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Artificial Neural Network
Artificial Neural Network
INTRODUCTION
The importance of electricity in our day to day life has reached such a
stage that it is very important to protect the power system equipments from
damage and to ensure maximum continuity of supply. But there are power
What is more important in the case of a blackout is the rapidity with which the
service is restored. Now- a -days power system blackouts are rare. But
whenever they occur, the effect on commerce, industry and everyday life of
general population can be quite severe. In order to reduce the social and
the power system. They contain sequential restoration steps that an operator
should follow in order to restore the power system. They are based on certain
assumptions which may not be present in the actual case. This reduces the
elements in ANN are non-linear and so the results come out through non-
synaptic connections that exist between neurons. ANN can be simulated within
BIOLOGICAL NEURON
The most basic element of the human brain is a specific type of cell,
which provides us with the abilities to remember, think, and apply previous
experiences to our every action. These cells are known as neurons, each of these
neurons can connect with up to 200000 other neurons. The power of brain
comes from the numbers of these basic components and the multiple
receives inputs from other sources, combines them in some way, performs
a generally non-linear operation on the result, and then output the final
result. The figure below shows a simplified biological neuron and the
ARTIFICIAL NEURON
The basic unit of neural networks, the artificial neurons, simulates the
four basic functions of natural neurons. Artificial neurons are much simpler than
the biological neurons. The figure below shows the basic structure of an
artificial neuron.
case, these products are simply summed, fed through a transfer function to
generate a result, and then output. Even though all artificial neural networks
are constructed from this basic building blocks the fundamentals may
NEURAL NETWORKS
neural network are the most popular which are extremely successful in pattern
neuron input is weighted by wi. Changing the weights of an element will alter
the behavior of the whole network. The output y is obtained summing the
weighted inputs and passing the result through a non-linear activation function.
iterative and interactive task. The developer must go through a period of trial
and error in the design decisions before coming up with a satisfactory design.
The design issues in neural network are complex and are the major concerns of
system developers.
As the figure above shows, the neurons are grouped into layers. The input
layer consists of neurons that receive input from external environment. The
output layer consists of neurons that communicate the output of the system to
the user or external environment. There are usually a number of hidden layers
between these two layers. The figure above shows a simple structure with only
When the input layer receives the input , its neurons produces output,
which become input to the other layers of the system. The process continues
until certain condition is satisfied or until the output layer is invoked and fire
FEATURES OF ANNs
Their ability to represent non-linear relations makes them well suited for
Adaptation and learning in uncertain system through off line and on line
weight adaptation.
dynamic system.
Neural network can handle large number of inputs and can have many
outputs.
LEARNING TECHNIQUES
neurons that are linked to each other through connections similar to synapses.
These connections contain the “knowledge” of the network and the pattern of
Learning rules are algorithms for slowly alerting the connection weights
learning algorithms, input/output pairs are furnished and the connection weights
are adjusted with respect to the error between the desired and obtained output.
In unsupervised learning algorithms, the ANN will map an input set in a state
was used and trained with a supervised learning algorithm called back-
These types of network can deal with nonlinear relations between the variables;
however, the existence of more than one layer makes the weight adjustment
neural networks. The network is not just given reinforcement for how it is doing
on a task. Information about errors is also filtered back through the system and
program installed in the EMS system will use the acquired system to
technique that uses this principle also acquire system data from the
develop a PSR plan. The system operator can use the PSR procedure and
system operator will also use the local SCADA/EMS to transmit control
at the EMS will propose a PSR plan after the occurrence of the blackout.
The PSR systems that apply this technique also use power system data
going a wide area disturbance, the PSR program installed in the EMS will
use the system data to develop a restoration plan. With this restoration
plan, the system operator can send controlling signals through local
island restoration plan when the power system is recovering from a wide-area
disturbance. The number of IRSs will be defined by off-line studies and will
systems. This technique is also used in the proposed restoration scheme. The
“all-open” switching strategy where all circuit breakers of the system are open
will be used to create the islands. In order to restore a power system following a
(SSP). The first ANN of each IRS is responsible for an island restoration load
forecast. The input of this ANN will be a normalized vector composed of the
pre-disturbance load. The second ANN of each IRS is responsible for the
condition. The input of this ANN will be a normalized vector composed of the
forecast island restoration load provided by the first ANN of the respective IRS,
outages) for use in the restoration plan. The final element of each IRS is the
SSP. The SSP will determine the energizing sequence of transmission paths that
will lead to the final configuration chosen by the second ANN. The SSP input
second ANN of the IRS and an energizing sequence database. The energizing
connecting island generators to island loads. The following figure illustrates the
EMS operator following the occurrence of a wide area disturbance. The power
system operator must apply the all open switch strategy through the
values for all islands. As the final step of the total restoration, the closing of the
tie-lines will be the responsibility of the system operator. The tie-lines should be
closed when all the islands are restored and are in steady state.
RESTORATION CONSTRAINTS
Stability limits
mainly on the voltage level at which they operate, the line length and reactance.
system generated by the PSR scheme has to be able to allow for sufficiently
system blackout. In order to check the stability of the restored power system,
The number of transmission lines used in the restoration plan also needs
some consideration. The number of transmission lines used in the PSR plan is
very important. Transmissions play a critical role in reactive power balance and
a normal voltage profile and avoid the generation of excessive reactive power, it
lock-out state. Permanent non recoverable equipment faults may also lead to
circuit breaker lock-outs. A locked out circuit breaker will normally require
manual resetting before it can be made available for normal operations. Clearly,
the locked-out circuit breakers cannot be used for automatic restoration and
CONCLUSION
These techniques propose the use of the computer as an operator aid instead of
condition following a blackout and the pressure for achieving a restoration plan
proposes the use of ANN for service restoration plan, since it has generalization
capability and high processing speed. The large number of possible faulty
conditions and the need to provide a restoration plan in minimum time are
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Power System Restoration (PSR) has been a subject of study for many
years. In recent years many techniques were proposed to solve the limitations of
The results indicate that, this is a feasible option that should be considered for
problems. The building block of ANN is Artificial Neuron, which has got
Island Restoration Plan when the power system is recovering from a wide area
disturbance.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
3. BIOLOGICAL NEURON 3
4. ARTIFICIAL NEURON 4
5. NEURAL NETWORKS 5
7. FEATURES OF ANN 8
8. LEARNING TECHNIQUES 9
12. CONCLUSION 18
13. REFERENCES 19
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
cooperation without which this seminar would not have seen the light of day.