:
A Comparative Study of Service Quality Perceptions”- the ICFAI Journal of Service
Marketing, Vol.5, No.1, July-2007, pp31-41.
30
well as the information provided by the transport corporation at the
cleanliness of the bus interior and safety at bus stops. The results
and ease of using the service as the key factors determining the
inter-state services.
image of Indian railways, the objectives of this study were to study the
general image of the Indian railways and to study the specific image of
during the travel and services after the travel. The study revealed that
regards the level of satisfaction, 160 (80%) have stated the level of
31
‘above 100%’. As such, the Indian railways offer more than what is
to travel by train, while 192 (96%) have got positive opinion about
to travel. 156 (78%) are of the opinion that there is courteous service
by the employees. 180 (90%) have expressed that the Indian railways
suggest such measures and strategies that would go a long way for
and Indian railways in general. The study revealed that around 48%
continuous. Some opined that water has some foul smell thereby
32
expressed that the compartments are not cleaned and maintained
station, on train and particularly during night times. The study also
model to map a few of the most strategic location of Delhi using the
available modes of public transportation i.e. bus and metro rail, based
hours, and in case of travel cost consideration, metro route has higher
33
Abdul Sameem Ansari [2007]24, in his paper entitled “Road
present article highlights the road users perceptions like a) mode and
and hence the traffic enforcement division should gear itself efficiently
and reliable technology and they would be happy to replace the old
PRS with a new state-of-art system that would provide them greater
24 Abdul Sameem Ansari, in his paper entitled “Road users perceptions on the
Traffic management in Hyderabad”- Indian Journal of Transport Management,
July- September 2007.
25 C Srivastava, Sharat S Mathur and Thompson SH Teo “Modernization of
Passenger Reservation System: Indian Railwas,Journal of Information
Technology,2007.,Vol.22, p.432-439
34
maintenance flexibility, the repercussions associated with possible
paper they derived that long run structural relationships for all the
three classes, viz,. upper, second and ordinary second class, of non-
Railways using annual time series data for 1970-1995. The demand
systems are found to be stable for all the classes in the long run and
Results show that travel demand in all classes would rise with
railways.
35
Zhang Ning (1996)27 in his article titled, “Railway Service Close
to People’s Lives” has pointed out the Railway service in Japan is very
of rail to roads.
one of the less efficient. The final conclusion is that efficiency on the
post cost-benefit analysis was carries out. The first high-speed link in
Spain was launched in April 1992, with the high success according to
occupancy rates and public opinion of its quality, safety, and impact
time savings obtained when users shift from slower transport modes
and total gains from namely generated traffic. The study revealed that,
27 Zhang Ning - “Railway Service Close to People’s Lives”, Japan Railway and
Transport Review, April 1996.
28 Jonathan Cowie and Geoff Reddington – Measuring eth efficiency of European
railways” – Applied Economics, Vol 28, 1996, pp 1027-1035.
29 Glines de Rus, Vicente Inglada –“Cost – benefit analysis of the high speed train in
Spain” – The annals of Regional Sciences, Vol 31, January 1997, pp 175 – 188.
36
GDP grows at a 2.5 per year during the lifetime of the project.
extending the life span of the GDP growth rate to 3%, using shadow
prices for labour and increasing generalized costs of train, car and bus
public funds for road and railway projects. By using consistent social
urban road and rail projects. From the research they suggest that
roads.
sub additivity test for the cost function of the principal European
37
efficiency levels for a set of European rail companies in monopoly
size. Besides, these efficiency gains are greater when the two new
freight traffic. The study also revealed that the separated supply of
the efficiency levels of rail industry. The results seem to confirm that
the current trend in the European rail policy based on the separation
regulatory and operational restrictions over the coming five years will
38
‘compulsory intervailability’ (CI). In terms of competition for the
market some commentators have argued that rail is very much in the
systems using contact less IC cards and a guide system for visually
39
Richard Freling,Ramon Lentink and Albert Wagelmans [2001]34
support system for airline and railway crew planning. The system is a
scheduling is crew planning for one or a few days that results in crew
duties or pairings and crew rostering is crew planning for at least one
week for individual crew members. the study revealed that the
comparison with the integrated scheduling and rostering, that the way
duties are built can have a huge impact on the quality of the rosters at
35 Hadi Baaj – “Restructuring the Lebanese Railway and Public Transport Authority
(RPTA) from losing operator to effective regulator” – Transport Review, Vol.22,No.1,
2002, pp 103-113
40
Russ Hauwood [2002]36 undertook a study about evaluation of
unusually, the focus was on local rather than national policy. The
study revealed that ‘improve the integration of the road network with
although in both cases this was still a minority. To the extent that
context.
36 Russ Hauwood –“Evaluation of the policies in British Local Transport Plans with
regard to the promotion of rail freight” –Transport Reviews, vol.23, No.4, 2002, pp
387-412
41
Netherlands. The purpose of the study was to examine reliability in
spare and time. One way to increase the reliability is to reduce the
The study revealed that the heterogeneity resulting from the line plan
and the time table has a negative influence on the punctuality and the
SAHR show large decreases, then there are usually also large
thumb for timetable design is to minimize the SSHR and SAHR. This
42
estimate CPI (Consumer Price Index) railway fares, taking into account
Japan. The study revealed that the improvements in the quality of the
two classes. The first class comprises of the variables with which we
43
are trying to capture socio-economic factors. It is possible to
July, and August or in the second and third quarters. This study
railway sector.
the trains run on time. The purpose of the study was to analyze the
40 Bard Cole and Christine Cooper –“ making the trains run on time: the tyranny of
Performance indicators” –production , Planning and Control, vol-16, No.2, March
2005,pp 199-207
44
industry and to consider whether the information that these
reliability and punctuality are the main concerns of rail users; the
the train operating companies’ targets which reflect one part of state’s
indicators which relate to safety. The study also revealed that these
indicators cast into darkness other safety issues which are of great
the unmanned station and phasing out and deskilling of train crew
that sectional running time (SRT) has a major effect on any analysis of
41 Erhan Kozan and Robert Burdett – “A Railway capacity Determination Model and
Rail Access Charging methodologies” – transport Planning and Technology, vol.28,
No.1, February-2005, pp 27-45.
