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Ammonia for the first time was prepared by Joseph Priestley in 1775. Davy, in 1800,
proved ammonia to be a compound of elements nitrogen and hydrogen.
Occurrence
Ammonia occurs both in free and combined state. In the free state, it occurs in the
atmospheric air, sewage water, decaying plant and animal tissues, urine and excreta
of animals. In the combined state, it occurs as various ammonium salts.
Ammonia occurs generally in three forms: gaseous ammonia, liquor ammonia and
liquid ammonia.
Preparation
Ammonia is prepared by heating an ammonium salt with an alkali.
Heat
(NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3↑
In the laboratory, ammonia is prepared by heating a mixture of ammonium chloride
and dry slaked lime.
Heat
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3↑
In the laboratory, ammonia can also be prepared by dripping water on metallic
nitrides.
Mg3N2 + 6H2O → 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3↑
Physical Properties
Ammonia is a colourless gas.
It is bitter in taste.
It has a strong pungent odour.
It is lighter than air.
It is highly soluble in water.
Liquid ammonia boils at —33.5°C and solid ammonia melts at —77.7°C.
Ammonia has an irritating action on the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, eyes
and lungs.
Chemical Properties
Aqueous solution of ammonia is called ammonium hydroxide. It is a weak base as it
dissociates partially to give hydroxyl ions.
H3+ H2O → NH4OH
NH4OH ⇋ NH4+ + OH −
Aqueous solution of ammonia (ammonium hydroxide) precipitates hydroxides of
metals like Fe, Pb, Mg, Cu and Zn from the solution of their salts.
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH → Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl
(reddish brown)
FeSO4+ 2NH4OH → Fe(OH)2, ↓ + (NH4)2SO4
(dirty green)
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH → Pb(OH)2 ↓ + 2NH4NO3
(white)
Ammonia gas or aqueous solution of ammonia neutralizes acids like H2SO4, HNO3
and HCl into their respective ammonium salts.
2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4
2NH4OH(aq) + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O
Ammonia is a strong reducing agent. It reduces metallic oxides and chlorine.
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Study Materials
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
Revision Notes for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
RD Sharma Solutions for Class 6 to 12 Mathematics
RS Aggarwal Solutions for Class 6, 7 & 10 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9, 10 & 12 (Math &
Science)
Important Formula for Class 6 to 12 Math
CBSE Syllabus for Class 6 to 12
Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 & 10
Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper
JEE Main & Advanced Question Paper
NEET Previous Year Question Paper
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