45
is different for every distinct proportional and directional distribution.
velocity of the next section is higher than the limit of the current
section then trains change speed after entering the new section;
short term planning level were discussed. The study revealed that in
the coming years there will be less focus on the classical problems and
the rest of the operation research (OR) world, there will be research on
42 Dennis Huisman, Leo Kroon, Ramon Lentink and Michiel Vromans -“Operations
Research in Passenger Railway Transportation” , Statistica, Nedherladica, Vol.59,
April 2005, pp 467-497.
43
Richard Freling , Ramon Lentink, Leo Kroon and Dannis Huisman – “Shunting of
passenger train Units in a Railway Station” – Transportation Science, Vol.29, No.2,
May 2005, pp 261- 272.
46
train units in railway station in Netherlands. The purpose of this
is to park the units in such a way that the railways operations in the
and crew planning is met. In the Netherlands, most train units can
The study revealed that tracks can be approached from two sides;
trains may consist of several trains units and a uniform way to deal
with mixed arrivals and departures of trains. It also revealed that the
47
an economic activity of concern to society. In decisions concerning
author, this is the first time a CE study, using exposure as a proxy for
probabilities and accident out-comes, has been carried out. Due to the
are often observed, resulting in the need for more complex statistical
48
on the link cologue Berlin in Germany. The objective of this study was
on this link: rail, road and air. Consumers choose a mode and an
fares by a small amount to make more profit. The study also revealed
the modern high speed train. The purpose of the study was to analyze
46 Moshe Givoni –“ development and impact of the modern high speed train” – Risk
Analysis, vol.26, No.5, 2006, pp593-611
49
the impacts of HST (High Speed Train) services. The main technical
train and track that could maintain stability and the comfort of
noise and vibration to areas adjacent to the line. The study revealed
to reduce travel time, further improving rail service also against other
the following definition for HST services was suggested high capacity
200kmph.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors responsible for the
time to the Central Business Districts (CBD) and to analyze the cause
of this sharp decline linked with the urban spatial structure and also
50
to analyze the implications of the transportation policy and land-use
rates scarcely had any negative effects on the working age population
48 Karst Geirs, Rinus Haaijer and Bert Van Wee-“Opinion Value Of Public
Transport” Meth for measurement and case study for Regional Rail links in
Netherlands” – Transport Reviews, vol.26, No.5, Sep-2006, pp 613-643
51
measurement for regional rail links in the Netherlands. This study has
actual use of the services. The study revealed that most train users
were infrequent travellers about 70% used the train less than once per
times per week, about 25% of the train users in the past year. The
frequency of option use was relatively low; about 45% used the train
once or twice per year as option user 30% three to five times; 10% six
to ten times, and 15% more than 11 times. Furthermore, more than
75% of car users in the sample are “Possible option users’, they
car is not available. The study also revealed that option values may
typically included.
52
Leo kroon, Ramon Lentink and Alexandar Schrijver [2006]49 in
results are presented for the real –life cases of NS reizigers, the main
shunt yard. Since only a few passenger night services exist in the
Netherlands, most rolling stock has to be parked during the night. The
study provides a model for solving this shunting problem for general
The study revealed that the model is able to produce high quality
and two transport modes. City residents choose where to live and to
50 Rainald Borck and Matthias Wrede –“Commuting Subsidies with Two Transport
Modes” –Transport Reviews, April 2007, pp 1-13.
53
use which transport mode. The study revealed that with resident
and therefore one group gains and other losses. With absentee
live in the city center and use public transport while the rich live in
the suburbs and use cars and subsidies to public transport benefit
the poor, while the rich may benefit from the subsidies to cars. The
study also revealed that with the three distinct areas, where the rich
use public transport in the centre and cars in the suburbs, while the
to manage down the units of running the lines, and to involve the
more people to use the looe valley line. This study applies cluster
54
develop particular market segment. The analysis should also
and desires of users across LVL users profile and although the
activities, and that user profiles are clearly more complex than a
decisions.
objectives of the study were to examine critically general view that the
52 Patrick Dawson and Ian Mcloughlin “Computer Technology and the Redefinition
of Supervision: A Study of the effects of computerization on Railway freight
Supervisors:” –Journal of Management Studies, vol.23, No.1, pp 116-130
55
erode the importance of supervision in relation to management control
supervisors and a charge man to preplan and control yard stocks was
level. The role of the area freight assistants was designed explicitly to
exploit the control potentials of the new information that was made
The purpose of the study was to describe the innovative aspects and
56
and receive their M-ticket on their mobile phone through the Short
Message Service (SMS). The study revealed that the consumers were
satisfied with the service of M-tickets. The users found the M-ticket
waiting of the participants, 68% stated they should stop using the M-
ticket service if it cost 25 eurocents per call. The share using the
mobile phone use. The WTP also depends on travel behaviour and the
57